1. Tonight’s Topics
 Categories of org theory
 Trends in public admin. theory
Bill Adams, FEA, University of Malaya
 Ethics in public management

2. Impact of Managers Using
Positive vs. Negative Reinforcement
Bill Adams, FEA, University of Malaya
Ordinary “random” variation in performance can give the illusion
that negativity “works” while positive reinforcement does not.

3. Bill Adams, FEA, University of Malaya
Categorizing
Org Approaches

4. Many ways to
Bill Adams, FEA, University of Malaya
categorize the
many approaches
to org theory

5. Classical
Neoclassical
Human Resource
Major theory
Modern Structuralism categories
used in the
Org Economics Classics book
Bill Adams, FEA, University of Malaya
Power & Politics
Org Culture
Open Systems*

6. Scientific Mgt: Taylor
Classical Bureaucratic: Weber
Admin. Mgt: Fayol/Gulick
Natural systems: Barnard/ Selznick
Neoclassical
Plus critics: Merton/Simon
Human Relations: Follett/Hawthorne
Human Resource
Human Resources: McGregor/Maslow
aka Structural Functionalism:
Modern Structuralism Merton & Selznick
Org Economics
Power & Politics
Bill Adams, FEA, University of Malaya
Organizational Culture
Symbolic Management
Org Culture
Feminist Org Theory
Quality Mgt. Approaches (e.g, TQM)
Open Systems/Environment
Open Systems
Systems Analysis

7. Macro
Human Resources:
Bureaucratic: Weber
McGregor
Administrative mgt: Natural systems:
Fayol & Gulick Barnard & Selznick
Autocratic Participatory
Bill Adams, FEA, University of Malaya
Micro
Human Relations:
Scientific Mgt: Taylor
Follett & Hawthorne

8. Rational Open
External
Goal Systems
Model Model
Means: plans, structure Means: adaptability
Goals: efficiency and Goals: responsiveness
productivity to environ.; growth
FOCUS
Control Flexibility
Jonathan Tompkins, 2005
Means: cohesion, morale
Bill Adams, FEA, University of Malaya
Means: authority, rules Goals: human resource
Goals: stability, output Internal
development
Internal Human
Process Relations
Model Model

9. Rational Open
External
Goal Systems
Model Model
Means: plans, structure Means: adaptability
Goals: efficiency and Goals: responsiveness
productivity to environ.; growth
FOCUS
Control Flexibility
Jonathan Tompkins, 2005
Means: cohesion, morale
Bill Adams, FEA, University of Malaya
Means: authority, rules Goals: human resource
Goals: stability, output Internal
development
Internal Human
Process Relations
Model Model

10. Rational Open
External
Goal Systems
Model Model
OPEN
CLOSED SYSTEM
FOCUS
Control Flexibility
SYSTEM
Bill Adams, FEA, University of Malaya
James Thompson, 2003
“Organizations in Action”
Internal
Internal Human
Process Relations
Model Model

11. Rational
OPEN Open
Goal Systems
Model SYSTEM Model
Embed in environment
RATIONAL
SYSTEMS NATURAL SYSTEM
Logical pursuit Organic, multiple goals,
interests, & coalitions
of clear goals
Bill Adams, FEA, University of Malaya
Internal
Scott & Davis, 2007
Process
Model

12. CLASSICAL SYSTEMS
PARADIGMS PARADIGMS
People: Rational People: Contextual
Goal: Dynamic
Goal: Efficiency homeostasis
Scientific Mgt: Taylor
Administrative mgt:
BEHAVIORAL
Bill Adams, FEA, University of Malaya
Fayol & Gulick PARADIGMS
People: Emotional
Bureaucratic: Weber Goal: Social needs
Lemak “…mgt theory jungle”

13. Common ways
to categorize Scientific Mgt: Taylor
Classical
org theories
Bureaucratic: Weber
Org Economics
Administrative mgt:
Power & Politics Fayol & Gulick
Natural systems:
Org Culture Barnard & Selznick
Bill Adams, FEA, University of Malaya
Human Relations:
+Quality Mgt: Deming
Follett & Hawthorne
Human Resources:
Open Systems McGregor
Structural Functional:
+Systems Analysis Merton & Selznick

14. Many ways to sort
and categorize the
org theory literature!
Basics for this class
to remember:
Bill Adams, FEA, University of Malaya

