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Cardiovascular System
   Weighing in at 10 ounces, the blood-filled muscle
   called the heart has become the universal symbol of
   love. The Greeks believed the heart was the seat of
   the spirit, the Chinese associated it with the center for
   happiness and the Egyptians thought the emotions
   and intellect arose from the heart. No one is sure the
   exact origin of the love association, however. One
   idea is that the heart got its "love mark" in the ancient
   Greek city of Cyrene, now in modern-day Libya. The
   colony was known for a plant called Silphium, with
   heart-shaped seed pods. Silphium had medicinal
   properties, and possibly also was used as an herbal
   contraceptive.


hsc 1531 medical terminology | FSCJ | professor: michael l. whtichurch, MHS
Heart Facts

    System is over 60,000 miles long
    Adult heart pumps 5 quarts of blood each minute
        2,000 gallons each day
    Beats about 100,000 times each day
    Average 70 year life span = 2.5 billion beats
    Adult woman heart = 8 oz.
    Adult man = 10 oz
    Blood is 78 % water
    20 seconds to completely circulate the vascular
     system

           http://my.clevelandclinic.org/heart/heartworks/heartfacts.aspx
Multimedia Directory

 Slide 13Heart Anatomy Animation
 Slide 27Heart Chambers Animation
 Slide 36Atrial Blood Flow Animation
 Slide 38Atrial Contraction Animation
 Slide 40Ventricular Contraction Animation
 Slide 45Internal Heart Structures Exercise
 Slide 67Blood Pressure Animation
 Slide 72Cardiac Arrhythmia Video
 Slide 81Blood Pressure Measurement Video
 Slide 84Angina Pectoris Animation
 Slide 88Coronary Artery Disease Animation
 Slide 92Heart Attack Video
 Slide 95Aneurysm Animation
Multimedia Directory Continued

 Slide 106Electrocardiography Video
 Slide 107EKG Technician Video
 Slide 112Defibrillation Video
Cardiovascular System at a Glance

    Functions of
     Cardiovascular (CV)
     System
        Distribute blood to all
         areas of body
        Delivery of needed
         substances to cells
        Removal of wastes
Cardiovascular System at a Glance

     Organs of Cardiovascular System
         Heart
         Arteries
         Capillaries
         Veins
Cardiovascular Combining Forms

    angi/o           ather/o
       vessel           fatty substance

    aort/o           atri/o
       aorta            atrium

    arteri/o         cardi/o
       artery           heart
Cardiovascular Combining Forms

    coron/o              sphygm/o
       heart                pulse

    hemangi/o            steth/o
       blood vessel         chest

    phleb/o              thromb/o
       vein                 clot
Cardiovascular Combining Forms

    valv/o               vas/o
       valve                vessel, duct

    valvul/o             ven/o
       valve                vein

    vascul/o             ventricul/o
       blood vessel         ventricle
Cardiovascular System Suffixes

    –manometer
        instrument to measure pressure
    –ole
        small
    –tension
        pressure
    –ule
        small
Anatomy and Physiology

    Also called circulatory system
    Maintains distribution of blood throughout body
        Delivers oxygen and nutrients like glucose and amino acids
         to cells
        Picks up carbon dioxide and other waste products from
         cells and delivers to lungs, liver, and kidneys for elimination
Anatomy and Physiology

    Is composed of:
        Heart
        Blood vessels
             Arteries
             Capillaries
             Veins
    Divided into
        pulmonary circulation and
        systemic circulation
Heart Anatomy Animation




     Click here to view an animation of the anatomy of the heart


                             Back to Directory
Pulmonary Circulation

    Between heart and lungs

    Carries deoxygenated blood
     away from right side of heart
     to lungs

    Carries oxygenated blood
     from lungs to left side of heart


                                 Figure 5.1
Systemic Circulation

     Between heart and cells of body

     Carries oxygenated blood away
      from left side of heart to body

     Carries deoxygenated blood from
      body to right side of heart
A schematic of the circulatory system illustrating the pulmonary circulation
       picking up oxygen from the lungs and the systemic circulation
                         delivering oxygen to the body.
Heart

    Muscular pump
        Made up of cardiac muscle fibers
        Could be called a muscle instead of an organ
    Beats an average of 60 – 100 beats per minute (bpm),
     or about 100,000 times a day
    Each time the muscle contracts:
        Blood is ejected from heart
        Pushed throughout body within blood vessels
Heart

    Located in the mediastinum
        More to left side of chest
        Directly behind sternum
    About size of a fist
    Shaped like upside-down pear
    Tip of heart at lower edge
        Called the apex
Location of the heart within
the mediastinum of the thoracic cavity.
Heart Layers

  Endocardium Myocardium                    Epicardium
   Inner layer           Middle layer      Outer layer
   Lines heart          Thick muscle       Forms the
   chambers               Contraction of    visceral layer of
   Smooth, thin layer     this layer         pericardial sac
   that reduces friction develops the        Fluid between
   as the blood passes pressure               layers of
   through heart          required to        pericardial sac
   chambers               pump blood         reduces friction
                          through blood       as heart beats
                          vessels
Figure 5.3 – Internal view of the heart illustrating the heart chambers, heart
        layers, and major blood vessels associated with the heart.
Heart Chambers

    Divided into four
     chambers
      Two atria
      Two ventricles
    Heart is divided into
     right and left sides by a
     wall called the septum
Atria

     Left and right upper chambers
     Receiving chambers
     Blood returns to atria in veins
       Superior and
        Inferior vena cava
       Pulmonary veins
Ventricles

     Left and right lower
      chambers
     Pumping chambers
         Thick myocardium
     Blood exits ventricles into
      arteries
       Aorta
       Pulmonary artery
Figure 5.3 – Internal view of the heart illustrating the heart chambers, heart
        layers, and major blood vessels associated with the heart.
Figure 5.4 – Internal view of heart specimen illustrating
      heart chambers, septum, and heart valves.
Heart Chambers Animation
Heart Valves

    Four valves in heart
        Tricuspid
        Pulmonary
        Mitral
        Aortic
Heart Valves

    Act as restraining gates to control direction of blood
     flow
    Found at entrance and exit to ventricles
    Allow blood to flow only in forward direction by
     blocking it from returning to previous chamber
Tricuspid Valve

  An atrioventricular valve
  Between right atrium and
   ventricle
        Prevents blood in ventricle
         from flowing back into
         atrium
Tricuspid Valve

    Has 3 leaflets or cusps
Pulmonary Valve

  A semilunar valve
  Between right ventricle and pulmonary
   artery
        Prevents blood in artery from flowing
         back into ventricle
    Semilunar – valve looks like half moon
Mitral Valve

   An atrioventricular valve
   Between left atrium and
    ventricle
         Prevents blood in ventricle from
          flowing back into atrium
Mitral Valve

