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A Publication of ATTRA - National Sustainable Agriculture Information Service • 1-800-346-9140 • www.attra.ncat.org
ATTRA—National Sustainable
Agriculture Information Service
is managed by the National Cen-
ter for Appropriate Technology
(NCAT) and is funded under a
grant from the United States
Department of Agriculture’s
Rural Business-Cooperative Ser-
vice. Visit the NCAT Web site
(www.ncat.org/agri.
html) for more informa-
tion on our sustainable
agriculture projects.
ATTRA
Contents
By Katherine L. Adam
NCAT Agriculture
Specialist
© 2006 NCAT
Lavender Production, Products,
Markets, and Entertainment Farms
This publication is intended for a beginning lavender grower with some horticultural experience. The
publication discusses geographic and climatic considerations for lavender, soil preparation and cultivation
techniques, lavender propagation materials, and field production. The publication also addresses lavender
essential oils, evaluation of the bulk distillation industry, direct marketing of a variety of lavender products,
andthepotentialforlavenderagri-tourism.ThispublicationalsosurveysclustersoflavenderfarmsinTexas,
California, and Washington, the lavender entertainment industry, and on-farm lavender product sales.
NewlyexpandedlistsofU.S.lavenderfarmsandWebsitesarealsooffered,aswellasalistofotherresources.
Introduction ............... 1
Cultivation ................. 2
Cultivars and ............. 3
Propagation
Field Production of
Lavender .................... 3
Essential Oils ............. 3
Lavender and
Agri-tourism .............. 6
Dungeness Valley
Lavender Tourism .... 8
Direct Marketing ...... 9
Requirements for
Success in Lavender
Production ................. 9
References ................ 11
Additional Links ...... 12
Further Reading ...... 12
Suitable Locations for
Lavender Production
Lavenders originated around the Medi-
terranean in poor, rocky soils and mild
coastal climates. Lavandula angustifo-
lia (English lavender) is the most hardy,
but high-camphor lavandin (Lavandula x
intermedia) cultivars like Grosso may be
successfully grown all over the U.S. with-
out winterkill, under certain circumstances.
Bodies of water can greatly moderate other-
wise inhospitable climates. For example, L.
angustifolia can be successfully grown in
the British Isles, due to the influence of the
Gulf Stream; Ukraine can produce laven-
der around the Black Sea; Japan produces
several metric tons a year; and Argentina,
Brazil, and East Africa have some produc-
tion. Each location has a climate moder-
ated by a large body of water, which can
create microclimates several zones differ-
ent from those nearby. Some types of lav-
ender have been grown successfully near
Introduction
Lavender is a small, aromatic shrub used
in the fragrance, specialty food, and alter-
native medicine industries. Although fam-
ily farmers may find large-scale extraction
of lavender’s valuable oil too expensive and
laborious, small-scale lavender production
is feasible for some farmers using alterna-
tive marketing strategies. Entertainment
farming has been a very successful form
of alternative marketing for lavender, espe-
cially as a focus for annual festivals and
product sales.
Like most herbs, lavender has few if any
insect pests. Few fungal diseases attack lav-
ender, but since there are no known reme-
dies for them, chemical applications are not
an issue. Lavender ranks high as a sustain-
able crop because it does not rely on pes-
ticides and fertilizers. It does not require
fertilizing, although in rare circumstances
irrigation may be called for. The biggest
issue is finding a viable marketing method.
Page 2 ATTRA Lavender Production, Products, Markets, and Entertainment Farms
Related ATTRA
Publications
Lake Champlain in upstate New York and
in the “Banana Belt” south of Lake Ontario.
llinois, northern Nevada, Idaho, and even
Minnesota produce lavender.
Elevation, topography, and the severity
of winters are other climatic factors that
influence lavender farming. Elevation can
significantly influence plant survival, with
valleys being less desirable. Heavy mulch-
ing of plants is necessary to protect them
through severe winters. Continuous snow
cover could have much the same effect.