15. Public Sector
Management
and Theory:
Major Trends
Bill Adams, FEA, University of Malaya

16. Major Trends in Public Admin./Mgt.
● Rejection of the famous old
politics-administration dichotomy
● “Reinventing Government” aka
the “New Public Management”
Bill Adams, FEA, University of Malaya
● Privatization & Outsourcing
● The “New Public Service”

17. The old politics-administration dichotomy
Voters
Representatives
Bill Adams, FEA, University of Malaya
Administration

18. Rejected or amended politics-
administration dichotomy
Voters
Representatives
Bill Adams, FEA, University of Malaya
Administration

19. Rejected or amended politics-
administration dichotomy?
Maybe it is still a good model, even if
it is not 100% accurate in practice!
Otherwise, its total
rejection may be
used by some
Bill Adams, FEA, University of Malaya
administrators to
justify ignoring
legitimate policies
they do not like.

20. “Reinventing
Government”:
the “New Public
Management”
Bill Adams, FEA, University of Malaya

21. Public administration
too focused on…
rules, process, inputs
It needs to focus on
outputs (achieving
results) by…
being flexible,
Bill Adams, FEA, University of Malaya
entrepreneurial,
problem-solving,
empowering,
and innovative.

22. Ten themes of Osborne & Gaebler’s Reinventing Government
Catalytic Steering, not rowing
Community-owned Empowering, not “serving”
Competitive Put competition in service delivery
Mission-driven Not rules-driven
Results-driven Focus on outputs, not inputs
Customer-driven Customer needs, not bureaucracy’s
Bill Adams, FEA, University of Malaya
Enterprising Earning, not spending
Anticipatory Prevention, not cures
Decentralized Teamwork, not hierarchy
Market-oriented Leverage change via the market

23. “Reinventing Government” became the
“New Public Management” emphasizing:
Flexible
Business
Practices
Streamline
Cost budgets,
Cutting procurement,
personnel
Bill Adams, FEA, University of Malaya
Measuring
Performance NPM Outsourcing
& privatizing
Entrepreneurial, Efficiency, Empowerment

24. Big influence in the US in 1990s
● “National Performance Review”
aka “Government Performance
& Results Act” or GPRA (“Gipra”)
● Goals:
Make govt more results-oriented & customer-based;
Bill Adams, FEA, University of Malaya
cut red tape, reduce waste, reduce govt size; and
empower employees.
● It did save some money & reduce fed workforce a bit.

25. GPRA steps (similar to TQM)
Define mission & Measure Use the new
priority results performance information
Engage Create good out-
Identify gaps
stakeholders come measures
Assess Collect reliable Target areas that
Bill Adams, FEA, University of Malaya
environment data need attention
Align objectives
Plus, make Publish the report
& resources
management
reforms

26. Bill Adams, FEA, University of Malaya
Privatizing &
Out-sourcing

27. Why privatization or contracting out?
Governments do not need to do everything in-house!
May be more efficient and
less expensive to contract
out. Does an agency need
to run its own print shop,
travel agency, cafeteria?
Bill Adams, FEA, University of Malaya
Even privatize basic govt.
functions! MoW privatized
highway maintenance and
monitors the performance.

28. Bill Adams, FEA, University of Malaya

29. When possible, instead of traditional in-house
Bill Adams, FEA, University of Malaya
government operations, make intelligent use
of competition and commercial enterprises
(deregulation, privatization, out-sourcing) or
“virtual markets” (internal competition, bench-
marking, competitive tendering).

30. Bill Adams, FEA, University of Malaya
“The New
Public Service”

31. “The New Public Service”
Reaction against the “New Public Mgt.”
Rallying cry: “Citizens not customers!”
and “serving not steering!”
Claims the mantel of “public service”
(as if NPM folks did not want to do that)
Bill Adams, FEA, University of Malaya
Vague desire to “build coalitions,”
“negotiate & broker interests” and
dialogue to “create shared values”
(a kind of social mediator role).

32. Bill Adams, FEA, University of Malaya
Management
Ethics & Public

33. Ethics:
The set of moral principles or values
that defines right and wrong for a
person or group.
Bill Adams, FEA, University of Malaya
Pages that follow draw heavily, with amendments, from the PowerPoint prepared by
Deborah Baker of TCU based on 4th chapter of Management (4th ed.) by Chuck Williams.