     Also called bicuspid valve
      - has two cusps
Aortic Valve

   A semilunar valve
   Between left ventricle and
    aorta
         Prevents blood in aorta
          from flowing back into
          ventricle
Heart Valves
Figure 5.4 – Internal view of heart specimen illustrating
      heart chambers, septum, and heart valves.
Path of Blood Flow Through Heart

 1. Deoxygenated blood from
    body enters relaxed right
    atrium via two large veins
    called:
       Superior vena cava
       Inferior vena cava




                         Figure 5.6
Atrial Blood Flow Animation
Path of Blood Flow Through Heart

 2. Right atrium contracts
       Blood flows through
        tricuspid valve into
        relaxed right ventricle




                             Figure 5.6
Atrial Contraction Animation
Path of Blood Flow Through Heart

 3. Right ventricle contracts
       Blood is pumped
        through pulmonary
        valve into pulmonary
        artery
       Carries blood to lungs




                           Figure 5.6
Ventricular Contraction Animation




      Click here to view an animation of ventricular contraction.
Path of Blood Flow Through Heart

 4. Relaxed left atrium
    receives blood that has
    been oxygenated by
    lungs
       Blood enters left atrium
        from the four
        pulmonary veins



                            Figure 5.6
Path of Blood Flow Through Heart

 5. Left atrium contracts
       Blood flows through
        mitral valve into relaxed
        left ventricle




                             Figure 5.6
Path of Blood Flow Through Heart

 6. Left ventricle contracts
       Blood is pumped
        through the aortic valve
        and into aorta
       Largest artery in the
        body
       Carries blood to all
        parts of body



                            Figure 5.6
The path of blood flow through the
chambers of the left and right side of the heart.
Internal Heart Structures Exercise




  Click here to review the internal structures of the heart in a labeling activity.
Conduction System of the Heart

    Autonomic nervous
     system controls heart rate
        Therefore, no voluntary control
         over heart
    Special heart tissue conducts
     electrical impulses
        Stimulate different chambers to
         contract in correct order
Path of the Conduction System

 1. Sinoatrial (SA) node, or
    pacemaker, is where
    electrical impulse begins
       From SA node a wave of
        electricity travels through
        atria
       Causing them to
        contract, or go into
        systole
Path of the Conduction System

 2. Next, atrioventricular
    node (AV) is stimulated
 3. This node transfers
    stimulation wave to
    bundle of His
Path of the Conduction System

4. Electrical wave travels
   down bundle branches
   within interventricular
   septum
5. Finally, Purkinje fibers in
   ventricular myocardium
   are stimulated
      Results in ventricular
       systole

                          Figure 5.7
Systole and Diastole

    Heart chambers alternate
     between:
        Relaxing to fill
        Contracting to push blood
         forward
    Relaxation phase is
     diastole
    Contraction phase is
     systole
The conduction system of the heart.
An electrocardiogram (EKG) wave.
QRS Complex



 Precedes Ventricular Systole




 http://qrscomplex.net/
EKG Wave




  http://www.vetgo.com/cardio/concepts/concsect.php?conceptkey=170


  http://www.medicinenet.com/heart_disease_pictures_slideshow/article.htm
Blood Vessels

    Pipes that circulate blood
     through body
    Three types:
        Arteries
        Capillaries
        Veins
    Lumen is the channel
     within blood vessels
Arteries

     Large thick-walled vessels
     Wall contains smooth
      muscle and can dilate or
      constrict
     As arteries travel through
      body they branch into
      progressively smaller
      vessels called arterioles
Comparative structure of arteries, capillaries, and veins.
Arteries

     Carry blood away from heart
         Towards either lungs or cells and tissues
          of body
         Pulmonary artery carries
          deoxygenated blood to lungs
         Aorta carries oxygenated blood to body
     Coronary arteries supply
      myocardium
The coronary arteries.
The major arteries of the body.
Capillaries

     Network of tiny, thin-walled blood vessels called a
      capillary bed
     Connecting unit between arteries and veins
         Arterial blood flows into capillary bed
         Venous blood flows out of capillary bed
     Location for:
         Oxygen and nutrients to diffuse out
         Carbon dioxide and wastes to diffuse in
Comparative structure of arteries, capillaries, and veins.
Veins

   Much thinner walls than arteries
   Much lower pressure system than in arteries
       Have valves to insure blood flows only towards heart
       Squeezing by skeletal muscles also assists blood return to heart
   Smallest veins are called venules
Comparative structure of arteries, capillaries, and veins.
Veins

    Carry blood towards the heart
        From either the lungs or the cells
         and tissues of body
        Pulmonary veins carry
         oxygenated blood from lungs
        Superior and inferior vena cava
         carry deoxygenated blood from
         body
The major veins of the body.
Blood Pressure Animation
Systole and Diastole

    Heart chambers alternate
     between:
        Relaxing to fill
        Contracting to push blood
         forward
    Relaxation phase is
     diastole
    Contraction phase is
     systole
Blood Pressure

    Measurement of force exerted by blood against
     walls of a vessel
    May be affected by several characteristics of blood
     and blood vessels
       Elasticity of arteries

       Diameter of blood vessels

       Viscosity of blood

       Volume of blood

       Amount of resistance to blood flow
Blood Pressure

    During ventricular systole
        Blood is under great pressure
        Gives highest pressure—systolic
        Top number of blood pressure reading
    During ventricular diastole
        Blood isn’t being pushed from heart at all
        Blood pressure drops to lowest point—diastolic
        Bottom number of blood pressure reading

                        115/75 mm HG
Blood Pressure Animation
Word Building with angi/o

  –gram       angiogram       record of a vessel

  –itis       angitis         inflammation of a vessel

  –plasty     angioplasty     surgical repair of vessel
                              involuntary muscle contraction
  –spasm      angiospasm
                              in a vessel
  –stenosis   angiostenosis   narrowing of a vessel
Word Building with aort/o & arteri/o

  –ic        aortic           pertaining to the aorta



  –al        arterial         pertaining to an artery

  –ole       arteriole        small artery

  –rrhexis   arteriorrhexis   ruptured artery
Word Building with ather/o & atri/o

                             surgical removal of fatty
  –ectomy      atherectomy
                             substance
  –oma         atheroma      fatty substance tumor/growth



  –al          atrial        pertaining to the atrium
                             pertaining to between the
  inter– –al   interatrial
                             atrium
Word Building with cardi/o

  –ac            cardiac             pertaining to the heart
  brady– –ia     bradycardia         state of slow heart
  electr/o   –
                 electrocardiogram   record of heart’s electricity
  gram
  –megaly        cardiomegaly        enlarged heart
  my/o –al       myocardial          pertaining to heart muscle
  –ologist       cardiologist        heart specialist
  –rrhexis       cardiorrhexis       ruptured heart
  tachy– –ia     tachycardia         state of fast heart
Word Building with cardi/o

