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Planetary Rights   COP 15




            PLANETARY RIGHTS
           and the implications for
           international legislative
                 frameworks
Polly Higgins                                                     COP 15 December 2009

Barrister Advocate of Planetary Rights
Initiator Universal Declaration of Planetary RIghts and Rights of All Beings
Founder Trees Have Rights Too



                                        treeshaverightstoo.com
Planetary Rights   COP 15




            SUMMARY

1. Why we need expansion of rights
2. The Planetary Rights explained
3. Current inclusion in COP 15, para 13
4. Bolivia’s recent UN Resolution
5. Proposals for next steps


                  treeshaverightstoo.com
Planetary Rights   COP 15




1. EXPANSION OF RIGHTS
    why we need them

1. trade mechanisms not sufficient
2. identification of ‘value’
3. history of rights extends to eco-systems



                    treeshaverightstoo.com
2 DIVERGENT APPROACHES
               Planet Earth
                    =
   Inert Thing              Living Being

       =                                         =

Imposed Value $$$                          Intrinsic Value
       =                                          =
   Commodity                               Responsibility
       =                                          =
 OLD PARADIGM                             NEW PARADIGM
                 treeshaverightstoo.com
Trade:                                      Transition:
            |                                        |
  Pollution continues:                    Laws to stop pollution:
Carbon Permits to Pollute                EPA rules GHG = pollution


    Business as usual:           Finance the transition:
dirty fuel subsidies remain   withdraw dirty fuel subsidies
       ($300 billion pa)    implement clean energy subsidies

   International trade:               Community Governance:
     Kyoto Protocol               (ecological restoration, Community
        (CDM, JI)                   Land Trusts, Global Commons)

 Hidden: Unaccountable                  Transparent: Accountable
                                       (now + for future generations)
            =                                         =
       SLAVE                                         SERVICE
                            treeshaverightstoo.com
SLAVERY
200 years ago:
human slavery = human energy




Today:
planet slavery = fossil fuel energy

Instead of enslaving humans
we have enslaved the planet
*Heavy extractive industry accounts for
78% of the worldsʼ man-made GHGʼs
    treeshaverightstoo.com
200 years ago:
                 300 companies traded in slaves

Industry said:                               Industry proposed:

- to stop would be uneconomic                - leave it to market forces (trade)
- to stop would lead to loss of jobs         - self-regulation
                                             - use less/use more efficiently
“Public demand that it remain”
                                             - improve conditions

                                             - limit numbers (cap)
                                             - tradeable permits
                                             - pay fines if exceed

                                              Industry said it was
                                                  a necessity

                               treeshaverightstoo.com
TODAY:
             300 corporations* trade the planet

Industry said:                               Industry proposed:

- to stop would be uneconomic                - leave it to market forces (trade)
- to stop would lead to loss of jobs         - self-regulation
                                             - use less/use more efficiently
“Public demand that it remain”
                                             - improve conditions

                                             - limit numbers (cap)
                                             - tradeable permits
                                             - pay fines if exceed

                                              Industry said it was
                                                  a necessity

                               treeshaverightstoo.com
200 years ago:
The industry proposals were laughed at
     Human slavery was outlawed

                         Today:
The proposals have been implemented
     Planetary slavery continues

        “Necessity is the plea
        for every infringement
          of human freedom:
   it is the argument of tryrants
      it is the creed of slaves.”
       William Pitt, Prime Minister, House of Commons, 18 March 1783

                           treeshaverightstoo.com
60 years ago
   Human Rights were set down
as law after the humanitarian crisis
       of the 2nd world war.




    Now we have a planetary crisis.
 Now we need laws to protect the planet.
                 treeshaverightstoo.com
treeshaverightstoo.com
Planetary Rights   COP 15




 2. THE PLANETARY RIGHTS
Right to Diversity
Right to Ecological Integrity
Freedom of the Natural Cycles of Life

Right Not to be Polluted
Right to Restorative Justice
Freedom of a Healthy & Clean Environment

                  treeshaverightstoo.com
Example: LOESS PLATEAU, CHINA
35,000 square kilometres of the most inhospitable
              terrain on the planet.




                  treeshaverightstoo.com
Hierarchy of failing Ecosystems
Loss of biodiversity -> reduced biomass -> reduced
 photosynthesis -> loss of carbon sequestration ->
 reduced accumulated necromass -> breakdown of
   soil stability -> insufficient nutrient cycling ->
         hydrological regulation breakdown
              (Natural Infiltration and Retention of Rainfall)


                    Systemic dysfunction
   extensive disruption -> continuous, accumulative, predictable outcomes


OUTCOMES: soil erosion -> loss of fertility -> floods
  -> drought -> mudslides -> dust storms -> food
insecurity -> poverty -> disparity -> climate change
         -> unchecked population growth

