1. CHAPTER TWO ACCOUNTING CONCEPT AND PRACTICE

3. Generally Accepted Accounting Principles Accounting Assumptions Accounting Principles Accounting Constraints

4. Accounting Assumptions Monetary Unit assumption Economic Entity assumption Enables accounting to measure economic events. The activities of the owner and the company should be kept separate.

5. Accounting Assumptions Going Concern assumption Time Interval / Periodicity assumption The business will continue For the conceivable future. Final accounts are prepared at regular intervals. Known as accounting period /financial year.

6. Accounting Principles Hitorical Cost Principle Revenue Recognition Principle All assets must be recorded at cost. Revenue is recognized only after the goods have been delivered or service rendered to customers.

7. Accounting Principles Matching Principle Full Disclosure Principle Profit is recognized by matching the income of the period with all expenses incurred in earning such income. Financial statements should provide sufficient / relevant information to influence users decision making.

8. Accounting Constraints Materiality Principle Conservatism Principle An item is said to be “material” if it is sufficiently important to affect our judgment of the true position of the firm. When in doubt, choose the solution that will be least likely to overstate assets and income.

10. Purpose of Financial Statements MASB 1 : To provide information about the financial position , performance and cash flows of an enterprise that is useful to a wide range of users in making economic decisions. Show the results of management’s stewardship of the resources entrusted to it.

11. Income Statement Exwyezack Company Income Statement For The Year Ended …….. Sales Revenue xxxxx Less: Expenses (xxxx) Profit xxxx

12. Owner’s Equity Statement Exwyezack Company Statement of Owner’ Equity For The Year Ended …….. Opening capital xxxxx (+/-) Profit / Loss xxx Additional Capital xxx xxxxx (-) Drawings (xxxx) Ending Capital xxxxxx

13. Balance Sheet Exwyezack Company Balance Sheet As At …….. Fixed Assets xxxxxx Current Assets xxxxx Less: Current Liabilities (xxxx) Working Capital xxxx Net Assets xxxxxx Financed by: Owner’s Equity xxxxx Long Term Liabilities xxxxx xxxxx

14. Cash Flow Statement Exwyezack Company Cash Flow Statement For The Year Ended …….. Cash From Operating Activities xxxx Cash From Investing Activities xxxx Cash From Financing Activities xxxx Net increase in cash xxxxx Opening balance xxx Closing balance xxxxx

15. Transaction & Accounting Equation Transactions Economic events Eg: Sell goods to customers. Pay telephone bills Receive money from debtors Pay creditors

16. Cont… The Accounting Equation: Assets = Liabilities + Owner’s Equity Resources that are expected to be of benefit in the future/ Owned by business Claims held by the owners Economic obligations (debts) payable to outsiders

17. Cont… Increase and decrease in owner’s equity Owner’s Equity Investment Revenues Expenses Withdrawals

18. Transaction Analysis Owner started the business with RM20,000 cash. Assets = Liabilities + Owner’s Equity = RM20,000 RM20,000 + RM0 RM20,000 RM20,000

19. Transaction Analysis Purchase office equipment with cash RM10,000. Assets = Liabilities + Owner’s Equity = RM20,000 RM20,000 + RM0 RM20,000 RM20,000 (-) RM10,000 (+) RM10,000

20. Transaction Analysis Purchase motor vehicles on credit RM40,000. Assets = Liabilities + Owner’s Equity = RM20,000 RM20,000 + RM40,000 RM60,000 RM60,000 (+) RM40,000

21. Transaction Analysis Receive cash from customer for service rendered RM3,000. Assets = Liabilities + Owner’s Equity = RM60,000 RM20,000 + RM40,000 RM63,000 RM63,000 (+) RM3,000 (+) RM3,000

22. Transaction Analysis Pay utility bills for RM250. Assets = Liabilities + Owner’s Equity = RM63,000 RM23,000 + RM40,000 RM62,750 RM62,750 (-) RM250 (-) RM250

23. Transaction Analysis Received invoice from advertising company for the advertisement made, RM3,500. No payment made. Assets = Liabilities + Owner’s Equity = RM62,750 RM22,750 + RM40,000 RM62,750 RM62,750 (+) RM3,500 (-) RM3,500

24. Transaction Analysis Received loan from bank RM50,000. Assets = Liabilities + Owner’s Equity = RM62,750 RM19,250 + RM43,500 RM112,750 RM112,750 (+) RM50,000 (+) RM50,000

25. Transaction Analysis Pay part of the amount owed to creditor for motor vehicle purchased RM20,000. Assets = Liabilities + Owner’s Equity = RM112,750 RM19,250 + RM93,500 RM92,750 RM92,750 (-) RM20,000 (-) RM20,000

26. Transaction Analysis Owner took out RM10,000 for his own use. Assets = Liabilities + Owner’s Equity = RM92,750 RM19,250 + RM73,500 RM82,750 RM82,750 (-) RM10,000 (-) RM10,000

27. Thank You