  –ac            cardiac             pertaining to the heart
  brady– –ia     bradycardia         state of slow heart
  electr/o   –
                 electrocardiogram   record of heart’s electricity
  gram
  –megaly        cardiomegaly        enlarged heart
  my/o –al       myocardial          pertaining to heart muscle
  –ologist       cardiologist        heart specialist
  –rrhexis       cardiorrhexis       ruptured heart
  tachy– –ia     tachycardia         state of fast heart
Cardiac Arrhythmia Video




          tachycardia and bradycardia.
Word Building with coron/o,
phleb/o, and vascul/o

 –ary      coronary     pertaining to the heart


 –itis     phlebitis    inflammation of a vein



 –ar       vascular     pertaining to a blood vessel
Word Building with valv/o & valvul/o

  –plasty   valvoplasty   surgical repair of valve



  –itis     valvulitis    inflammation of a valve

  –ar       valvular      pertaining to a valve
Word Building with ven/o & ventricul/o

  –ous       venous         pertaining to veins

  –ule       venule         small vein

  –gram      venogram       record of a vein


                            pertaining to
  –ar       ventricular
                            ventricles

  inter– –                  pertaining to
           interventricular
  ar                        between ventricles
Cardiovascular Vocabulary (13)

                listening to sounds within body using a stethoscope

 auscultation



                branch of medicine for diagnosis and treatment of
 cardiology
                cardiovascular disease; physician is a cardiologist
                flexible tube inserted in body to move fluids into or
 catheter       out of body; may be used to place dye into a vein to
                view blood vessels
Cardiovascular Vocabulary

               area of necrotic tissue due to
 infarct
               loss of blood supply
               local and temporary deficiency
 ischemia      of blood supply due to a
               circulatory obstruction
               abnormal heart sound such as
 murmur        soft blowing sound or a harsh
               click; also called a bruit
 orthostatic   sudden drop in blood pressure
 hypotension   when standing up suddenly
Cardiovascular Vocabulary

 palpitations    pounding, racing heartbeats
                 yellow, fatty deposit of lipids in an artery; hallmark
 plaque
                 of atherosclerosis
                 to flow backwards; in CV system refers to backflow
 regurgitation
                 of blood through a valve
http://www3.hku.hk/surgery/vdc_cea.php
Cardiovascular Vocabulary

                    blood pressure cuff; measures blood
 sphygmomanometer
                    pressure
                    stainless steel tube placed within blood
 stent
                    vessel to widen the lumen
 stethoscope        instrument for listening to body sounds
Using a systole
to measure blood pressure.
Blood Pressure Measurement Video




    Click here to view a video on the use of a sphygmomanometer.
A) A catheter is used to place a collapsed stent next to an atherosclerotic
plaque; B) stent is expanded; C) catheter is removed, leaving the expanded
                                 stent behind.
Cardiovascular System
Heart Pathology (17)

 angina          severe pain and sensation of constriction around
 pectoris        heart; caused by myocardial ischemia
                 irregularity in heartbeat; some are mild and others
 arrhythmia
                 are life threatening
                 electrical impulse is blocked from traveling down
 bundle branch
                 bundle branches; results in ventricles beating at
 block (BBB)
                 different rate than atria; also called heart block
Angina Pectoris Animation




                angina pectoris.
Heart Pathology

                     complete stopping of heart
 cardiac arrest
                     activity
                     myocardial disease; may be
                     caused by viral infection,
 cardiomyopathy      congestive heart failure, or
                     alcoholism; common reason
                     for heart transplant
                     hole, present at birth, in heart
 congenital septal   septum; allows mixing of
 defect (CSD)        oxygenated and
                     deoxygenated blood
Heart Pathology

                    left ventricle muscle is too weak to efficiently
 congestive heart
                    pump blood; results in weakness,
 failure (CHF)
                    breathlessness, & edema

                    poor blood supply to heart muscle due to
 coronary artery
                    obstruction of coronary arteries; may cause
 disease (CAD)
                    angina pectoris and heart attack

                    inflammation of lining membranes of heart; if
 endocarditis       cause is bacterial may have a bacterial colony
                    form, called vegetation
Formation of an atherosclerotic plaque within a coronary artery.
Coronary Artery Disease Animation
Heart Pathology

                extremely serious arrhythmia characterized by
 fibrillation   quivering of heart fibers; cardiac arrest and death
                can occur
                arrhythmia in which atria beat too rapidly, but in a
 flutter
                regular pattern
 heart valve    cusps are too loose and fail to shut tightly; allowing
 prolapse       regurgitation
 heart valve    cusps are too stiff; unable to shut tightly; allowing
 stenosis       regurgitation
Heart Pathology

 myocardial        occlusion of coronary artery; results in a
 infarction (MI)   myocardial infarct; a heart attack

 myocarditis       inflammation of heart muscle layer

 pericarditis      inflammation of pericardial sac

                     combination of four congenital anomalies;
                     pulmonary stenosis, interventricular septal
                     defect, improper placement of aorta,
 tetralogy of Fallot hypertrophy of right ventricle; requires
                     immediate surgery
                     Étienne–Louis–Arthur (1850–1911)
External and cross-sectional view of an infarct caused by a myocardial infarction.
Heart Attack Video
Blood Vessel Pathology (15)

                    weakness and ballooning of arterial wall;
 aneurysm           commonly seen in abdominal and cerebral
                    arteries
                    hardening & loss of elasticity of arterial walls;
 arteriosclerosis
                    often due to atherosclerosis
                    most common form of arteriosclerosis; lipid
 atherosclerosis
                    plaques form in arterial wall
Illustration of a large aneurysm in the abdominal aorta which has ruptured.
Aneurysm
Development of an atherosclerotic plaque that progressively narrows the
lumen of an artery to the point that a thrombus fully occludes the lumen.
Blood Vessel Pathology

 coarctation of aorta
                        severe congenital narrowing of aorta
 (CoA)
                        obstruction of blood vessel by blood clot that
 embolus
                        has broken off from a thrombus in another site
 hemorrhoid             varicose veins in anal region
Atria Embolus
Illustration of an embolus floating in an artery. The embolus will become
lodged in a blood vessel that is smaller than it is, resulting in occlusion of
                                 that artery.
Blood Vessel Pathology

                  high blood pressure;
                  essential or primary
  hypertension    hypertension is due to CV
  (HTN)           disease; secondary
                  hypertension results from
                  another disease
                  decrease in blood pressure;
  hypotension     may be due to shock or
                  anemia
                  congenital heart anomaly
  patent ductus   where fetal connection
  arteriosus      between pulmonary artery
  (PDA)           and aorta fails to close at
                  birth
Patent Ductus Arteriosis