Excellent drainage is crucial to the survival
of lavender plantings.
Cultivation
Lavender (Lavandula) can be a long-lived
perennial, with a typical productive life of
about 10 years, although plants have been
known to live for 20 years. English lavenders
(L. angustifolia) have the finest fragrance.
However, their oil production (see box) is
much lower than the high-camphor lavandin.
Oils from lavandin are commonly blended,
either with L. angustifolia oil or with com-
mercially available essential oils, to create a
pleasing fragrance. Whole plants in flower
can be used for essential oil production.
Buds, flower spikes, and flowering tips—both
fresh and dried—have a variety of culinary,
fragrance, and decorative uses.
Virginia McNaughton (see book listing under
Further Reading) notes that “the East
Coast states are affected by either cold win-
ter temperatures or high summer humidity,
which causes fungal infection.” This is true
also of the Gulf region. Growers trying to
establish a cluster of lavender farms in 2000
in the Hill Country of Texas (Gillespie and
Blanco counties) lost 90 percent of Grosso
and Provence plantings to rhizoctonia (a root
disease). These were the initial plantings
intended for essential oil production.
Cultivars and Propagation
Lavender—a small, non-hardy perennial
evergreen shrub—is best propagated from
softwood cuttings of standard types. Seed
Soil Preparation
Herb Production for
Organic Systems
Direct Marketing
Edible Flowers
Entertainment
Farming and
Agri-Tourism
Keys to Success in
Value-Added
Agriculture
NCAT’s Organic
Crops Workbook
Plug and
Transplant
Production for
Organic Systems
Potting Mixes for
Certified Organic
Production
Sustainable
Small-Scale Nursery
Production
Patty Crawford likens growing lavender in Memphis, Tennessee, to “digging a $200 hole for a $2
plant.” She says, “It’s not the cold here that gets lavender; it’s our humid summers and our wet, wet
winters. This is the reason for the hole. While digging it won’t really cost you $200, you might begin
to feel like it.”
Lavender cannot survive simply being stuck into clay soil. Beds must be worked down 18 to 24
inches. It is best to raise the bed about 6 inches above ground level and mix in 1/3 sand, 1/3 loam,
and 1/3 clay soil. Too much sand is better than too much clay. Plain builder’s sand from the local
hardware store is fine for improving soil friability.
A good soil mix like ground cotton seed, mulched leaves, old potting soil, and compost—sweet-
ened with a bit of lime or egg shell—would work for loam. The ATTRA publication, Potting Mixes for
Certified Organic Production offers more recipes for organic soil mixes. If old potting soil is used, be
sure it is disease free.
Purchase healthy propagation materials (plants or plugs) from a reputable dealer. Make sure the lav-
ender variety is appropriate for your climate zone.
Placing white marble (not slate or rock) chips around the base of a lavender plant reflects the sun
into the interior of the clump and helps dry condensation. Growers like Crawford (and Delaware
State University’s Art Tucker) believe that weakly acidic rainfall erodes marble chips (or limestone)
and, over time, makes the soil more alkaline.
Raised, sandy beds allow the drainage necessary to avoid root rot. Remember that lavender toler-
ates too little watering more than too much.
(Adapted from a 1999 Web article by Patty Crawford, Lavender, Earth Inc., Memphis, Tennessee. The Web
site has been discontinued.)
Page 3ATTRAwww.attra.ncat.org
may not come true to type, and lavan-
din seed is sterile. The purpose for which
the lavender is being raised heavily influ-
ences cultivar choice. Most growers favor
deep blue flowers, lush growth, and hardi-
ness. See Table 1 to compare differences
in chemical constituents of angustifolia and
lavandin. Other types of lavender—such
as Spike—are not commonly grown in the
U.S. except as specimen plants. White and
pink forms of angustifolia are curiosities
sometimes seen in home gardens. Although
some California growers favor ‘Irene Doyle’
for its fragrance, ability to flower bi-annu-
ally in Zone 7, and its “slightly darker lav-
ender blue” flowers, the most commonly
grown cultivars in all parts of the U.S. are
the lavandins Provence and Grosso. Grosso
attracts attention in tourist areas, creating
a striking effect of large fields of “purple
haze.” It is very hardy and grows to three
feet in height. Products of acceptable qual-
ity can be made by judicious blending of
Grosso distillate with imported sweet oils.
