1. Communication &
Information
Technology
Chapte
r 12

2. INTRODUCTION
●Recent sea transportation is a complex business. It
needs the use of latest and modern technology to
make its operations efficiently.
●Maritime technology is becoming more
sophisticated. One of it is the use of communication
and information technology (CIT).
●CIT or IT enables all maritime business to come
together to produce dedicated services &
procedures.

3. COMPUTERIZATION
●Computers become standard
equipment in maritime industry.
●Factors driving the development:
●Shippers require more value-
added services.
●Containerization require more
dedicated IT to support the
development of the service.
●Ports are becoming more
sophisticated.

4. COMPUTERIZATION
●International consignment movement
is becoming more computerized.
●Widespread usage of electronic
documentation.
●Market research data is essential. On-
line computer access to data banks is
important.
●Cost of setting up computerized
operation is getting lower.
●Dedicated software for maritime
services.

5. INTERNATIONAL MARITIME
SATELLITE ORGANIZATION
(INMARSAT)
●Based in London. Established in 1979. Its goal to
enable merchant ships to stay in touch across the
oceans and to call for help in an emergency.
●World’s first mobile satellite communications
operator. In other words, provides communication
worldwide.
●Today Inmarsat owns and operates three global
constellations of 11 satellites flying in geosynchronous
orbit 37,786 km (22,240 statute miles) above the Earth.
●Provide links for phone, fax & data communications
to more than 210,000 ships.
●It has more than 80 partner countries

7. Types of INMARSAT
●Inmarsat A
- provides two-way direct-dial
phone connection as well as fax, telex
and data services at rates between
9.6kbps up to 64kbps.
●Inmarsat B
- supports global voice, telex, fax
and data at speeds from 9.6kbps to
64kbps, as well as GMDSS (the Global
Maritime Distress and Safety System) -
compliant distress and safety
functions.

8. Types of INMARSAT
●Inmarsat C
- is one of the most flexible mobile
satellite message communication
systems in the World, it has the ability
to handle commercial, operational and
personal messages just as easily as
distress and safety communications.
- offers two-way, store-and-
forward packet data communication via
a lightweight, low-cost terminal.

11. Types of INMARSAT
- the only system in the world that, on its
own, allows ships to meet the majority of the
communications requirements of the GMDSS.
●Inmarsat D
- Inmarsat D+ is a two-way data
communication services that uses very small
equipment. It is fitted with GPS-assisted
satellite roaming and meets the requirements
for Ship Security Alert Systems (SSAS).

12. Types of INMARSAT
●Inmarsat E
- A global maritime distress
alerting service using small
emergency position indicating
beacons that automatically
send message to maritime
Rescue Coordination Centers.

13. Types of INMARSAT
●Inmarsat Fleet
- actually a family of networks that includes the
Inmarsat-Fleet77, Inmarsat-Fleet55 and Inmarsat-
Fleet33 members.
- Incorporating voice and data recognition
- most advanced maritime service, helps meet the
requirements of the International Ship and Port Facility
Security (ISPS) code.
- fleet77: equip to meet the latest GMDSS

14. INMARSAT Coverage

15. Inmarsat Fleet F77
Inmarsat A
Inmarsat D
Inmarsat C
Inmarsat B
e.g: product

16. INMARSAT services
●Position and data reporting (Inmarsat C)
●Distress alerting (Inmarsat E)
●Vessel management (Inmarsat A, B)
●Video/image transmission (Inmarsat A,B)
●Maritime safety information (Inmarsat C)
●Electronic data interchange (Inmarsat A,B)
●Others – Email (Inmarsat A,B,C)
- Pay-phones.

17. INMARSAT services
Wide range of services includes:
1.Position & Data Reporting
●Reporting ship position automatically.
●Take position coordinates from vessels’
navigation equipment & transmit periodically
via satellite to head office.
●Also supports the transmission of data
such as ship course, speed at
certain interval.
●INMARSAT –C

18. INMARSAT services
2. Distress Alerting
●Global Maritime Distress and Safety
System (GMDSS) - international satellite
technology and ship-board radio systems.
●Ensure rapid, automated alerting of
shore-based communication and rescue
authorities
●Provides faster & accurate global
distress alerting service.
●Alert delivered via INMARSAT-E to
maritime rescue coordination center (MRCC)
within 2 minutes.

19. INMARSAT services
3. Vessel management
●Fleet operators can monitor
inventory, track spare parts & place
orders.
●Access weather routing services to
shippers.
●Managing staff records, support
cargo planning & monitor ship
maintenance.
●INMARSAT-A and B.

20. INMARSAT services
4. Video/image Transmission
●Transmit video or still image.
●TV & news can be transmitted to ships.
●Also allows video conference.
●Shoreside engineers could assists in ship
repair.
●INMARSAT-A and B.

21. INMARSAT services
5. Maritime Safety Information
●Known as International SafetyNET service.
●Provide weather analysis, warnings &
predictions for certain geographical area.
●Sent to ships which subscribe.
●INMARSAT-C

22. INMARSAT services
6. Electronic Data Interchange
●Used to submit documentation in
advance (Custom, BOL, CP etc.).
●More efficiency & shorter laytime.
●INMARSAT-A & B.
7. Others:
●E-Mail = INMARSAT-A,B and C.
●Pay-phones

23. EDI
●What is EDI? EDI stands for ELECTRONIC DATA
INTERCHANGE.
●The development of EDI standards was
●closely monitored by the industry and a message
development group.
●set up early in the life of the EDI Association to
consider new Electronic Data Interchange for
Administration, Commerce and Transportation or
trade (EDIFACT) standards for the shipping industry.