     In the Normal Embryo   Patent Ductus Arteriosis
Blood Vessel Pathology

 peripheral         abnormal condition affecting any blood vessel
 vascular disease   outside the heart; symptoms may include pain,
 (PVD)              pallor, & blocked circulation
 polyarteritis      inflammation of several arteries
                    periodic ischemic attacks affecting extremities;
 Raynaud’s          especially fingers, toes, ears, and nose;
 phenomenon         extremities become cyanotic; triggered by cold
                    exposure
Blood Vessel Pathology

                     inflammation of vein
  thrombophlebitis   resulting in blood
                     clots within a vein
                     blood clot within a
                     blood vessel; may
  thrombus
                     partially or completely
                     occlude blood vessel
                     swollen and
  varicose veins     distended veins; often
                     in the legs
varicose veins

thrombophlebitis
Clinical Laboratory Tests (2)

                   blood test determines level of enzymes specific to
  cardiac          heart muscle in blood; an increase may indicate
  enzymes          heart muscle damage such as a myocardial
                   infarction
                    blood test measures amount of cholesterol and
  serum
                    triglycerides in blood; indicator of
  lipoprotein level
                    atherosclerosis risk

        LDL (bad cholesterol) associated with the development of
        atherosclerosis

        HDL (good cholesterol) associated with decreasing the
        development of atherosclerosis
Diagnostic Imaging (5)

                X-rays taken after injection of opaque dye into
 angiography
                blood vessel

                nuclear medicine scan using radioactive thallium;
 cardiac scan   especially useful in determining myocardial
                damage
angiography




cardiac scan
Diagnostic Imaging

                    using ultrasound to produce an image of
 Doppler            blood flowing through blood vessels in
 ultrasonography    order to determine velocity; indicates blood
                    clots or deep vein thromboses
                    use of ultrasound to visualize internal
 echocardiography
                    cardiac structures; especially valves
 venography         X-ray of veins; used to identify a thrombus
Cardiac Function Tests (4)

                            catheter is threaded through blood vessel
                            to heart; detects abnormalities, collects
  cardiac catheterization
                            cardiac blood samples, and determines
                            blood pressure inside heart
                            process of recording electrical activity of
  electrocardiography
                            heart; able to diagnose arrhythmias and
  (ECG, EKG)
                            myocardial damage




                 EKG=Elektrokardiogramm (German spelling)
cardiac catheterization
cardiac catheterization
Electrocardiography Video




        Click here to view a video on electrocardiography
EKG Technician Video
Cardiac Function Tests

           portable ECG monitor worn
           by patient up to a few days to
 Holter
           assess heart activity as
 monitor
           person goes through daily
           activities
           evaluates cardiovascular
           fitness; patient exercises on
           treadmill or bicycle with a
 stress
           steadily increasing work
 testing
           load; EKC and oxygen levels
           are monitored throughout the
           test
Man undergoing stress test on a treadmill. (Jonathan Nourok/PhotoEdit Inc.)
Medical Procedures (6)

                       procedure to restore cardiac output and
 cardiopulmonary       oxygenate air for person in cardiac arrest;
 resuscitation (CPR)   uses chest compressions and artificial
                       respiration

                       procedure that converts irregular heartbeats,
 defibrillation
                       such as fibrillation, using an electric shock

 extracorporeal        routing blood to a heart-lung machine during a
 circulation (ECC)     surgical procedure
extracorporeal circulation (ECC)
An emergency medical technician positions defibrillator paddles on the chest
                       of a supine male patient.
Medical Procedures (3)

               device implanted into the
               heart to deliver an
 implantable
               electric shock to restore
 cardioverter-
               normal heart rhythm;
 defibrillator
               especially helpful for
               ventricular fibrillation

                device implanted into the
                heart to substitute for the
 pacemaker
                natural pacemaker;
 implantation
                especially helpful for
                bradycardia
Figure 5.22 – Color enhanced X-ray showing pacemaker implanted in the
chest and the electrode wires running to the heart. (UHB Trust/Getty Images
                            Inc.–Stone Allstock)
Medical Procedures


                        use of drugs, such as streptokinase or
 thrombolytic therapy   tissue-type plasminogen activator, to
                        dissolve clots and restore blood flow
Surgical Procedures (10)

 aneurysmectomy          surgical removal of an aneurysm
                         surgical joining of two arteries when an
 arterial anastomosis    artery is severed or a damaged section is
                         removed
                        blood vessel from another location (often a
 coronary artery bypass
                        leg vein) is grafted to route blood around a
 graft (CABG)
                        blocked coronary artery
 embolectomy             surgical removal of an embolus
Coronary Artery Bypass - CABG
Surgical Procedures

                         removal of the diseased inner lining of an
  endarterectomy         artery; usually to remove atherosclerotic
                         plaques
                         replacement of a diseased heart with a
  heart transplant
                         donor heart
                         placing a stent within a coronary artery;
  intracoronary
                         treats coronary ischemia due to
  artery stent
                         atherosclerosis
                         removal of varicose veins; damaged vein is
  ligation & stripping   tied off (ligation) and then removed
                         (stripping)
Surgical Procedures


 percutaneous          balloon catheter is inserted through skin into
 transluminal coronary coronary artery; inflated to dilate the narrow
 angioplasty (PTCA)    blood vessel


                        removal of diseased valve and replacement
 valve replacement
                        with an artificial valve
Balloon angioplasty.
Cardiovascular Pharmacology (11)

 ACE inhibitor    produce vasodilation to decrease   Lotensin,
 drugs            blood pressure                     Capoten

                  reduces or prevents cardiac        Tambocor,
 antiarrhythmic
                  arrhythmias                        Corvert

                                                     Warfarin,
 anticoagulant    prevents blood clot formation
                                                     Coumadin

 antilipidemic    reduces blood cholesterol level    Lipitor, Zocor
Cardiovascular Pharmacology

                lowers heart rate to treat hypertension Lopressor,
 Beta-blocker
                and angina pectoris                     Inderal


 Calcium        decreases force of heart beat to treat
                                                         Cardizem,
 channel        hypertension, angina pectoris, and
                                                         Procardia
 blocker        congestive heart failure


                increases force of heart contraction to
 cardiotonic                                            Lanoxin
                treat congestive heart failure
Cardiovascular Pharmacology

                increases urine
                production to reduce
 diuretic                                  Lasix
                plasma volume to lower
                blood pressure

                dissolves existing blood
 thrombolytic                              Plavix, Activase
                clot
Cardiovascular Pharmacology

                   contracts smooth muscle in wall
 vasoconstrictor   of blood vessel to raise blood     Aramine
                   pressure


                   relaxes smooth muscle in wall of
                   blood vessel to reduce blood       Nitro-Dur,
 vasodilator
                   pressure and increase blood flow   Vasodilan
                   to ischemic area
Cardiovascular Abbreviations