Table 1. Properties of Lavender Oils
Angustifolia Lavandin
Specific Gravity
0.876-0.892 0.885-
0.897
Chemical Profile
Camphor 0.5-1% 4-11%
Caryophylene 3-12%
Cineole 1-2% 5-10%
Linalool 30-49% 30-40%
Linalyl acetate 30-45% 20-30%
Ocimene 2.5-6%
Based on Australian production. Lavender Grow-
ing for Oil Production. p. 4. (www.dpi.vic.gov.ac)
Additional research on the chemistry of
essential oils for the industrial distillation
processes can be found by searching AGRI-
COLA on-line or by consulting other agri-
cultural databases. The moderated lavender
discussion group at lavandula@yahoogroups.
com is a good source of information. Lav-
ender researchers and growers from around
the world discuss contemporary issues.
Membership is by application.
The English lavender (L. angustifolia) cul-
tivar Munstead is commonly grown in New
England, as is the lavandin (L. x intermedia)
cultivar Grosso. Munstead is reportedly the
only English lavender that does well at high
altitudes and was recently reported doing
well in Nevada. Nurseries may market cul-
tivars of L. angustifolia and L. x intermedia
(lavandin) under deceptively similar names.
For example, ‘Hidcote’ is L. angustifolia,
while ‘Giant Hidcote’ is L. x intermedia.
For more complete information on the cul-
tivars of lavender and lavandin, see Arthur
Tucker’s article in the scientific journal Bai-
leya, Curtis Beus’s booklist, and Virginia
McNaughton’s Lavender: The Grower’s Guide
(see Additional Links and Further
Reading below).
Field Production of Lavender
The best U.S. resource for details on large-
scale lavender production is Washington
State University (WSU). Curtis Beus, PhD,
WSU Extension, Port Angeles, Washing-
ton, has published extensively on field pro-
duction of lavender. He helped organize the
first lavender conference in Sequim in 2000.
For detailed information on such topics as
soils, establishment, irrigation, fertilization,
pests/diseases for large-scale production,
see Washington State University Small Farm
Connection. If you do not have Web access,
contact ATTRA at 800-346-9140 to order a
print-out of the agronomic information. Beus
can be consulted by e-mail or by phone at
360-417-2279. His specific recommenda-
tions for cultivars and local suppliers are for
the Pacific Northwest. See the Cultivars sec-
tion for considerations in choosing cultivars
for other parts of the U.S.
Essential Oils
From about 1985 to 2000 prospects seemed
favorable for developing an essential oils
industry in the U.S. Essential oils are used
as flavors and fragrances in manufacturing,
as well as in aromatherapy, an alternative
health discipline.
A 1997 study found that visits to alterna-
tive medicine practitioners exceeded the
Page 4 ATTRA Lavender Production, Products, Markets, and Entertainment Farms
number of visits to all U.S. primary care
physicians by $243 million, and the total
out-of-pocket expenditures for these ser-
vices was about $27 billion, comparable to
the out-of-pocket payments for all U.S. phy-
sician services that year. (1) Since alterna-
tive therapies now receive such broad public
support, and the food and fragrance indus-
tries are growing, the main question is, “Can
the limited-resource farmer in the U.S. find
a profitable niche with lavender?”
A related questions is, “Can the independent
American farmer find a place in the custom-
ary procurement chain supplying raw materi-
als to the flavor and fragrance industries?”
