1. Mapping UK Sea Space
Mapping UK Sea Space
John Pepper
J h P
Principal Consultant
John Pepper Consultancy Ltd
BCS Symposium 11th June 2010

2. A Few Facts…
Over 70% of the Earth’s surface is
covered by water but less than 1% has
been seen or explored by humans
Globally, only 10% of coastal states
have more than 50% of waters
(depth < 200m) surveyed to modern
standards
Demand for knowledge of our seas
outstrips the ability of Nations to
capture and map the information!
BCS Symposium 11th June 2010

3. Historic perspective
Historic perspective
• Reliance on paper charting to represent
Reliance on paper charting to represent
the real world
• Accuracy and precision a challenge
• Limited understanding of oceans
• Lack of source information
• Selected detail shown (<5%)
Selected detail shown (<5%)
• Cartographic interpretation
• Served the mariner well over time
But things are changing and fast!…
BCS Symposium 11th June 2010

4. Why do we need a map?
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• Charts represent an interpretation of the
real world to aid safety of navigation
l ld d f f
• Increasing use of the seabed ‐ bottom
Increasing use of the seabed bottom
trawling, hydrocarbon extraction, sand
and gravel extraction, cable and pipeline
and gravel extraction, cable and pipeline
laying, wind and wave power generation
(Asset Management)
(Asset Management)
• Spatial planning requires a sound base‐
map combining seafloor topography,
bi i fl h
geology and habitat information
(Decision Making)
(D i i M ki )
BCS Symposium 11th June 2010

5. THE CHALLENGE – SOURCE FROM PRODUCT
THE CHALLENGE SOURCE FROM PRODUCT
Source: GB ENC Source: SeaZone HydroSpatial
For many feature types the paper chart is
the only source and is not legitimate
BCS Symposium 11th June 2010

6. Areas to be mapped
pp
• Coastal zone ‐ from the shore to the 12 nautical
mile limit. Complex and expensive to map ‐ need
mile limit Complex and expensive to map need
small boats, hovercraft, aircraft. Most data
available but with gaps
available but with gaps
• Shelf ‐ from the coastal zone to the shelf edge.
An area of high activity (fisheries, minerals).
An area of high activity (fisheries minerals)
Some data exists but not all is available
• Deep sea ‐ beyond the shelf edge to the
Deep‐sea beyond the shelf edge to the
territorial limit. An area of increasing
exploitation of oil, gas and fish. Easier and
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cheaper to map than other areas but little
available for non military mapping
BCS Symposium 11th June 2010

7. Example of what can be achieved from a specific
Mapping Project
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Images courtesy of Federal State
of Maine; USA
f M i USA

8. Technological Developments
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• Electronic Navigational Charts (ENC’s)
• High Resolution Digital Survey
Bathymetry (Multibeam & LiDAR)
• “Ping to Chart” Technology
• Visualisation tools – Augmented Reality
• Global Geospatial Data standards
(ISO/OGC /S‐100)
• R l Ti
Real Time Ocean Observing Systems (e.g.
O Ob i S (
GOOS)
• Data storage and processing power
Data storage and processing power
• Autonomous Underwater Vehicles (AUV)
BCS Symposium 11th June 2010

9. Civil Hydrographic Programme /Chart Data – Orkney Islands

10. Legislative Drivers
Legislative Drivers
o EU and UK Marine Legislation
• Marine Conservation & Governance
• Marine Spatial Planning
• Marine Management Organisation / Marine
Marine Management Organisation / Marine
Scotland
– Fisheries management
– Commercial development
– Climate Change
– Habitats
ab tats
• Flooding
• Water Quality
• Emergency Planning & Response / Disaster
Mitigation
… to achieve clean, safe, healthy, productive and biologically diverse oceans
BCS Symposium 11th June 2010

11. Governance Drivers
• Infrastructure for Spatial
Information in Europe (INSPIRE)
– Metadata
– Data Sharing & Exchange
– Interoperability
– Network Services
– Monitoring
• UK Location Programme
UK Location Programme
– we know what data we have, and avoid
duplicating it
– we use common reference data
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– we can share location‐related information
– we have the appropriate skills among
geographic professionals and those who use
geographic professionals and those who use
location information
– we have strong leadership and governance to
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drive through change
BCS Symposium 11th June 2010

12. Recent developments in mapping &
R d l i i &
visualising the marine environment
visualising the marine environment
Coastal Mapping and Analysis
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Land‐Sea Interoperability
Digital Terrain Modelling
Deep Ocean Mapping
Deep Ocean Mapping
Land‐Sea DEM’s
Smart Processes – Data Capture to Output Delivery
BCS Symposium 11th June 2010

13. Coastal Mapping
Coastal Mapping
• Spatial Planning
• Flooding and Inundation
• Shore‐line management plans (SMP’s)
• Safety of Life / Emergency Response
• Shoreline development
• Leisure activities
• Commercial activities (e.g. dredging)
( g g g)
• Renewable Energy
• Ports and Harbours
• Beach Profiling
• Landscape
BCS Symposium 11th June 2010