  AFB       atrial fibrillation

  AMI       acute myocardial infarction

  AS        arteriosclerosis

  ASD       atrial septal defect

  ASHD      arteriosclerotic heart disease

  AV, A-V   atrioventricular

  BBB       bundle branch block

  BP        blood pressure
Cardiovascular Abbreviations

  bpm       beats per minute

  CABG      coronary artery bypass graft

  CAD       coronary artery disease

  cath      catheterization

  CC        cardiac catheterization, chief complaint

  CCU       coronary care unit

  CHF       congestive heart failure

  CoA       coarctation of the aorta
Cardiovascular Abbreviations

  CP         chest pain

  CPK        creatine phosphokinase

  CPR        cardiopulmonary resuscitation

  CSD        congenital septal defect

  CV         cardiovascular

  DVT        deep vein thrombosis

  ECC        extracorporeal circulation

  ECG, EKG   electrocardiogram
Cardiovascular Abbreviations

 ECHO       echocardiogram

 GOT        glutamic- oxaloacetic transaminase

 HTN        hypertension

 ICU        intensive care unit

 IV         intravenous

 LDH        lactate dehydrogenase
Cardiovascular Abbreviations

 LVAD       left ventricular assist device

 LVH        left ventricular hypertrophy

 MI         myocardial infarction, mitral insufficiency

 mmHg       millimeters of mercury

 MR         mitral regurgitation

 MS         mitral stenosis

 MVP        mitral valve prolapse
Cardiovascular Abbreviations

 P      pulse

 PAC    premature atrial contraction

 PDA    patent ductus arteriosus

 PTCA   percutaneous transluminal coronary angioplasty

 PVC    premature ventricular contraction

 S1     first heart sound

 S2     second heart sound
Cardiovascular Abbreviations

 SA, S-A   sinoatrial

 SGOT      serum glutamic-oxaloacetic transaminase

 SK        streptokinase

 tPA       tissue-type plasminogen activator

 Vfib      ventricular fibrillation

 VSD       ventricular septal defect

 VT        ventricular tachycardia

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Cardiovascular System

  • 1. Cardiovascular System Weighing in at 10 ounces, the blood-filled muscle called the heart has become the universal symbol of love. The Greeks believed the heart was the seat of the spirit, the Chinese associated it with the center for happiness and the Egyptians thought the emotions and intellect arose from the heart. No one is sure the exact origin of the love association, however. One idea is that the heart got its "love mark" in the ancient Greek city of Cyrene, now in modern-day Libya. The colony was known for a plant called Silphium, with heart-shaped seed pods. Silphium had medicinal properties, and possibly also was used as an herbal contraceptive. hsc 1531 medical terminology | FSCJ | professor: michael l. whtichurch, MHS
  • 2. Heart Facts  System is over 60,000 miles long  Adult heart pumps 5 quarts of blood each minute  2,000 gallons each day  Beats about 100,000 times each day  Average 70 year life span = 2.5 billion beats  Adult woman heart = 8 oz.  Adult man = 10 oz  Blood is 78 % water  20 seconds to completely circulate the vascular system http://my.clevelandclinic.org/heart/heartworks/heartfacts.aspx
  • 3. Multimedia Directory Slide 13Heart Anatomy Animation Slide 27Heart Chambers Animation Slide 36Atrial Blood Flow Animation Slide 38Atrial Contraction Animation Slide 40Ventricular Contraction Animation Slide 45Internal Heart Structures Exercise Slide 67Blood Pressure Animation Slide 72Cardiac Arrhythmia Video Slide 81Blood Pressure Measurement Video Slide 84Angina Pectoris Animation Slide 88Coronary Artery Disease Animation Slide 92Heart Attack Video Slide 95Aneurysm Animation
  • 4. Multimedia Directory Continued Slide 106Electrocardiography Video Slide 107EKG Technician Video Slide 112Defibrillation Video
  • 5. Cardiovascular System at a Glance  Functions of Cardiovascular (CV) System  Distribute blood to all areas of body  Delivery of needed substances to cells  Removal of wastes
  • 6. Cardiovascular System at a Glance  Organs of Cardiovascular System  Heart  Arteries  Capillaries  Veins
  • 7. Cardiovascular Combining Forms  angi/o  ather/o  vessel  fatty substance  aort/o  atri/o  aorta  atrium  arteri/o  cardi/o  artery  heart
  • 8. Cardiovascular Combining Forms  coron/o  sphygm/o  heart  pulse  hemangi/o  steth/o  blood vessel  chest  phleb/o  thromb/o  vein  clot
  • 9. Cardiovascular Combining Forms  valv/o  vas/o  valve  vessel, duct  valvul/o  ven/o  valve  vein  vascul/o  ventricul/o  blood vessel  ventricle
  • 10. Cardiovascular System Suffixes  –manometer  instrument to measure pressure  –ole  small  –tension  pressure  –ule  small
  • 11. Anatomy and Physiology  Also called circulatory system  Maintains distribution of blood throughout body  Delivers oxygen and nutrients like glucose and amino acids to cells  Picks up carbon dioxide and other waste products from cells and delivers to lungs, liver, and kidneys for elimination
  • 12. Anatomy and Physiology  Is composed of:  Heart  Blood vessels  Arteries  Capillaries  Veins  Divided into  pulmonary circulation and  systemic circulation
  • 13. Heart Anatomy Animation Click here to view an animation of the anatomy of the heart Back to Directory
  • 14. Pulmonary Circulation  Between heart and lungs  Carries deoxygenated blood away from right side of heart to lungs  Carries oxygenated blood from lungs to left side of heart Figure 5.1
  • 15. Systemic Circulation  Between heart and cells of body  Carries oxygenated blood away from left side of heart to body  Carries deoxygenated blood from body to right side of heart
  • 16. A schematic of the circulatory system illustrating the pulmonary circulation picking up oxygen from the lungs and the systemic circulation delivering oxygen to the body.
  • 17. Heart  Muscular pump  Made up of cardiac muscle fibers  Could be called a muscle instead of an organ  Beats an average of 60 – 100 beats per minute (bpm), or about 100,000 times a day  Each time the muscle contracts:  Blood is ejected from heart  Pushed throughout body within blood vessels
  • 18. Heart  Located in the mediastinum  More to left side of chest  Directly behind sternum  About size of a fist  Shaped like upside-down pear  Tip of heart at lower edge  Called the apex
  • 19. Location of the heart within the mediastinum of the thoracic cavity.
  • 20. Heart Layers Endocardium Myocardium Epicardium  Inner layer  Middle layer  Outer layer  Lines heart Thick muscle  Forms the chambers  Contraction of visceral layer of  Smooth, thin layer this layer pericardial sac that reduces friction develops the  Fluid between as the blood passes pressure layers of through heart required to pericardial sac chambers pump blood reduces friction through blood as heart beats vessels
  • 21. Figure 5.3 – Internal view of the heart illustrating the heart chambers, heart layers, and major blood vessels associated with the heart.
  • 22. Heart Chambers  Divided into four chambers  Two atria  Two ventricles  Heart is divided into right and left sides by a wall called the septum
  • 23. Atria  Left and right upper chambers  Receiving chambers  Blood returns to atria in veins  Superior and Inferior vena cava  Pulmonary veins