The Essential Oils Industry
Capital investment, transportation, and
labor considerations (cost and availabil-
ity) dictate that most essential oils produc-
tion take place outside the U.S. The U.S.
mint industry is centered in the Pacific
Northwest and about 9 million pounds of
oil was extracted in 1995. However, most
of the essential oil produced in the U.S. is
orange oil, which can be cheaply produced
as a by-product of the citrus juice industry.
The next largest volume is of cedar oil, a
by-product of the forestry industry. World-
wide, most essential oils (including most
aromatherapy oils) are distilled from tropi-
cal plants not widely grown in the U.S.
Australia and New Zealand have developed
a lavender oil industry. Some of the smaller
operations there received initial govern-
ment support. However, similar support for
essential oils distillation does not exist in
the U.S. for small farmers. The Avoca Divi-
sion of R.J. Reynolds Tobacco Co. does pro-
duce some high quality aromatherapy oils.
However, Reynolds and other integrators
do not buy raw materials from independent
farmers, nor do they offer grower contracts.
Rather, they produce the crops on their own
land to their own specifications, under the
supervision of their own farm manager. (2)
Oil Extraction Options
There are four methods to derive essen-
tial oils from plants. The Department of
Agriculture, Food, and Rural Development,
Alberta, Canada, has published an exten-
sive overview of the essential oils process.
(4) The following is the methodology:
Hydro distillation (also known as
water distillation) is a process in
which water and plant material are
boiled together in a tub. The result
is a “hydrosol,” rather than a pure
essential oil. Hydrosols are the basis
for a variety of retail products.
Steam distillation uses dry steam
to vaporize and extract the oil.
Steam distillation is used in large-
scale production of essential oils
for commercial purposes. It is the
method of choice for leafy crops like
lavender that have specific gravity
of less than 1.0 (lighter than water).
Small-scale steam distillation can
be accomplished with a pressure
cooker on top of a kitchen stove, but
only a few drops of oil are produced
per batch. The process is described
in some detail in Marcel Lavabre’s
Aromatherapy Workbook. (5) Turn-
key operations have only recently
become available.
•
•
Lavender Production
An acre of true lavender (L.
angustifolia) produces from 300
to 1,800 pounds of dried flowers
(12 to 15 pounds of essential oil—
about 2 gallons).
An acre of one of the lavandin cul-
tivars (L. x intermedia) yields
from 3,500 to 4,500 pounds of
dried flowers per acre (53 to 67
pounds of essential oil). In the
Pacific Northwest, Beus estimates
only 1,000 to 1,500 pounds of
dried buds per acre for Grosso—
equalling 35 to 180 lbs. of essen-
tial oil.
More than 30 different types
of lavender oils and blends are
traded on world markets. (3)
•
•
•
A
lmost with-
out excep-
tion, lav-
ender farmers in
the U.S. are all in
the entertainment
farming business.
Page 5ATTRAwww.attra.ncat.org
Solvent extraction uses organic
solvents to extract both essential
oils and oleoresins, which are then
separated. (Oleoresins complete the
flavor profile of food-grade essential
oils.) Use of many of the organic sol-
vents would not be compatible with
“certified organic” labeling.
Supercritical extraction uses
carbon dioxide under extremely
high pressure to extract both essen-
tial oils and oleoresins. Essential
oil produced as a by-product of the
citrus industry requires a four-
story fractionating tower. Oleores-
ins separated out at the beginning
of the process are added back at
the end. Citrus oils claim by far
the biggest share of the essential
oils market.
To produce essential oils or hydrosols,
plants typically are steamed. As the steam
passes up through the plant material—
bark, stems, roots, or fresh or dried flow-
ers (as in the case of lavender)—it carries
both the oil and other plant essences into
a receiving container. As the distillate
cools, essential oil floats to the top and
is siphoned away. The liquid left behind
is hydrosol.
As noted above, commercial-scale pro-
duction of lavender essential oils relies on
steam distillation. (A modest steam dis-
tillation unit that would fit inside a barn
costs $8,000 to $11,000.) Table-top units
that sell for $2,000 to $2,500 over the
Internet will usually produce only hydro-
sols; they cannot achieve and maintain the
temperatures necessary to extract a high
percentage of essential oils. Some small-
scale herbalists use hydrosols, however, in
making soaps, body lotions, and salves.
