The document summarizes characteristics of refugees and forced migration throughout history. Refugees typically move with few belongings and use low-tech transportation like walking. They often lack official documentation. Examples discussed include the forced migration of Africans during the slave trade, Palestinians displaced by conflicts with Israel, and refugees from conflicts in Sudan, Somalia, and other parts of Africa and Asia. Major modern human migrations discussed include movements from Europe to the Americas, within Asia, and immigration waves to the United States.

1. Migration part 2

2. Characteristics of Refugees
• Move with only what they can carry or
easily transport.
• Most move first on foot, bicycle,
wagon or open boat-very low tech.
transport.
• Most have no official documentation
such as passports, identification or
other official papers.

3. An Example of Forced Migration-The Trail of Tears

4. From 12 to 30 million Africans were forced from
their homelands in the 18th century. It took
generations to restore the population balance.

5. Regions of Dislocation-Africa
• Endemic African • Sub-Saharan Africa-over
Problems: 8 million official
• Weak and corrupt international refugees-
governments. the largest # in the world.
• Lack of national cohesion. • Collapse of order in
Somalia
• Lack of a democratic
tradition • Civil Wars in Liberia and
Sierra Leone
• Historic ethnic conflicts
• Sudan’s civil war
• Excessive number of
weapons left over from • Rwanda massacres and
the Cold War. economic disaster.

6. The Sudan –Fighting in the Darfur region of the Sudan has
generated thousands of refugees. In eastern Chad, the
Iridimi refugee camp is home to almost 15,000 refugees
from the Darfur province, including the women in this
photo.

7. Regions of Dislocation
• South West & Central • South and South East
Asia: Asia:
• Kurds in Iraq, Turkey and • Civil War in Sri Lanka-
Syria displaced during Tamils versus Sinahlese
Gulf Wars.
• Vietnam and Cambodia
• Palestinians displaced by after the Vietnam War
several wars with Israel.
• Myanmar (Burma)
• Afghanistan-many military rule has driven
refugees during the long many to exile.
Soviet occupation, Taliban
regime and war.

8. Major Modern Migrations
• Europe to North America & South America
• Africa to the Americas (Slave Trade)
• UK to Australia, New Zealand
• India to East Africa, SE Asia
• China to SE Asia
• Eastern US to Western US
• Western Russia to Eastern Russia

10. Review World Regions for Test

11. Trans-Siberian Railway increased migration to the east.

14. International Migration –
Movement across country borders (implying a degree of
permanence).

16. Historic US Migration
• Westward to the frontier.
• Black migration to
northern cities in WWI
and WWII period
• 1950s, 60s Cubans to
Florida from Castro’s
Cuba
• In recent decades the
migration from the Rust
belt to the Sunbelt took
place.
• Some blacks returned to
the South

17. Waves of Immigration-US 1820-2001
Changing immigration laws, and changing push and pull factors
create waves of immigration.

19. National Migration Flows
• Also known as internal migration
- eg. US, Russia, Mexico

25. Post-September 11

26. Guest Workers
• Guest workers – migrants whom a country
allows in to fill a labor need, assuming the
workers will go “home” once the labor
need subsides.
- have short term work visas
- send remittances to home country
- France-many from Algeria
- Germany-many from Turkey, Eastern
Europe

27. The End