1. CHAPTER (1)
DESC Desc emp
SELECT Select * from emp;
select empno, ename, job from emp;
Arthamatic select empno, ename, sal, sal+100 from emp
Operation + - select empno, ename, sal, (sal+100)*12 from emp
/* select empno, ename, sal, sal-100 from emp
ALIAS Select empno AS “employee number, ename AS “employee name” from
emp;
CONCAT Select empno || ‘ , ‘ || ename ||job from emp;
DISTINCT Select distinct (deptno) from emp;

2. CHAPTER (2)
WHERE clause Select * from emp
Where ename = ‘KING’
Comparison = equal, > greater then, < less then, >= greater then equal to, <= less
operator then equal to , <> not equal to
NULL value Select empno, ename, nvl(comm.,0) from emp;
COMPARISION Between – select * from emp where sal between 2500 and 3000;
OPERATOR In - select * from emp where sal in (2500,3500,4000);
% means any Like – select * from emp where ename like ‘SMITH’
thing % - select * from emp where ename like ‘% MI%’
AND select * from emp where ename = ‘SMITH’ and deptno = 20;
OR select * from emp where ename = ‘SMITH’ or sal > 2000;
NOT IN In - select * from emp where sal NOT in (2500,3500,4000);
ORDER BY Select * from emp order by sal;

3. CHAPTER (3)
SINGLE ROW FUNCTIONS
THERE ARE 5 TYPES OF SINGLE ROW FUNCTIONS
CHARACTER FUNCTION
NUMBER FUNCTION
DATE FUNCTION
CONVERSION FUNCTION
GENERAL FUNCTIONS
START WITH CHARACTER FUNCTION
CHARACTER FUNCTION ALSO DIVIDE INTO TWO PARTS
A. CASE MANIPULATION FUNCTION
B. CHARACTER MANIPULATION FUNCTION
CASE MANIPULATION FUNCTION
CASE MANIPULATION FUNCTION FURTHER DIVIDE INTO 3 PARTS
1. UPPER FUNCTION 2. LOWER FUNCTION 3. INITCAP FUNCTION
NOW START WITH UPPER FUNCTION
UPPER FUNCTION CONVERT DATA INTO
CAPITAL LETTER FROM SAMLL AND INITIAL CAPITAL LETTER
example : raheel --> RAHEEL Raheel --> RAHEEL
select ename, lower(ename), upper(ename), initcap(ename) from emp;
SELECT HIREDATE, LOWER(HIREDATE) FROM EMP;
UPPER SELECT * FROM EMP WHERE JOB=upper('salesman');
LOWER SELECT * FROM EMP WHERE JOB=lower('salesman');
INITCAP SELECT * FROM EMP WHERE JOB=initcap('salesman');
CHARACTER MANIPULATION FUNCTIONS
THERE ARE SEVEN TYPES OF CHARACTER MANIPULATION FUNCTIONS
1. CONCAT
2. SUBSTR
3. LENGTH
4. INSTR
5. LPAD / RPAD
6 TRIM
7. REPLACE
CONCAT SELECT CONCAT(ENAME,JOB) FROM EMP;
SUCSTR SELECT ENAME, SUBSTR(ENAME,2,2), JOB , SUBSTR(JOB,3,5) FROM EMP
LENGTH SELECT ENAME, LENGTH(ENAME) FROM EMP;
INSTR SELECT ENAME , INSTR(ENAME,'A',2,1) FROM EMP;
LPAD SELECT SAL, LPAD(SAL,10,'*') FROM EMP;
RPAD SELECT SAL, RPAD(SAL,10,'*') FROM EMP;
TRIM SELECT ENAME, JOB, SAL, TRIM('A' FROM ENAME) FROM EMP;
REPLACE SELECT ENAME, REPLACE(ENAME, 'A', 'Z') FROM EMP;

4. NUMBER FUNCTION
THERE ARE 3 TYPES OF NUMBER FUNCTIONS
1. ROUND
2. TRUNC
3. MOD
ROUND SELECT ROUND(8974.34592,4), ROUND(8974.34592,3), ROUND(8974.34592,2),
ROUND(8974.34592,1) FROM DUAL;
TRUNC SELECT TRUNC(3456.98239,4), TRUNC(3456.98239,3), TRUNC(3456.98239,2) FROM DUAL
MOD SELECT MOD(SAL,100) , SAL FROM EMP
DATE FUNCTION
(ADD DAYS IN DATE) - SELECT HIREDATE, HIREDATE+10 FROM EMP
(ADD HOURS IN DATE) - SELECT ENAME, HIREDATE, HIREDATE+6/24 "INCREASE HOURS IN
HIREDATE" FROM EMP;
(ADD MINUTES IN DATE) SELECT ENAME, HIREDATE, HIREDATE+15/1440 FROM EMP
(ADD SECOND IN DATE) SELECT SYSDATE, SYSDATE+15/(24*60*60) FROM EMP;
HOW TO GET NO OF WEEKS
SELECT (SYSDATE-HIREDATE)/7 FROM EMP;
HOW TO GET NO OF MONTHS
SELECT (SYSDATE-HIREDATE)/30 FROM EMP;
NO OF YEARS SELECT (SYSDATE-HIREDATE)/365 FROM EMP;
FINDING NO OF DAYS NO OF WEEKS NO OF MONTH NO OF YEARS
SELECT HIREDATE, (SYSDATE-HIREDATE) "NO OF DAYS" , (SYSDATE-HIREDATE)/7 "NO OF WEEKS" ,
(SYSDATE-HIREDATE)/30 " NO OF MONTHS " , (SYSDATE-HIREDATE)/365 " NO OF YEARS" FROM EMP;