Production of essential oils in the U.S.—
except for orange and cedar oils derived
from industry by-products—has tended
to be more of a hobby or farm income
supplement than a full-time business.
However, since 2002 a new source
of distillation equipment has become avail-
able. Floragenics Distillation Systems,
•
•
Pescadero, California (www.floragenics.
com), offers several sizes, including the
large 50-gallon still. This is a turn-key
system with all necessary parts, hoses,
and fittings. A description of a commer-
cial distillation process carried out at The
Essential Oil Company facility at Warm
Springs, Oregon (illustrated with 41 pho-
tographs showing procedures and equip-
ment), has been published by Robert
Seidel. (6) The Warm Springs facility is a
Native American tribal enterprise.
While conditions in lavender marketing
in the U.S. have changed somewhat in
the past five years, Ben Alkire’s assess-
ment (7) should still be heeded. As with
other niche markets, there is always the
danger of a sudden decline due to too
many new producers. For a 64-page risk/
benefit assessment of growing herb crops
for essential oils in Montana, see Market
Opportunities and Strategic Directions for
Specialty Herbs and Essential Oil Crops in
Montana (www.ams.usda.gov/TMD/FSMIP/
FY2000/MT0294.pdf).
www.happyvalleylavender.com
Table-top units cannot achieve and maintain
the temperatures necesary to extract a high
percentage of essential oils.
Page 6 ATTRA Lavender Production, Products, Markets, and Entertainment Farms
After working at Purdue University with
James E. Simon, PhD, for ten years on essen-
tial oils projects, Ben Alkire (7) launched his
consulting firm, Benzalco, in 1999. In 2000
Alkire re-assessed the decades-long effort to
develop a broad-based domestic essential oils
industry. Alkire specializes in design and sale
of products for distillation/handling of aro-
matic herbs and spices in the bulk oils market.
Like most of his colleagues, he now consults
with firms in Asia and Africa. He directs his
comments to small landowners and farmers
attracted to the “lifestyle” of distilling essen-
tial oils. Alkire writes:
Chances are pretty slim for profits and
a living wage generated through a
small-farm essential oil operation.
So many diverse tasks and skills are
needed for herb cultivation, distilling,
marketing, and business management
that it is not suited to be a one-per-
son operation. Large families, granges,
Amish communities, and other such
networks, however, have considerable
advantages.
Why buy a cow when milk is so cheap?
Why not just purchase inexpensive
commercial oils and use those for
value-added products?
Sales of value-added products—
hand-made soaps, lotions, perfumes,
incense, massage oils, potpourri, can-
dies, beverages, and other items—
”stretch” the value of essential oils.
Existing direct marketing channels,
especially in “tourist” areas, can
facilitate development of farm-for-
mulated fragrance and flavoring
products into a seasonal supplemen-
tary farm income.
Vineyards and commercial mushroom
growers can utilize existing equip-
ment (such as boilers) and technical
expertise to combine their operations
with an essential oils distillery.
Sell tickets to watch the process; sell
the product at a loss. Make your profit
on the tickets, pop machine, gifts, and
food service. (8)
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
An Essential Oils Consultant’s Thoughts on
Growing Plants for Oils
The different cultivars of lavender dif-
fer slightly in specific gravity (s.g.) and
have distinct chemical profiles. Since lav-
ender oils are lighter than water (s.g. of
less than 1.0), they rise to the top. The
lower the s.g., the more easily the oil is
volatized. More information on distilla-
tion parameters may be found in E. Guen-
ther, 1948-52, The Essential Oils, 4 vols.;
Brian Lawrence, 1976–78, The Essen-
tial Oils, 3 vols.; the Journal of Essential
Oils; and the Journal of Agricultural Food
Chemistry; also see Seidel. (6) Chemi-
cal profile affects the olefactory proper-
ties of an essential oil—hence the quality.
