3. 2. Blaise Pascal’s Adder
• In 1642 Blaise Pascal, at age 19, invented the Pascaline as an
aid for his father who was a tax collector.
• high cost
• low accuracy
4. 3. Charles Babbage
:difference engine
• By 1822 was proposed a steam driven calculating machine the
size of a room, which he called the Difference Engine.
• Expensive
• difficult
5.
6. MARK - I
• IBM Automatic Sequence Controlled Calculator (ASCC), called
the Mark I by Harvard University
• electro-mechanical computer
• devised by Howard H. Aiken in February 1944
• built from switches, relays, rotating shafts, and clutches
• 51 feet (16 m) in length, eight feet (2.4 m) in height
• weight of about 10,000 pounds (4500 kg).
7.
8. ABC - 1942
• Atanasoff–Berry Computer - electronic digital computing
device
• Inventor : John Vincent Atanasoff and Clifford Berry
• was not programmable
• designed only to solve systems of linear equations
• card writer/reader was unreliable
9.
10. Eniac- Electronic Numerical
Integrator And Computer
• ENIAC was conceived and designed by John Mauchly and J.
Presper Eckert of the University of Pennsylvania.
• Capable of being reprogrammed
• Relatively fast
• 17,468 vacuum tubes, 7,200 crystal diodes, 1,500
relays, 70,000 resistors, 10,000 capacitors
11.
12. EDVAC :Electronic Discrete
Variable Automatic Computer
•
•
•
•
Developed by John von Neumann
It was binary rather than decimal
was a stored program computer
EDVAC was built for the U.S. Army's Ballistics Research
Laboratory
13.
14. EDSAC - Electronic Delay
Storage Automatic Calculator
• Earlier British computer
• Was constructed by Maurice Wilkes
• First commercially applied computer
15.
16. UNIVAC : (UNIVersal
Automatic Computer
• second commercial computer produced in the United States
• It was designed principally by J. Presper Eckert and John
Mauchly
• was accepted by the United States Census Bureau on March
31, 1951
20. First generations - (19421955)
• Processing device :
vacuum tube: fragile glass device which use filaments ; could
control and amplify electronic signals.
• Memory :
electromagnetic relays : punched cards
• Programming languages : Machine and assembly language
21. Characteristics :
• Fast
• Bulky in size
• Thousands of vacuum tubes that emits large amount of heat and
burnt out
• High Power consumption
• Frequently hardware failure due to filaments
• Difficult to build and Costly
• Limited use
22. Second generations : (19551964)
• Processing : Transistors invented by John bardeen , william
shockley and walter brattain at Bell lab in 1947.
• Memory : magnetic cores main memory , magnetic disk
,tapes
• PL : FORTRAN, COBOL, ALGOL, SNOBOL
• Batch operating systems
• Used in business and industry for commercials data
processing(payroll, marketing , inventory control, )
23. Charateristics :
• More rugged and easier to handle : made of semiconductor
(germanium)material rather than glass
• Highly reliable : doesn’t have filament part
• Faster
• Low power consumption
• Small in size
• Cheap
• Large memory capacity
• Easier to program
24.
25. Third generations : (19641975)
• Processing : integrated chips (IC’s) developed by Jack St. Clair Kilby
and Robert Noyce
• Microelectronics
• Made by silicon
• SSI :- 10- 20
• MSI:- 100
• LSI :- some thousands
• VLSI :- millions of components
• Memory capacity : RAM can store less than 5 MB,
disk space upto 10 MB
26. •
•
•
•
PL : ANSI FORTRAN , COBOL
Time sharing , multiuser online systems
Software was initially free. Give rise to s/w industry
Mainframe to minicomputers(PDP-8)
27. Characteristics :
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
1 million instructions per second
Smaller
Faster
Scientific and commercials
Don’t need manual assembly of circuits
Portable
Time sharing system allows interactive usage and
simultaneous use of multiple users
• Smaller can afford these computers.
