The document discusses the basic components and relationships in electrical circuits. It explains that all circuits require a voltage source to provide energy to electrons, a conductor to carry the electrons, and a load or resistance where energy is extracted. It defines key electrical quantities like voltage, current, resistance, and Ohm's Law, which states that current is directly proportional to voltage and inversely proportional to resistance. The document also discusses how internal resistance affects the terminal voltage available from a source.

1. Current Electricity & Ohm's Law

3. ELECTRON PUMP (SOURCE VOLTAGE) [ENERGY IN] LOAD (RESISTANCE) [ENERGY OUT] CONDUCTOR ELECTRONS OUT OF SOURCE ELECTRONS OUT OF LOAD ELECTRONS BACK TO SOURCE ELECTRONS INTO LOAD HIGHER ENERGY ELECTRONS LOWER ENERGY ELECTRONS THE MOST BASIC ELECTRICAL CIRCUIT CONDUCTOR

4. Voltage Source (Potential Rise) Low Energy current High Energy current Resistance (Potential Drop) Low Energy current High Energy current Potential Changes of Current in a Circuit

5. Battery current Potential Rise Across a Power Source Electrons get An energy boost current volts Electrons have Less Energy

6. Resistor current Potential Drop Across a Resistor Energy is lost In the resistor Electrons have More Energy

7. MEASUREABLE QUANTITIES THAT CAN BE OBTAINED FROM AN ELECTRICAL CIRCUIT (1) VOLTAGE RISE – MEASURES THE ENERGY GIVEN TO ELECTRONS AS THEY LEAVE A VOLTAGE SOURCE. IT IS MEASURED IN VOLTS (+) (2) VOLTAGE DROP – MEASURES THE ENERGY LOST BY TO ELECTRONS WHEN THEY LEAVE A RESISTANCE. IT IS MEASURED IN VOLTS (-) (3) CURRENT – MEASURES THE FLOW RATE THROUGH A CONDUCTOR. IT IS MEASURED IN AMPERES (AMPS) (4)RESISTANCE – MEASURES THE OPPOSITION TO CURRENT FLOW THROUGH A CONDUCTOR OR RESISTOR IT IS MEASURED IN OHMS (ITS SYMBOL IS OMEGA )

8. 6.25 x 10 18 electrons 1 coulomb 1 coulomb 1 second 1 amp = 1 coul / sec 1 joule 1 coulomb of charge 1 volt = 1 joule / coul

9. AMPS volts Ammeters measure current in amperes and are always wired in series in the circuit. Voltmeters measure potential in volts and are always wired in parallel in the circuit. Electrical Meters

10. An actual Voltmeter

11. An Actual Ammeter

12. Electrical Symbols wiring battery voltmeter ammeter resistance capacitor junction terminal AC generator Variable resistance Variable capacitor + - A V

13. Relationships Among Electrical Quantities in a Circuit Measure electrical quantities in an electrical Circuit are related to eachother by: OHM’S LAW OHM’S LAW says, if the source voltage remains constant, increasing the resistance in a circuit will cause a decrease in current flow in that circuit. In mathematical terms it tells us that current flow is inversely proportional to resistance. In equation form it says: Voltage (V) = Current (I) x Resistance (R) or V(in volts) = I (in amps) x R (in ohms)

14. V = I R Ohm's Law Drop across a resistance Current passing Through the resistor Potential In volts (joules / coul) Current In amperes (coul / second) Resistance In ohms (volts / amp)

15. Voltage vs Current for a Constant Resistance The slope of the Line gives the resistance R =  v /  I or rearranged  v =  I x R V O L T A G E (volts) Current (I) in amps  I  v

16. Voltage Sources and Internal Resistance All voltage sources contain internal resistance , that is resistance that is part of the voltage producing device itself which cannot be eliminated. The voltage that the device (battery for example) could produce if no internal resistance was present is called its EMF. EMF stands for electromotive force – the force that moves the electrons . The useable voltage which is available to the circuit after the internal resistance consumes its share of the EMF is called The terminal voltage.

17. Electromotive Force (EMF) and Terminal Voltage conventional current flow EMF Voltage rise Voltage drop EMF of Source Internal resistance + - Terminal voltage