24. ELECTRONIC DATA INTERCHANGE
●Electronic Data Interchange: The transfer of
structured data, by agreed standards from applications on the
computer of one party to the applications on the computer of
another party by electronic means (fully computerized).
●Electronic Data Processing:
●Computerized handling of information (e.g. business data).
●For shipping: Fast documentation & reporting of cargo
status.
●Reduce cost by eliminating errors and simplify the transfer of
information process.

25. ELECTRONIC DATA INTERCHANGE
●For shipping company, there is a need to
connect their system with one another.
●Speed up transaction & eliminate replication
of data. Communication with:
●Third parties (custom, port authorities)
●Internal & group companies
●Business partner ( agents, customer)
●Between these three – paperless booking,
invoicing, as well as insurance & banking
transactions.

26. EDI IN PORT (Example)
●Data about each cargo inside of container
can be stored easily using bar-code reader.
●Movement of cargo through the terminal
automatically controlled by system.
●Automatic categorization of container based
on voyage, port, size etc.
●Develop the stowage plan @ stacking model.
●Paperwork necessary can be produced by the
system.

27. EDI IN PORT (Example)
●Computer calculate stability of ships.
●After departure, produce list of containers.
●Charges associated including demurrage
calculated by computer.

28. Benefits of EDI
●Faster discharging and loading containers.
●Increased productivity through faster
turnaround of containers and vessels.
●Better monitoring of the storage of
containers (leading to increases in stacking area’
s capacity).
●High level accuracy of information.
●High level of consistency of the information
given to various parties in the chain of transport

29. Benefits of EDI
●With EDI, order entry becomes fast, cost efficient,
and error free without manual re-entry.
●EDI improves a company’s relationship with
customers and suppliers.
●EDI reduces inventory and inventory carrying cost
by reducing and or eliminating order lead times.
●EDI standardizes programs and procedures,
therefore allowing data to be controlled more easily.

30. Benefits of EDI
●EDI helps to automate tasks and relocate people to other
tasks.
●Because consumers have different expectations, EDI helps to
deliver a product or services that meet consumer expectation
with regard to price and time frame, therefore increasing sales.
●EDI’s speed of transmission helps a company to gain a
competitive edge.
●EDI reduces the paper flow between organizations, which
can reduce cost and increase speed and ease of use.
●Gains in productivity from EDI help companies reduce
existing labor.

31. Benefits of EDI (Paperless)

32. Internet EDI (IEDI)
●Internet Electronic Data Interchange (INT-EDI) arise
due to the problems that small business facing of.
●The main problem they have to face of is in term of
cost of implementation EDI.
●The high cost that the users of EDI need to concern is
on the value added network (VANs).
●Even though the using of VANs is highly recommended
and required by the other partners or parties regarding
to the security of documents and data transferred,
small business still resist to implement and use it as a
tool or medium data transferred.

33. Internet EDI
●Most of these small firms are tend to use the
internet as the main of data transferred which means
there is no VANs usage.
● The using of this INT-EDI day to day become wider
because of some beneficial gained to those small
firms.
●Thus, the I-EDI trading techniques aim to improve
the interchange of information between trading
partners, suppliers and customers by bringing down
the boundaries that restrict how they interact and do
business with each other

34. Electronic devices in container
terminal
1.Microwave technology
■Employ to track the placing and pick-up of containers by
recording relevant data on tags installed on the containers.
- include a tag that allows data read and write.
■Example: In ship-to-rail- would reduce the crane’s waiting
time when the spreader is in ship’s hull. So, human resource can
be saved and performance of port terminal is appraised.
■This system is called Prime Mover tracking system (PMTS)-
enables the terminal supervisor to track and unloaded containers
at any time while containers are in the terminal.

35. ■PMTS enables the operator to track the containers
and feed back the location of the containers to the central
information system where data can be checked.
2.Tagging technology in transporting cargo
by rail
■Bit advance than microwave technology especially for
countries that use high speed freight trains (160km/hr:
Japan and German).
■This technology used antenna to create an inductive
radio frequency field to activate and receive data from tags.
■It contains a transmit-coil with associated tuning and
matching components, and a receive-coil.

36. ■When a consignment is loaded on the train, the computer
will be able to provide relevant information on content of
containers loaded on the train- information is pass to the
yard operator/ staff.
■Then, based on the information given, it will be transferred
to the crews of the train.
■Automated vehicle identification (AVI) reader reads the
tags on each wagon and sends a message to the central
computer to compare the manifest with information in the
central computer.
■In the mean time, the wagons are weighted to check for
load discrepancies. Both sets of data are then sent ahead

37. 3.Barcode scanner
■help customs decide whether physical inspection of
containers is required particularly when vessels unload
thousands of container simultaneously.
■capable of providing prompt information required by
customs when vessels are at berth.
■Barcode scanner is a wireless scanning technology
that communicates with the host computer.
■the wireless system provides effective services to
most terminal operators and operational systems.

38. 4.Radio frequency microcircuit system (RF)
■was developed to identify the containers when traffic at
terminals reaches the peak.
■this system is suited for operation in harsh and outdoor
environment.
■ This system consists of the reader or antenna transponders
(tags), an interrogator and computer interface tags.
■This RF offers high-speed and remote electronic identification
of equipment.
■one application of RF is in monitoring the movement of
containers and their status in the terminal.
■the system can also track containers entering and leaving the
terminal through the gate or as they pass the scanning points in the
yard.

39. 5.Voice recognition technology
■ VTR provides communication between the crane
operator and the ground personnel during loading and
unloading of a vessel.
■once activated, crane operators speak into a
microphone, the machine recognizes words or phases
and then converts them into electronic impulses for the
micro-or host computer.
■ It a high performance units operate at an accuracy
rate of 99.5%.
■Advantage: message recording-assist the terminal
operator in providing the final report on the position of
containers loaded on the ship.

40. THE END!
THANK YOU…