34. Some Bases for Ethical Decision Making
Public Trust
Personal virtue
Religious injunctions
Government requirements
Bill Adams, FEA, University of Malaya
Utilitarian benefits
Individual rights
Distributive justice

35. Principle of public trust
As a public servant, never take any
any action to exploit your position
rather than working for the citizens
you are entrusted to serve.
Bill Adams, FEA, University of Malaya

36. Principle of Personal Pride and Virtue
Never do anything embarrassing
that you would not be proud to see
reported in the newspapers or on TV.
Bill Adams, FEA, University of Malaya

37. Principle of Religious Injunctions
Never take any action that
violates your religious values.
Bill Adams, FEA, University of Malaya

38. Principle of Government Requirements
Never take any action that violates the
law, for the law represents the minimal
moral standard.
Bill Adams, FEA, University of Malaya

39. Principle of Utilitarian Benefit
Never take any action that does not
result in a greater good for society.
Bill Adams, FEA, University of Malaya

40. Principle of Individual Rights
Never take any action that infringes
on the agreed-upon rights of others.
Bill Adams, FEA, University of Malaya

41. Principle of Distributive Justice
Never take any action that
harms the disadvantaged:
the poor, the uneducated,
the unemployed.
Bill Adams, FEA, University of Malaya

42. Bill Adams, FEA, University of Malaya
Source: Republished with permission of Academy of Management, Box 3020, Briar Cliff Manor, NY, “A Typology of
Deviant Workplace Behaviors,” S. L. Robinson & R.J. Bennett. Academy of Management Journal, 1995, Vol. 38.
Reproduced by permission of publisher via Copyright Clearance Center, Inc. Introduction to Management.
● Contracts to cronies

43. Partial list drawn from “World
Effects of Corruption Ethics & Transparency Forum,”
February 2007, Kuala Lumpur
Reduces investment (foreign & domestic)
Reduces govt legitimacy & social cohesion
Increases inequality; theft from the poor
Allocation to cronies, not based on merit
Bill Adams, FEA, University of Malaya
Lowers value of infrastructure development
Reduces effectiveness of regs & standards
Increases costs of goods due to bribes

44. Excerpts drawn from “World
Asian Development Bank Rpt: Corruption Ethics & Transparency Forum,”
February 2007, Kuala Lumpur
Scarce resources squandered on bad projects
Public safety endangered by poor construction
True entrepreneurship is hindered/suppressed
Productive energy wasted on illicit activities
Bill Adams, FEA, University of Malaya
Capital redirected to more transparent places
Damages credibility of the whole public sector
Acts as a brake slowing development process

45. How can managers encourage ethical behavior?
• Set an example of integrity.
• Model hard work, ethics, fairness.
• Enforce standards consistently
Bill Adams, FEA, University of Malaya
& discipline unethical behavior.
• Establish clear & known standards.

46. Other ideas ethics compliance…
Select and hire ethical employees!
Establish a Code of Ethics.
Train employees on ethical standards & the Code.
Bill Adams, FEA, University of Malaya
Delegate decisions to ethical employees.
Encourage employees to report violations.

47. All the best to you personally
― and in your future careers as
successful administrators who will
be ethical, participatory, and
inspiring leaders who can achieve
org goals and serve the public!
Bill Adams, FEA, University of Malaya
Thank you for a great semester
that I’ll never forget!
Onward, Bill

48. Bill Adams, FEA, University of Malaya

49. FINAL
UM has set our final exam
for Monday, April 19, from
10:00 am until noon in FEA Hall.
For essays, be sure to demonstrate:
Bill Adams, FEA, University of Malaya
● your breadth & depth of knowledge
● using course terms and concepts
● and citing landmark authors.

50. FINAL
Study priorities:
1. Study guide
2. PowerPoints
3. All your class notes
Bill Adams, FEA, University of Malaya
4. Your article summaries
5. [Should not need to reread articles.]

51. NEXT MONDAY:
12 APRIL 2010
Optional session:
1. No agenda / no new material
2. No quiz secrets revealed
Bill Adams, FEA, University of Malaya
3. No lecture / Q&A only
4. Absence will not count against you;
no class participation credits gained.

52. Bill Adams, FEA, University of Malaya