14. Economic activity in the Irish Sea and coastal hinterland
Source: Defra Irish Sea Pilot project ‐ 2006
Land Use
Tourism
Oil &G
&Gas
Mariculture
Coastal
Defence
Ports &
Navigation
Military
Activities
A i ii
Culture
Conservation
C ti
Dredging &
p
Disposal
Submarine Fishing Renewable Marine Mineral
Cables Energy Recreation Extraction

15. Seabed Character and Bed Form Mapping
Pilot Area
BGS/UKHO/SeaZone
completed end 2008

16. To create a
map like this
map like this
Rock
Featureless Sand
Sand waves
Sand wave crest lines
Sand and gravel

17. MAPS4ALL™ ‐ Where we are now!

18. Where we are with a 5m rise in Sea Level

19. Combined LiDAR ‐Imagery Coastal Zone
oblique of the Scilly Isles‐courtesy of
the Environment Agency

20. Combined coastal Topo‐Bathy LiDAR
image of Watchet, Somerset ‐courtesy of
Environment Agency

21. Combined estuarine LiDAR, Bathy and
aerial imagery DEM of Rivers Taw and
Torridge courtesy of the Environment
Agency

22. Mounts Bay Coastal beach profile mapping to monitor sediment transport
Image courtesy of NetSurvey Ltd
BCS Symposium 11th June 2010

23. Surface Model of Eastern Solent based on Digital Survey Bathymetry
Source: SeaZone Solutions: 2006
BCS Symposium 11th June 2010

24. DORIS project bathymetric survey
DORIS project bathymetric survey
BCS Symposium 11th June 2010

25. Offshore Renewable Capacity Report

26. Offshore Renewable Capacity Report

27. Ocean Mapping
Ocean Mapping
• Safety of Life / Emergency Response
Safety of Life / Emergency Response
• Risk Modelling and mitigation
• Climate Change
• Defence (sub‐marine)
• Hydrocarbons extraction (e.g. Gulf of Mexico)
• Physical Oceanography (e.g. salinity, light attenuation)
• Global Observing Systems
• Seismology
• Habitat & Ecosystem Mapping
• Geophysics and Geomorphology
• Deep water infrastructure (e.g.Cables)
• Research & Development
BCS Symposium 11th June 2010

28. Deep Ocean Mapping
The Arctic Ocean
The “Darwin Mounds”

29. Deep ocean DEM showing fault lines
Courtesy of the Royal Navy

30. Channel and ridge
Channel and ridge
Deep Ocean Analysis from DEM
D O A l i f DEM
Courtesy of the Royal Navy

31. MBES Wreck investigation
MBES Wreck investigation
HMS REPULSE

32. Habitat Mapping using AUV s/ ROV s
Habitat Mapping using AUV’s/ ROV’s
• Wide area data sets (multibeam bathymetry
Wide-area Images courtesy of NOC
Images courtesy of NOC
and/or sidescan sonar data) for biotic environment
• Point- or line-based information (e.g. photo/
Untouched and trawled Lophelia‐reefs
video data, seabed samples) for ‘ground-truthing’ of
the substrate and biological information
• A prerequisite for all scientific seabed studies and
an essential tool for the management and
assessment of human impacts
Images courtesy of JNCC ‐ 2010
BCS Symposium 11th June 2010

33. Software requirements for bringing land and
sea data together
sea data together
• Hydro data is +ve down, Topo data is +ve up
– Software needs to be able to handle this
f d b bl h dl hi
• Land and Sea data is often referenced to different
coordinate systems
coordinate systems
– Vertical = MSL for Land, LAT for Sea
– DEM’s therefore need to be shifted (VORF, VDATUM, ASCII)
( )
– Or stored in reference to the Ellipsoid
– Lat & Long versus OSGB36
• Sea to Shore models need to be created to resolve data
gaps in the surf zone
• DEM’s need to be combined
– For seamless examination and analysis
– To derive continuous vector features e g contours
To derive continuous vector features e.g. contours

34. Topo-Bathy DEM Process (1)
1.
1 Import Land Data 2.
2 Import Sea Data
3. Create TIN 4. Interpolate Surfaces from TIN
Images courtesy of CARIS

35. Topo‐Bathy DEM Process (2)
5. Perform Datum Shift 6. Combine DEM’s
7. Create Contours 8. Interrogate in 3D
Images courtesy of CARIS

36. • 90% of Ireland is under the sea
• 80% of UK is under the sea
So…
“Wh i 75% f UK ill
“Why is 75% of UK sea space still
not mapped?
not mapped?”
BCS Symposium 11th June 2010

37. Thank You
Any Questions
www.johnpepperconsultancy.com
BCS Symposium 11th June 2010