                                 treeshaverightstoo.com
Planetary Rights   COP 15




Focus of the Leuss Principles
diversity
ecological integrity
-> natural cycles of life

banned polluting practices
implemented extensive restoration
-> a healthy & clean environment

                     treeshaverightstoo.com
Loess Plateau, after implementation, 8 years later




                     treeshaverightstoo.com
Planetary Rights   COP 15




    THE RIGHT NOT TO BE POLLUTED

Pollution = introduction of contaminants into
 the environment that causes instability,
 disorder, harm or discomfort to the ecosystem
eg chemical substances, energy, foreign or
 naturally occurring (when exceed natural levels)
Forms of pollution: air, water, soil, litter, radioactive
 substances, noise, light, visual, thermal, GHGʼs

                        treeshaverightstoo.com
ID of POLLUTION
Non-Point Source ID                       Point Source ID
        =                                        =
     Country                                Fossil Fuel
     eg USA                                 extraction
      Sector                              destruction of
    eg Logging                            natural habitat
    Carbon                      use of contaminants
       =                                 =
 OLD PARADIGM                     NEW PARADIGM
                 treeshaverightstoo.com
Planetary Rights   COP 15




3. CURRENT INCLUSION
  Para 13:“Noting that a shared vision for long-term cooperative
  action should take account not only of the rights of human
  beings, but also of the rights of Mother Earth and all its
  natural beings as the adverse effects of climate change also
  have a range of direct and indirect implications for the full
  and effective enjoyment of human rights – including the right
  to sustainable development, self determination, statehood,
  life, the right of people not to be deprived of their own means
  of subsistence, the right to water and the right to live well –
  and are increasingly posing a risk to security and the survival,
  sovereignty and territorial integrity of states.”



                     treeshaverightstoo.com
Planetary Rights   COP 15




4. BOLIVIA’S UN RESOLUTION

                “Harmony with Mother Earth
    ...seeks recognition of the Earth as a Whole and the
        interaction of human beings with that system
                    of which we are a part”
presented by Bolivia to the UN 12.11.09
Co-sponsored by 22 countries: Algeria, Benin, Belarus, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Cape
Verde, Cuba, Dominica, Ecuador, Eritrea, Georgia, Guatemala, Honduras, Mauritius,
Nepal, Nicaragua, Paraguay, Saint Vincent and the Grenadines, Saint Lucia, Seychelles
and Venezuela.


                                    treeshaverightstoo.com
Planetary Rights   COP 15




            5. NEXT STEPS
            & PROPOSALS
1. replace Sustainability with Responsibility
  (ID duties and obligations eg health of the asset)
2. ID point-source pollution
3. legislate out damaging practices (harm)
   legislate in beneficial practices (restore)
  (stewardship via public trust doctrine/fiduciary laws)

                       treeshaverightstoo.com

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Toward a Universal Declaration of Planetary Rights