  • 24. Ventricles  Left and right lower chambers  Pumping chambers  Thick myocardium  Blood exits ventricles into arteries  Aorta  Pulmonary artery
  • 25. Figure 5.3 – Internal view of the heart illustrating the heart chambers, heart layers, and major blood vessels associated with the heart.
  • 26. Figure 5.4 – Internal view of heart specimen illustrating heart chambers, septum, and heart valves.
  • 28. Heart Valves  Four valves in heart  Tricuspid  Pulmonary  Mitral  Aortic
  • 29. Heart Valves  Act as restraining gates to control direction of blood flow  Found at entrance and exit to ventricles  Allow blood to flow only in forward direction by blocking it from returning to previous chamber
  • 30. Tricuspid Valve  An atrioventricular valve  Between right atrium and ventricle  Prevents blood in ventricle from flowing back into atrium
  • 31. Tricuspid Valve  Has 3 leaflets or cusps
  • 32. Pulmonary Valve  A semilunar valve  Between right ventricle and pulmonary artery  Prevents blood in artery from flowing back into ventricle  Semilunar – valve looks like half moon
  • 33. Mitral Valve  An atrioventricular valve  Between left atrium and ventricle  Prevents blood in ventricle from flowing back into atrium
  • 34. Mitral Valve  Also called bicuspid valve - has two cusps
  • 35. Aortic Valve  A semilunar valve  Between left ventricle and aorta  Prevents blood in aorta from flowing back into ventricle
  • 37. Figure 5.4 – Internal view of heart specimen illustrating heart chambers, septum, and heart valves.
  • 38. Path of Blood Flow Through Heart 1. Deoxygenated blood from body enters relaxed right atrium via two large veins called:  Superior vena cava  Inferior vena cava Figure 5.6
  • 39. Atrial Blood Flow Animation
  • 40. Path of Blood Flow Through Heart 2. Right atrium contracts  Blood flows through tricuspid valve into relaxed right ventricle Figure 5.6
  • 42. Path of Blood Flow Through Heart 3. Right ventricle contracts  Blood is pumped through pulmonary valve into pulmonary artery  Carries blood to lungs Figure 5.6
  • 43. Ventricular Contraction Animation Click here to view an animation of ventricular contraction.
  • 44. Path of Blood Flow Through Heart 4. Relaxed left atrium receives blood that has been oxygenated by lungs  Blood enters left atrium from the four pulmonary veins Figure 5.6
  • 45. Path of Blood Flow Through Heart 5. Left atrium contracts  Blood flows through mitral valve into relaxed left ventricle Figure 5.6
  • 46. Path of Blood Flow Through Heart 6. Left ventricle contracts  Blood is pumped through the aortic valve and into aorta  Largest artery in the body  Carries blood to all parts of body Figure 5.6
  • 47. The path of blood flow through the chambers of the left and right side of the heart.
  • 48. Internal Heart Structures Exercise Click here to review the internal structures of the heart in a labeling activity.
  • 49. Conduction System of the Heart  Autonomic nervous system controls heart rate  Therefore, no voluntary control over heart  Special heart tissue conducts electrical impulses  Stimulate different chambers to contract in correct order
  • 50. Path of the Conduction System 1. Sinoatrial (SA) node, or pacemaker, is where electrical impulse begins  From SA node a wave of electricity travels through atria  Causing them to contract, or go into systole
  • 51. Path of the Conduction System 2. Next, atrioventricular node (AV) is stimulated 3. This node transfers stimulation wave to bundle of His
  • 52. Path of the Conduction System 4. Electrical wave travels down bundle branches within interventricular septum 5. Finally, Purkinje fibers in ventricular myocardium are stimulated  Results in ventricular systole Figure 5.7
  • 53. Systole and Diastole  Heart chambers alternate between:  Relaxing to fill  Contracting to push blood forward  Relaxation phase is diastole  Contraction phase is systole
  • 54. The conduction system of the heart.
  • 56. QRS Complex Precedes Ventricular Systole http://qrscomplex.net/
  • 57. EKG Wave http://www.vetgo.com/cardio/concepts/concsect.php?conceptkey=170 http://www.medicinenet.com/heart_disease_pictures_slideshow/article.htm
  • 58. Blood Vessels  Pipes that circulate blood through body  Three types:  Arteries  Capillaries  Veins  Lumen is the channel within blood vessels
  • 59. Arteries  Large thick-walled vessels  Wall contains smooth muscle and can dilate or constrict  As arteries travel through body they branch into progressively smaller vessels called arterioles
  • 60. Comparative structure of arteries, capillaries, and veins.
  • 61. Arteries  Carry blood away from heart  Towards either lungs or cells and tissues of body  Pulmonary artery carries deoxygenated blood to lungs  Aorta carries oxygenated blood to body  Coronary arteries supply myocardium
  • 63. The major arteries of the body.
  • 64. Capillaries  Network of tiny, thin-walled blood vessels called a capillary bed  Connecting unit between arteries and veins  Arterial blood flows into capillary bed  Venous blood flows out of capillary bed  Location for:  Oxygen and nutrients to diffuse out  Carbon dioxide and wastes to diffuse in
  • 65. Comparative structure of arteries, capillaries, and veins.
  • 66. Veins  Much thinner walls than arteries  Much lower pressure system than in arteries  Have valves to insure blood flows only towards heart  Squeezing by skeletal muscles also assists blood return to heart  Smallest veins are called venules
  • 67. Comparative structure of arteries, capillaries, and veins.
  • 68. Veins  Carry blood towards the heart  From either the lungs or the cells and tissues of body  Pulmonary veins carry oxygenated blood from lungs  Superior and inferior vena cava carry deoxygenated blood from body
  • 69. The major veins of the body.
  • 71. Systole and Diastole  Heart chambers alternate between:  Relaxing to fill  Contracting to push blood forward  Relaxation phase is diastole  Contraction phase is systole
  • 72. Blood Pressure  Measurement of force exerted by blood against walls of a vessel  May be affected by several characteristics of blood and blood vessels  Elasticity of arteries  Diameter of blood vessels  Viscosity of blood  Volume of blood  Amount of resistance to blood flow
  • 73. Blood Pressure  During ventricular systole  Blood is under great pressure  Gives highest pressure—systolic  Top number of blood pressure reading  During ventricular diastole  Blood isn’t being pushed from heart at all  Blood pressure drops to lowest point—diastolic  Bottom number of blood pressure reading 115/75 mm HG
  • 75. Word Building with angi/o –gram angiogram record of a vessel –itis angitis inflammation of a vessel –plasty angioplasty surgical repair of vessel involuntary muscle contraction –spasm angiospasm in a vessel –stenosis angiostenosis narrowing of a vessel
  • 76. Word Building with aort/o & arteri/o –ic aortic pertaining to the aorta –al arterial pertaining to an artery –ole arteriole small artery –rrhexis arteriorrhexis ruptured artery
  • 77. Word Building with ather/o & atri/o surgical removal of fatty –ectomy atherectomy substance –oma atheroma fatty substance tumor/growth –al atrial pertaining to the atrium pertaining to between the inter– –al interatrial atrium
