Siri Thank you for sitting through our presentation! We hope you learned something new about the planets and moons in our solar system. Please feel free to ask us any other questions you may have.

1. Introduction
Topography, Terrain,
This is our PowerPoint about the
and Weather of Planets and Moons! We have a
guaranteed total runtime of ten minutes, and we feature data about all 8
planets! We demonstrate full knowledge of all our planets, so if we left
anything out, we would be happy to give you an answer to best of our
vocabulary, or if we don’t know the answer off the top of our heads, we
would be glad to research the answer for you and either email you your
answer or tell you at school the next day. Please sit back, relax, and enjoy
the show!

2. By Toby & Jeffrey

3. Mercury
Facts
• Diameter: 4,878 km.
• Temp: really really hot, ?
• Orbit: 57,910,000 km, 88 days to an orbit
• Rotation time: 58.6 Earth days
• Mass: 3.30e23 kg.
• Moons: 0
Atmosphere
• Almost none
• Constantly being blown away by solar wind
• Gases constantly being added, this is why there is any atmosphere at all
• Small amounts of hydrogen, helium, and oxygen
• Tiny amounts of sodium, potassium, calcium, and magnesium
Water
• Potential ice

4. Mercury (continued)
Magnetic Fields
• Very weak
Gravity, Orbiting, and Centripetal Forces
• Escape velocity: 4.3 km/s
• Gravity: 3.7 m/s2
• Average orbital velocity: 47.87 km/s
• Orbital eccentricity: 0.2056
Materials, States of matter, and densities
• Density: 5.427 (water = 1)
• State of matter: Solid
Discovery and Exploration
• Prehistoric

5. Venus
Gravity, Orbiting, and Centripetal Forces
• Average orbital velocity: 35 km/s
Discovery and investigation
• Prehistory
• Probe brings back Venusian radiation, starts the apocalypse in Night of the Living
Dead.
Facts
• Diameter: 12,100 km.
• Temp: 900+/-50F at surface
• Rotation: 243 Earth days
• Orbit: 225 Earth days

6. Venus (continued)
Atmosphere
• Hot and thick
• 96% carbon dioxide
• 3.5% nitrogen
• Less than 1% carbon monoxide, argon, sulfur dioxide, water vapor
• Greenhouse effect made surface & lower atmosphere uber hot
Water
• Possibly had water in the past
• No water now, maybe due to greenhouse effect
Magnetic Fields
• No magnetic field, or it is so weak it has avoided detection
• Probably because spins slowly
Materials, States of Matter, and Densities
• Density: 5.423 (water = 1)
• State of matter: Solid

7. Mars
• 1.52 AU from the Sun
• Mass – 6.4219 e 23 kg
• The first spacecraft to visit Mars is Mainer 4 in 1965. This spaceship was
the first one to visit
• First to land on Mars was the Mars 2
• Its temperature is 218 K, -55 C, -67 F average
• The temperature can range from 140 K(-133C, -209F) to 300 K (27C, 80F)
• Smaller than the Earth, surface area same as the Earth’s surface land area
Atmosphere
• Less than 1% of the earth’s atmosphere
• Doesn’t Protect against suns radiation

8. Mars (continued)
Topography
• Has polar ice caps that contain frozen water and carbon dioxide
• Carbon dioxide ice sublimates in the summer (changes from solid to gas)
• Tallest Mountain in the Solar System at 27 km high, 3x taller than mount
Everest.
• It is 88583 feet tall
• Gravity is 38% of the Earths at 3.711 m/s 2
• Mainly made of rocvk, metallic core
• Density is 3.93 g/cm 3 3.94 g/cm3 (grams per cubic centimeter

9. Jupiter

10. Jupiter (continued)

11. Saturn
Saturn
Gas giant
Size – 74,898 miles across
Year – 10,747 earth days
Temperature -292 F
Gravity- 0.9 times the earth
Satellites/moons – at least 60
First spacecraft visit – Pioneer 11, 1979
9.54 Au from the sun
Mass – 5.68e26 kg
Second largest planet
Sixth from the sun
75% hydrogen and 25% helium
Interior 12,000 K (core)

12. Saturn (continued)
Radiates more energy out than received from the sun
Gravity 9 m/s 2
Average orbital velocity 9.69 km/s
Length of day – 10.656 hours
Density – 68.7% of water’s Density
Escape velocity – 35.5 km/s (speed that is must go to escape the gravitational well)
Least dense of all planets
Core composed of Liquid rock, then liquid hydrogen in the next layer. Hydrogen under high
pressure changes nature to being able to conduct electricity and that is what generates the
Saturn’s magnetic field
Saturn has the Giant white spot, and scientists don’t have much info on it but they think it
is similar to Jupiter’s Great Red Spot
Winds and storms unusually generated by Saturn’s internal heat instead of heat from the
sun
Saturn receives 1% of the heat Earth receives from the sun

13. Uranus
Facts
• Diameter: 51,500 km
• Temp: -197.15 C
• Orbit: 84 Earth years
• Mass: 8.6849e25 kg.
• Moons: 27
• Rotation: 17.24 hrs. Spins backwards
Atmosphere
• “Surface” covered by striped pattern of winds
• Methane completely hides winds
• 82.5% hydrogen
• 15.2% helium
• 2.3% methane
• Trace amounts of hydrogen deuteride
Water
• Huge amounts, all in an ocean of water, hydrogen, and helium

14. Uranus (continued)
Magnetic fields
• Fairly strong
• Unique conical field
Gravity, Orbiting, and Centripetal Forces
• Escape velocity: 21.3 km/s
• Gravity: 8.7 m/s2
• Average orbital velocity: 6.81 km/s
• Orbital eccentricity: 0.0457
Materials, States of Matter, and Densities
• State of matter: Gas
• Density: 1.27 (water = 1)
Discovery & exploration
• William Herschel, March 13, 1781, probably with a telescope

15. Neptune
Eighth planet from the sun
Smaller in Diameter but larger in mass than Uranus
30.06 AU from the sun ( 4,504,000,000 km )
Mass 1.0247e26 kg
It is a gas planet
Only one spacecraft has visited it and it was the voyager 2 in August, 1989
Uranus’s composition (what Uranus is made of) is similar to Uranus in the way
that it is various ices and rocks with about 15% Hydrogen and a little bit of
helium.
13 known moons and has 4 rings
Winds have been measured up to 1,200 miles per hour on the surface
It also has some high altitude clouds
Strongest winds on any planet were measured on Neptune

16. Neptune (continued)
Four rings are narrow and faint
Rings made of dust particles thought to have made by small meteorites
colliding with Neptune’s moons

17. Credits
Researchers: Jeffrey and Toby
Pain Bringer (Teacher): Shayé
Techie: Toby