  • 1. Planetary Rights COP 15 PLANETARY RIGHTS and the implications for international legislative frameworks Polly Higgins COP 15 December 2009 Barrister Advocate of Planetary Rights Initiator Universal Declaration of Planetary RIghts and Rights of All Beings Founder Trees Have Rights Too treeshaverightstoo.com
  • 2. Planetary Rights COP 15 SUMMARY 1. Why we need expansion of rights 2. The Planetary Rights explained 3. Current inclusion in COP 15, para 13 4. Bolivia’s recent UN Resolution 5. Proposals for next steps treeshaverightstoo.com
  • 3. Planetary Rights COP 15 1. EXPANSION OF RIGHTS why we need them 1. trade mechanisms not sufficient 2. identification of ‘value’ 3. history of rights extends to eco-systems treeshaverightstoo.com
  • 4. 2 DIVERGENT APPROACHES Planet Earth = Inert Thing Living Being = = Imposed Value $$$ Intrinsic Value = = Commodity Responsibility = = OLD PARADIGM NEW PARADIGM treeshaverightstoo.com
  • 5. Trade: Transition: | | Pollution continues: Laws to stop pollution: Carbon Permits to Pollute EPA rules GHG = pollution Business as usual: Finance the transition: dirty fuel subsidies remain withdraw dirty fuel subsidies ($300 billion pa) implement clean energy subsidies International trade: Community Governance: Kyoto Protocol (ecological restoration, Community (CDM, JI) Land Trusts, Global Commons) Hidden: Unaccountable Transparent: Accountable (now + for future generations) = = SLAVE SERVICE treeshaverightstoo.com
  • 6. SLAVERY 200 years ago: human slavery = human energy Today: planet slavery = fossil fuel energy Instead of enslaving humans we have enslaved the planet *Heavy extractive industry accounts for 78% of the worldsʼ man-made GHGʼs treeshaverightstoo.com
  • 7. 200 years ago: 300 companies traded in slaves Industry said: Industry proposed: - to stop would be uneconomic - leave it to market forces (trade) - to stop would lead to loss of jobs - self-regulation - use less/use more efficiently “Public demand that it remain” - improve conditions - limit numbers (cap) - tradeable permits - pay fines if exceed Industry said it was a necessity treeshaverightstoo.com
  • 8. TODAY: 300 corporations* trade the planet Industry said: Industry proposed: - to stop would be uneconomic - leave it to market forces (trade) - to stop would lead to loss of jobs - self-regulation - use less/use more efficiently “Public demand that it remain” - improve conditions - limit numbers (cap) - tradeable permits - pay fines if exceed Industry said it was a necessity treeshaverightstoo.com
  • 9. 200 years ago: The industry proposals were laughed at Human slavery was outlawed Today: The proposals have been implemented Planetary slavery continues “Necessity is the plea for every infringement of human freedom: it is the argument of tryrants it is the creed of slaves.” William Pitt, Prime Minister, House of Commons, 18 March 1783 treeshaverightstoo.com
  • 10. 60 years ago Human Rights were set down as law after the humanitarian crisis of the 2nd world war. Now we have a planetary crisis. Now we need laws to protect the planet. treeshaverightstoo.com
  • 12. Planetary Rights COP 15 2. THE PLANETARY RIGHTS Right to Diversity Right to Ecological Integrity Freedom of the Natural Cycles of Life Right Not to be Polluted Right to Restorative Justice Freedom of a Healthy & Clean Environment treeshaverightstoo.com
  • 13. Example: LOESS PLATEAU, CHINA 35,000 square kilometres of the most inhospitable terrain on the planet. treeshaverightstoo.com
  • 14. Hierarchy of failing Ecosystems Loss of biodiversity -> reduced biomass -> reduced photosynthesis -> loss of carbon sequestration -> reduced accumulated necromass -> breakdown of soil stability -> insufficient nutrient cycling -> hydrological regulation breakdown (Natural Infiltration and Retention of Rainfall) Systemic dysfunction extensive disruption -> continuous, accumulative, predictable outcomes OUTCOMES: soil erosion -> loss of fertility -> floods -> drought -> mudslides -> dust storms -> food insecurity -> poverty -> disparity -> climate change -> unchecked population growth treeshaverightstoo.com
  • 15. Planetary Rights COP 15 Focus of the Leuss Principles diversity ecological integrity -> natural cycles of life banned polluting practices implemented extensive restoration -> a healthy & clean environment treeshaverightstoo.com
  • 16. Loess Plateau, after implementation, 8 years later treeshaverightstoo.com
  • 17. Planetary Rights COP 15 THE RIGHT NOT TO BE POLLUTED Pollution = introduction of contaminants into the environment that causes instability, disorder, harm or discomfort to the ecosystem eg chemical substances, energy, foreign or naturally occurring (when exceed natural levels) Forms of pollution: air, water, soil, litter, radioactive substances, noise, light, visual, thermal, GHGʼs treeshaverightstoo.com
  • 18. ID of POLLUTION Non-Point Source ID Point Source ID = = Country Fossil Fuel eg USA extraction Sector destruction of eg Logging natural habitat Carbon use of contaminants = = OLD PARADIGM NEW PARADIGM treeshaverightstoo.com
  • 19. Planetary Rights COP 15 3. CURRENT INCLUSION Para 13:“Noting that a shared vision for long-term cooperative action should take account not only of the rights of human beings, but also of the rights of Mother Earth and all its natural beings as the adverse effects of climate change also have a range of direct and indirect implications for the full and effective enjoyment of human rights – including the right to sustainable development, self determination, statehood, life, the right of people not to be deprived of their own means of subsistence, the right to water and the right to live well – and are increasingly posing a risk to security and the survival, sovereignty and territorial integrity of states.” treeshaverightstoo.com
  • 20. Planetary Rights COP 15 4. BOLIVIA’S UN RESOLUTION “Harmony with Mother Earth ...seeks recognition of the Earth as a Whole and the interaction of human beings with that system of which we are a part” presented by Bolivia to the UN 12.11.09 Co-sponsored by 22 countries: Algeria, Benin, Belarus, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Cape Verde, Cuba, Dominica, Ecuador, Eritrea, Georgia, Guatemala, Honduras, Mauritius, Nepal, Nicaragua, Paraguay, Saint Vincent and the Grenadines, Saint Lucia, Seychelles and Venezuela. treeshaverightstoo.com
  • 21. Planetary Rights COP 15 5. NEXT STEPS & PROPOSALS 1. replace Sustainability with Responsibility (ID duties and obligations eg health of the asset) 2. ID point-source pollution 3. legislate out damaging practices (harm) legislate in beneficial practices (restore) (stewardship via public trust doctrine/fiduciary laws) treeshaverightstoo.com