  • 78. Word Building with cardi/o –ac cardiac pertaining to the heart brady– –ia bradycardia state of slow heart electr/o – electrocardiogram record of heart’s electricity gram –megaly cardiomegaly enlarged heart my/o –al myocardial pertaining to heart muscle –ologist cardiologist heart specialist –rrhexis cardiorrhexis ruptured heart tachy– –ia tachycardia state of fast heart
  • 79. Word Building with cardi/o –ac cardiac pertaining to the heart brady– –ia bradycardia state of slow heart electr/o – electrocardiogram record of heart’s electricity gram –megaly cardiomegaly enlarged heart my/o –al myocardial pertaining to heart muscle –ologist cardiologist heart specialist –rrhexis cardiorrhexis ruptured heart tachy– –ia tachycardia state of fast heart
  • 80. Cardiac Arrhythmia Video tachycardia and bradycardia.
  • 81. Word Building with coron/o, phleb/o, and vascul/o –ary coronary pertaining to the heart –itis phlebitis inflammation of a vein –ar vascular pertaining to a blood vessel
  • 82. Word Building with valv/o & valvul/o –plasty valvoplasty surgical repair of valve –itis valvulitis inflammation of a valve –ar valvular pertaining to a valve
  • 83. Word Building with ven/o & ventricul/o –ous venous pertaining to veins –ule venule small vein –gram venogram record of a vein pertaining to –ar ventricular ventricles inter– – pertaining to interventricular ar between ventricles
  • 84. Cardiovascular Vocabulary (13) listening to sounds within body using a stethoscope auscultation branch of medicine for diagnosis and treatment of cardiology cardiovascular disease; physician is a cardiologist flexible tube inserted in body to move fluids into or catheter out of body; may be used to place dye into a vein to view blood vessels
  • 85. Cardiovascular Vocabulary area of necrotic tissue due to infarct loss of blood supply local and temporary deficiency ischemia of blood supply due to a circulatory obstruction abnormal heart sound such as murmur soft blowing sound or a harsh click; also called a bruit orthostatic sudden drop in blood pressure hypotension when standing up suddenly
  • 86. Cardiovascular Vocabulary palpitations pounding, racing heartbeats yellow, fatty deposit of lipids in an artery; hallmark plaque of atherosclerosis to flow backwards; in CV system refers to backflow regurgitation of blood through a valve
  • 88. Cardiovascular Vocabulary blood pressure cuff; measures blood sphygmomanometer pressure stainless steel tube placed within blood stent vessel to widen the lumen stethoscope instrument for listening to body sounds
  • 89. Using a systole to measure blood pressure.
  • 90. Blood Pressure Measurement Video Click here to view a video on the use of a sphygmomanometer.
  • 91. A) A catheter is used to place a collapsed stent next to an atherosclerotic plaque; B) stent is expanded; C) catheter is removed, leaving the expanded stent behind.
  • 93. Heart Pathology (17) angina severe pain and sensation of constriction around pectoris heart; caused by myocardial ischemia irregularity in heartbeat; some are mild and others arrhythmia are life threatening electrical impulse is blocked from traveling down bundle branch bundle branches; results in ventricles beating at block (BBB) different rate than atria; also called heart block
  • 94. Angina Pectoris Animation angina pectoris.
  • 95. Heart Pathology complete stopping of heart cardiac arrest activity myocardial disease; may be caused by viral infection, cardiomyopathy congestive heart failure, or alcoholism; common reason for heart transplant hole, present at birth, in heart congenital septal septum; allows mixing of defect (CSD) oxygenated and deoxygenated blood
  • 96. Heart Pathology left ventricle muscle is too weak to efficiently congestive heart pump blood; results in weakness, failure (CHF) breathlessness, & edema poor blood supply to heart muscle due to coronary artery obstruction of coronary arteries; may cause disease (CAD) angina pectoris and heart attack inflammation of lining membranes of heart; if endocarditis cause is bacterial may have a bacterial colony form, called vegetation
  • 97. Formation of an atherosclerotic plaque within a coronary artery.
  • 99. Heart Pathology extremely serious arrhythmia characterized by fibrillation quivering of heart fibers; cardiac arrest and death can occur arrhythmia in which atria beat too rapidly, but in a flutter regular pattern heart valve cusps are too loose and fail to shut tightly; allowing prolapse regurgitation heart valve cusps are too stiff; unable to shut tightly; allowing stenosis regurgitation
  • 100. Heart Pathology myocardial occlusion of coronary artery; results in a infarction (MI) myocardial infarct; a heart attack myocarditis inflammation of heart muscle layer pericarditis inflammation of pericardial sac combination of four congenital anomalies; pulmonary stenosis, interventricular septal defect, improper placement of aorta, tetralogy of Fallot hypertrophy of right ventricle; requires immediate surgery Étienne–Louis–Arthur (1850–1911)
  • 101. External and cross-sectional view of an infarct caused by a myocardial infarction.
  • 103. Blood Vessel Pathology (15) weakness and ballooning of arterial wall; aneurysm commonly seen in abdominal and cerebral arteries hardening & loss of elasticity of arterial walls; arteriosclerosis often due to atherosclerosis most common form of arteriosclerosis; lipid atherosclerosis plaques form in arterial wall
  • 104. Illustration of a large aneurysm in the abdominal aorta which has ruptured.
  • 106. Development of an atherosclerotic plaque that progressively narrows the lumen of an artery to the point that a thrombus fully occludes the lumen.
  • 107. Blood Vessel Pathology coarctation of aorta severe congenital narrowing of aorta (CoA) obstruction of blood vessel by blood clot that embolus has broken off from a thrombus in another site hemorrhoid varicose veins in anal region
  • 109. Illustration of an embolus floating in an artery. The embolus will become lodged in a blood vessel that is smaller than it is, resulting in occlusion of that artery.
  • 110. Blood Vessel Pathology high blood pressure; essential or primary hypertension hypertension is due to CV (HTN) disease; secondary hypertension results from another disease decrease in blood pressure; hypotension may be due to shock or anemia congenital heart anomaly patent ductus where fetal connection arteriosus between pulmonary artery (PDA) and aorta fails to close at birth
  • 111. Patent Ductus Arteriosis In the Normal Embryo Patent Ductus Arteriosis
  • 112. Blood Vessel Pathology peripheral abnormal condition affecting any blood vessel vascular disease outside the heart; symptoms may include pain, (PVD) pallor, & blocked circulation polyarteritis inflammation of several arteries periodic ischemic attacks affecting extremities; Raynaud’s especially fingers, toes, ears, and nose; phenomenon extremities become cyanotic; triggered by cold exposure
