1) The document discusses various surface hazards including landslides and tsunamis. It provides context on landslide hazards in eastern Kentucky and West Virginia due to steep slopes, weathering, and mining. 2) It notes the connection between landslides and tsunamis, describing how subaerial and submarine landslides can trigger local tsunamis, such as the 1964 event in Lituya Bay, Alaska. 3) The document emphasizes the destructive power of tsunamis like the 2004 Indian Ocean tsunami that killed 230,000 people, and stresses the importance of tsunami warning systems and public education to help reduce impacts.

1. PHYSICAL SCIENCE
Human Impacts

2. Bell Ringer
Think about the disaster cause by the lahar in Armero,
Columbia.What led to such a spectacular failure?

3. Objectives ForToday:
•Today’s essential questions:
1.)What types of hazards make up surface
processes?
2.)How can we forecast their occurrences and
reduce their negative impacts?

4. Agenda/Notifications
•Bell Ringer
•Determining mitigating processes
•Surface Hazards
•Quiz on Friday
•If you haven’t taken your test yet,YOU NEEDTO!
People are waiting to get their tests back!Tests taken
after Friday are an automatic 10% off.

5. Surface Hazards
•Remember:
•Surface Processes:
•Hazards that stem from actions above the earth’s surface

6. Surface Hazards: Landslides

7. Surface Hazards: Landslide Facts
Why do you think
Eastern Ky/West
Virginia have high
landslide hazards?
Steep Slopes
High weathering (Hot/Cold)
Mining for coal
High urbanization in the Eastern US

8. Surface Hazards: Landslides
Similar to the Earthquake-Volcano connection, Landslides are sometimes
connected toTsunamis.
• Subaerial Landslides can lead to massive local tsunamis.
• Subaerial landslides occur when a landslide falls into a body of water, creating a
wave. EX. Lituya Bay, 1964. Landslide createdTsunami with 1000 ft. wave.
• Submarine landslides lead to smaller tsunamis.These occur under water.
• EX. Resurrection Bay, 1964. Landslide created 30ft tsunami that wrecked some oil
tanks which then caught fire and spread into the bay.Then the earthquake generated
tsunami hit, which took the form of a 40ft wave…that was ON FIRE.This completely
destroyed the port town of Seward, AK.
• Glacial calving can also lead to local tsunamis.

9. Concept Mapping
What is a concept map?
Take 5 minutes to work on your own – we will
discuss as a group later. If you are struggling, raise
your hand and explain where you are stuck.
Terms to include:
Surface processes
Landslide
Tsunami
Subaerial landslide
Submarine landslide
Glacial calving

10. Surface Hazards:Tsunamis

11. Surface Hazards:Tsunami need-to-knows
•The Indian OceanTsunami of 2004 killed 230,000 people. Let
that sink in.
•Pro tip: If you are on vacation, and water recedes quickly from
the shoreline, RUN. Oftentimes before a tsunami strikes, water
is pulled back hundreds of meters.This is called drawback
•The first wave of a tsunami is usually NOT the biggest. Bigger
and Bigger waves continue to come in.
•About 80% of tsunamis occur in the “Ring of fire”
•Scientists can accurately estimate the time when a tsunami will
arrive almost anywhere in the world

12. Hang On…Wait a minute…
•Wait!You said they can be accurately predicted!Why
did 230,000 people die?
•High population in fast growing Asian areas
•NOTSUNAMIWARNING SYSTEM in the Indian Ocean
•We have aVERY precise warning system in the PacificOcean
where 85% ofTsunamis occur…but lack of funding and disinterest
slowed implementation elsewhere
•Almost ZERO public education and awareness. Indigenous
people had almost zero knowledge of tsunamis.