A lavender oil high in camphor is much
less desirable as a fragrance than one low
in the camphor constituent. See Table 1
for the s.g. and chemical profile of
L. angustifolia compared with L. x inter-
media (lavandin).
Lavender and Agri-Tourism
A cluster of farms in Gillespie and Blanco
counties north of San Antonio has raised
lavender since the late 1990s. An annual
festival features the Lavender Tour and a
lavender lunch among the attractions that
stimulate regional tourism. A variety of
products and services are offered, includ-
ing a bed-and-breakfast. Although no dis-
tillery has yet been built, the group hosted
a well-attended Lavender Conference in
March 2005. (9)
www.happyvalleylavender.com
Page 7ATTRAwww.attra.ncat.org
Lavender Creek, one of the only commercial lavender farms in the Midwest, was begun in 1999
by Ruth and Tom Hertzfeldt on eight acres, surrounded on three sides by corn and soybean
fields. The farm is located near Mackinaw, Illinois, on Route 9. The Hertzfeldts have expanded
their plantings from 1,500 in 2001 to “thousands” in 2003—mostly new French hybrids. A third
field was planted in April 2003, and was eight inches tall by July.
The Hertzfeldts completed their retail sales facility, the New Country Barn, in July 2003 to accom-
modate an expanded lavender product line. At the Third Lavender Harvest Festival in June, Miss
Illinois 2003 was on hand to crown the first “Miss Mac-ka-fest.” Miss America has also visited the
farm, and more celebrities are expected.
Visitors enjoy gathering bouquets of “wands” (spikes of blooming lavender gathered for drying)
from the fields. The farm entrance and the grounds are landscaped with mounds of Grosso lav-
ender. (See farm logo photo at http://lavendercreek.store.yahoo.com) The Hertzfeldts grow test
plots of various kinds of English lavender and “herb-de-provence” (lavandin).
In 2000 the Hertzfeldts attended the first North American Lavender Conference in Sequim,
Washington, where they met Mike Reichner of Purple Haze Lavender Farm and many other U.S.
growers. Since then Ruth has been learning as much as possible from Reichner and others about
lavender production and marketing. It is very important to network and gain experience with
the plants.
Lavender Creek has a flair for marketing its wide selection of fragrance products. Ruth takes lav-
ender products to 20 fairs a year. They also do business on-line and by mail order, and promote
Lavender Creek Farm through national advertising. The Hertzfeldts love hosting the public.
In 2005 Lavender Creek Farm began serving luncheons (for six or more) and featuring garden
walks Wednesday through Friday.
The Hertzfeldts’ work with the town of Mackinaw (pop. 1,452) to develop local festivals and tour-
ist attractions has paid off. Featured at the festivals they have started are lavender-spiced culi-
nary treats: lavender-flavored lemonade, iced tea, fudge, and barbequed beef. A mile down the
road is a start-up vineyard and winery, and several other Mackinaw County farms now promote
tourism through farm visits.
The Lavender Creek Farm profile was developed from information gathered on a farm visit by Kather-
ine Adam in July 2001, through telephone interviews with Ruth Hertzfeldt, and from an article in the
business section of the Peoria Journal-Star, July 17, 2001. p. C-2. Updated by e-mail 7/03 and from the
Web site 9/05.
Lavender Creek Farm
Mackinaw, Illinois
http://lavendercreek.store.yahoo.com/
Tours (annual Lavender
Trail)
Festival
Bed & Breakfast
Cut-your-own bundle on
Saturdays
Live plants, plugs
Farmers’ market
bouquets
Pillows, room
fresheners, car sachets
Moth repellant
Organic scorpion
deterrent
Picnics in the lavender
field, annual lavender
luncheon
Aromatherapy
workshops/seminars
Potpourri (sold to
retailers)
Wreaths, wands
Candles, soaps, sachets,
lip balm, lavender water
Food products,
garnishes
Organic body care
products
Marketing ideas from
Texas Hill Country
Lavender Farms
National Organic Program Ruling
Two rulings by the National Organic Program (NOP) in 2005 potentially affect lavender
products. The NOP posted a memo to certifiers that any product meeting the Final Rule
may be certified, and if it meets the requirements for “100 percent organic” or “organic,” it
may use the USDA Organic seal. See www.ota.com/pp/usregulatory/606background.html.