  • 113. Blood Vessel Pathology inflammation of vein thrombophlebitis resulting in blood clots within a vein blood clot within a blood vessel; may thrombus partially or completely occlude blood vessel swollen and varicose veins distended veins; often in the legs
  • 115. Clinical Laboratory Tests (2) blood test determines level of enzymes specific to cardiac heart muscle in blood; an increase may indicate enzymes heart muscle damage such as a myocardial infarction blood test measures amount of cholesterol and serum triglycerides in blood; indicator of lipoprotein level atherosclerosis risk LDL (bad cholesterol) associated with the development of atherosclerosis HDL (good cholesterol) associated with decreasing the development of atherosclerosis
  • 116. Diagnostic Imaging (5) X-rays taken after injection of opaque dye into angiography blood vessel nuclear medicine scan using radioactive thallium; cardiac scan especially useful in determining myocardial damage
  • 118. Diagnostic Imaging using ultrasound to produce an image of Doppler blood flowing through blood vessels in ultrasonography order to determine velocity; indicates blood clots or deep vein thromboses use of ultrasound to visualize internal echocardiography cardiac structures; especially valves venography X-ray of veins; used to identify a thrombus
  • 119. Cardiac Function Tests (4) catheter is threaded through blood vessel to heart; detects abnormalities, collects cardiac catheterization cardiac blood samples, and determines blood pressure inside heart process of recording electrical activity of electrocardiography heart; able to diagnose arrhythmias and (ECG, EKG) myocardial damage EKG=Elektrokardiogramm (German spelling)
  • 122. Electrocardiography Video Click here to view a video on electrocardiography
  • 124. Cardiac Function Tests portable ECG monitor worn by patient up to a few days to Holter assess heart activity as monitor person goes through daily activities evaluates cardiovascular fitness; patient exercises on treadmill or bicycle with a stress steadily increasing work testing load; EKC and oxygen levels are monitored throughout the test
  • 125. Man undergoing stress test on a treadmill. (Jonathan Nourok/PhotoEdit Inc.)
  • 126. Medical Procedures (6) procedure to restore cardiac output and cardiopulmonary oxygenate air for person in cardiac arrest; resuscitation (CPR) uses chest compressions and artificial respiration procedure that converts irregular heartbeats, defibrillation such as fibrillation, using an electric shock extracorporeal routing blood to a heart-lung machine during a circulation (ECC) surgical procedure
  • 128. An emergency medical technician positions defibrillator paddles on the chest of a supine male patient.
  • 129. Medical Procedures (3) device implanted into the heart to deliver an implantable electric shock to restore cardioverter- normal heart rhythm; defibrillator especially helpful for ventricular fibrillation device implanted into the heart to substitute for the pacemaker natural pacemaker; implantation especially helpful for bradycardia
  • 130. Figure 5.22 – Color enhanced X-ray showing pacemaker implanted in the chest and the electrode wires running to the heart. (UHB Trust/Getty Images Inc.–Stone Allstock)
  • 131. Medical Procedures use of drugs, such as streptokinase or thrombolytic therapy tissue-type plasminogen activator, to dissolve clots and restore blood flow
  • 132. Surgical Procedures (10) aneurysmectomy surgical removal of an aneurysm surgical joining of two arteries when an arterial anastomosis artery is severed or a damaged section is removed blood vessel from another location (often a coronary artery bypass leg vein) is grafted to route blood around a graft (CABG) blocked coronary artery embolectomy surgical removal of an embolus
  • 134. Surgical Procedures removal of the diseased inner lining of an endarterectomy artery; usually to remove atherosclerotic plaques replacement of a diseased heart with a heart transplant donor heart placing a stent within a coronary artery; intracoronary treats coronary ischemia due to artery stent atherosclerosis removal of varicose veins; damaged vein is ligation & stripping tied off (ligation) and then removed (stripping)
  • 135. Surgical Procedures percutaneous balloon catheter is inserted through skin into transluminal coronary coronary artery; inflated to dilate the narrow angioplasty (PTCA) blood vessel removal of diseased valve and replacement valve replacement with an artificial valve
  • 137. Cardiovascular Pharmacology (11) ACE inhibitor produce vasodilation to decrease Lotensin, drugs blood pressure Capoten reduces or prevents cardiac Tambocor, antiarrhythmic arrhythmias Corvert Warfarin, anticoagulant prevents blood clot formation Coumadin antilipidemic reduces blood cholesterol level Lipitor, Zocor
  • 138. Cardiovascular Pharmacology lowers heart rate to treat hypertension Lopressor, Beta-blocker and angina pectoris Inderal Calcium decreases force of heart beat to treat Cardizem, channel hypertension, angina pectoris, and Procardia blocker congestive heart failure increases force of heart contraction to cardiotonic Lanoxin treat congestive heart failure
  • 139. Cardiovascular Pharmacology increases urine production to reduce diuretic Lasix plasma volume to lower blood pressure dissolves existing blood thrombolytic Plavix, Activase clot
  • 140. Cardiovascular Pharmacology contracts smooth muscle in wall vasoconstrictor of blood vessel to raise blood Aramine pressure relaxes smooth muscle in wall of blood vessel to reduce blood Nitro-Dur, vasodilator pressure and increase blood flow Vasodilan to ischemic area
  • 141. Cardiovascular Abbreviations AFB atrial fibrillation AMI acute myocardial infarction AS arteriosclerosis ASD atrial septal defect ASHD arteriosclerotic heart disease AV, A-V atrioventricular BBB bundle branch block BP blood pressure
  • 142. Cardiovascular Abbreviations bpm beats per minute CABG coronary artery bypass graft CAD coronary artery disease cath catheterization CC cardiac catheterization, chief complaint CCU coronary care unit CHF congestive heart failure CoA coarctation of the aorta
  • 143. Cardiovascular Abbreviations CP chest pain CPK creatine phosphokinase CPR cardiopulmonary resuscitation CSD congenital septal defect CV cardiovascular DVT deep vein thrombosis ECC extracorporeal circulation ECG, EKG electrocardiogram
  • 144. Cardiovascular Abbreviations ECHO echocardiogram GOT glutamic- oxaloacetic transaminase HTN hypertension ICU intensive care unit IV intravenous LDH lactate dehydrogenase
  • 145. Cardiovascular Abbreviations LVAD left ventricular assist device LVH left ventricular hypertrophy MI myocardial infarction, mitral insufficiency mmHg millimeters of mercury MR mitral regurgitation MS mitral stenosis MVP mitral valve prolapse
  • 146. Cardiovascular Abbreviations P pulse PAC premature atrial contraction PDA patent ductus arteriosus PTCA percutaneous transluminal coronary angioplasty PVC premature ventricular contraction S1 first heart sound S2 second heart sound
  • 147. Cardiovascular Abbreviations SA, S-A sinoatrial SGOT serum glutamic-oxaloacetic transaminase SK streptokinase tPA tissue-type plasminogen activator Vfib ventricular fibrillation VSD ventricular septal defect VT ventricular tachycardia