54. Throughout the process, coenzymes are being reduced so, in the end, they can all be oxidized (so ATP can be generated!) – sort of like POKER!
55.
56.
Notas del editor
. In cells control the release of chemical-bond energy from organic molecules (such as glucose) through enzyme controlled chemical reactions
Plants must carry out both photosynthesis and cellular respiration. They can use the oxygen released from photosynthesis to run respiration?
Why can’t we just use glucose as a direct source of energy? Why do we have to convert it to ATP first? [Read the last paragraph on page 131]
Car bomb – lots of light, heat but over fast
ATP is nucleotide = adenine base +ribose + Phosphate group
In cells, transfer of chemical energy is handled by a single molecule called adenosine triphosphate (ATP). Like money, you have to make it before you can spend it! Phosphorylation impt mech for controlling activity of enzymes, other cellular proteins
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Now we are going to move into cellular respiration Tell you a strange story to show you how concentration camps, cellular respiration and the scientific method are related… View of the Camp at Struthof with the Vosges mountains in the background. It should be noted that this photo depicts most of the buildings which were used to house the inmates - June 1953. Only CC built on French soil (Alsace) Courtesy Jacques Nadeau. The camp was opened in May 1941 The camp was evacuated by the SS in September 1944 as Allied troops approached. You have all heard of the atrocious conditions of the camps and know that most people lucky enough to be released or rescued from them were severely, chronically malnourished, many in a state of starvation. Allied troops liberated the camps throughout Europe, and the former prisoners were given food and medical care. However, a surprising number of these people died shortly after their rescue. Medical personnel were grieved and baffled. Why??? What was happening inside these people??? No one found the answer immediately, but the problem was investigated and eventually solved. After we talk more about cellular respiration, I will tell you how…
Remember we are breaking down glucose – oxidizing = removing electrons, therefore removing energy
Intricate, elegant system designed to extract the maximum energy from food! Carbon skeletons can be used for biosynthesis reactions in the cell
Water held back by dam has great potential energy and is eager to rush over the dam. This potential energy can be converted to useable energy by having the water turn turbines as it falls (kinetic energy) and generate electricity. In the cell, potential energy is generated by concentration gradient, and useful energy in the form of ATP can be made as the H+ travel down their concentration gradient (kinetic energy) through ATP synthase, a protein in the inner membrane.
Doesn’t work with Mac
1. The kinetic energy converted ADP ATP.
Draw on board. Remark at end about NADH from glycolysis only making 2/molecule
Glucose is phosphorylated when it enters cells (uses 2 ATP molecules) Lots of glucose, lots of ATP, lots of phosphate used Starved people had very low levels of phosphate in body Didn’t have enough phosphate to make ATP after cellular respiration – supplies were overwhelmed People died because they couldn’t make any more ATP, cellular processes came to a halt, starting with muscles. Cells died, burst, proteins in them overwhelmed kidneys, died of kidney failure. PHosphorus found in milk, meat, eggs, nuts, beans, peas
Many alcoholics malnourished because get most calories from EtOH. Frequently alcoholics come into hospital w/DT (withdrawal), liver probs (cirrhosis and infections), so medical personnel give them IV fluids, often with glucose included because they are malnourished. If they don’t include phosphate (usually potassium phosphate), same thing happens to them – muscle pain, kidney failure http://images.search.yahoo.com/images/view?back=http%3A%2F%2Fimages.search.yahoo.com%2Fsearch%2Fimages%3F_adv_prop%3Dimage%26fr%3Db1ie7%26va%3Dalcohol%26sz%3Dall&w=216&h=325&imgurl=www.okinawa.usmc.mil%2FPublic%2520Affairs%2520Info%2FImages%2520Complete%2FIMAGES%2F060519-alcohol.jpg&rurl=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.okinawa.usmc.mil%2FPublic%2520Affairs%2520Info%2FArchive%2520News%2520Pages%2F2006%2F060519-alcohol.html&size=70.7kB&name=060519-alcohol.jpg&p=alcohol&type=JPG&oid=66677796eddcd448&no=13&tt=1,237,000&sigr=1339j1uap&sigi=12op9u08a&sigb=12n68rilm
C2H6O
L.a. builds up during anaerobic exercise
Relationship of cell respiration and photosynthesis. Respiration releases chemical energy by using the reduction of O2 to water to drive the oxidation of sugar to carbon dioxide. Photosynthesis stores chemical energy by using the oxidation of water to O2 to drive the reduction of CO2 to sugar.
High-energy electrons, such as those made when light strikes a chlorophyll molecule, are passed from one carrier molecule to another along a chain, like a hot potato. Every time the electron is passed, some of its energy is released and can be used to build an ATP. There is a stepwise passage of energy from molecule to molecule. Some of this bond energy is put into the ATP bond. The rest of this energy is released as heat.
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