The memo reverses an initial decision to disallow organic certification for some categories
of products derived from certified organic agricultural products, including personal
care items.
Another ruling makes it more difficult to use non-organic agricultural ingredients (such
as small amounts of essential oils used for flavoring or fragrance) in otherwise organic
products, even when organic counterparts are not available.
(Source: OTA News Flash, Sept. 1, Sept. 9, 2005.)
Page 8 ATTRA Lavender Production, Products, Markets, and Entertainment Farms
A list of lavender farms in California
Communities Farms
San Diego Vista Rusty Acres
Santa
Barbara
Clairmont Farms
Santa Ynez Rona Barrett
Lavender
Lilly Bee
Lavender
Ojai Rivendell
Aromatics
Ojai Lavender
Willows Eatwell Farms
Napa Napa Valley
Lavender
Harms
Vineyards
Sonoma Sonoma
Lavender
Lavender
Meadows
Sonoma
Lavender Barn
Santa Rosa Matanzas Creek Winery
Hollister Fox Hollow Farm
Bonny Doon Bonny Doon Lavender
Morro Bay Lavender
Central
Cherry Creek
Herbs
Cash Creek Cash Creek Lavender
Rescue A Friend of the Earth Lavender
Whitmore Tuscan Heights
Sierra Nevada Mountain Lavender Co.
Corral de Tierra Purple Pastures Lavender
Mt. Aukum South River Lavender
Cayukos Whalerock Lavender Farms
Many of the new California lavender farms do not have their
own Web sites, and most belong to distillery grower groups.
List was supplied by Susan Ditz. (10)
Lavender splashes
Iron water
Bath soak
Dried bundles
Shower & bath gel
Body lotion
Sachets
Lavender honey
Lavender dijon
mustard
Products from
Olympic Peninsula
Lavender Farms
winters. Sequim (pop. 4,400) is in the “rain
shadow” of the Olympic Mountains—pro-
tected by the mountains from rain sweep-
ing in from both east and west. Its annual
mid-July Celebrate Lavender Festival draws
thousands of visitors to view the purple haze
of harvest-ready lavender fields. Sequim
also has a thriving bedding plants industry
and sponsors an herb festival each May. In
fact, Sequim is a growing tourist and retire-
ment center, with festivals scheduled for
almost every month in the year.
The lavender farms around Sequim provide
a significant boost to the local economy and
are an established part of the local tour-
ist industry, promoted by both local and
state governments. The 2000 Festival was
held in connection with a national confer-
ence on lavender, and 2003 marked the
Seventh Annual Festival. Tours of lavender
farms and a Lavender Street Faire show-
case lavender products and services from
the Sequim-Dungeness Valley, as well as
regional garden products and natural crafts.
Other attractions include an open air mar-
ket, lavender crafting demonstrations, food,
aromatherapy, dance, music, clowns, and
face painting. (For contact information,
see Lavender Farms on the Web.) For the
publication Entertainment Farming and
Agri-Tourism, please contact ATTRA.
The 2005 event (third week of July) was
billed as a “Festival Conference,” sponsored
by Washington State University Extension,
Clallam Sequim Lavender Growers Associa-
tion, and the 9th Annual Sequim Lavender
Festival committee (www.lavenderfestival.
com/special-events/seminar.html). The edu-
cational dimension featured seven speak-
ers/presenters.
Olympic Lavender Farm, near Sequim, man-
ufactures a number of fragrance products
from its 1,200 lavender plants on five acres.
This farm also hosts a U-pick operation dur-
ing the Celebrate Lavender Festival.
Participants in the farm tour can view a
demonstration of lavender oil distillation.
Olympic also sells lavender in bulk to local
cottage industries and provides custom dis-
tillation. Olympic sells its line of lavender
California Lavender Farms
California boasts 63 lavender farms, and
2004 saw the first regional festival in Ojai.
The Ojai Lavender Festival had its own Web
site for the June 5, 2005, festival. At least
two distilleries are in operation produc-
ing lavender oil from networks of growers.
Lavender tourism in northern, central, and
southern coastal California has blossomed.
Dungeness Valley Lavender
Tourism
Sequim (pronounced skwim) in Washing-
ton’s Dungeness Valley has been proclaimed
the “lavender capital” of the U.S. Sequim
has a favorable geographic location for lav-
ender, with warm summers and cool, dry
Page 9ATTRAwww.attra.ncat.org
Other U.S.
Lavender Products
Soaps
Lotions, mists
Shampoo
Conditioner
Teas
Scones
Cookies
Biscuits
Brownies
Candles
Bath blends
Wreaths
Arrangements
Vinegars
Jellies
Wands
Body scents
products on-line through its Web site (see
list of farms, below). A recent communica-
tion from the farm confirmed that the pri-
mary purpose of its distillation operation
is entertainment.
Purple Haze Lavender Farm offers lunch on
the lawn, lavender margaritas, and lavender
ice cream during the festival. Other attrac-
tions include aromatherapy classes, mas-
sages by the pond, crafting classes, pho-
tographers to take your portrait in the field,
espresso, music, and a demonstration on
the latest in organic composting techniques.
This farm has five acres of lavender fields.
(See list of farms for Web address.)
Sequim Valley Ranch is in the plant busi-
ness, advertising itself as the “prime provider
of beautiful two-gallon field-grown lavender
plants and plug trays, as well as two-inch,
four-inch and one-gallon lavender plants for
the nursery market.” This 700-acre ranch
has almost 20 acres planted in lavender.
Plants are started in three large greenhouses.
Demonstrations, food, and entertainment are
offered during the festival.
Direct Marketing
Occasionally, lavender products are sold at
farmers’ markets. For example, dried laven-
der wands, sachets, and other lavender prod-
ucts are offered for sale by the McGowans
and the Morrills at the Fayetteville Farm-
ers’ Market, Fayetteville, Arkansas. (How-
ever, it’s a small niche. A recent study by the
Kerr Center, Poteau, Oklahoma, found that
only 35 percent of farmers’ market patrons
would consider purchasing “dried herbs.”)
Methods for direct marketing of horticultural
products are discussed in the ATTRA pub-
lications Direct Marketing and Farmers’ Mar-
kets. For more information about producing
potted lavender plants (also direct marketed),
see the ATTRA publications Sustainable
Small-Scale Nursery Production and Plug and
Transplant Production for Organic Systems.
For those interested in a cottage fragrance
industry, there is an older method of small-
batch production called enfleurage. Fats,
oils, or alcohol are used to extract the plant
essence, for scenting soaps, bath oil, lotions,
potpourris, aromatic waters, candles, ink,
homemade paper, etc. Once made, scented
oils must be used quickly or stored in a
tightly sealed bottle. Making perfumes at
home requires a recipe, additional un-dena-
tured ethyl alcohol, and an appropriate fixa-
tive (such as storax oil, sandalwood oil, or
orris root). More information on these meth-
ods and products, some of which may have
potential as value-added farm enterprises,
is provided in Rodale’s Illustrated Encyclope-
dia of Herbs. Additional recipes and formu-
las are found in Growing 101 Herbs That Heal
(see Further Reading below).
Requirements for Success in
Lavender Production
Successful lavender producers typically
invest considerable time (at least a year) just
doing research, traveling to conferences,
and talking with established farmers before
setting up operations. Many travel to France
to view first-hand the lavender industry in
Provence. The pioneers in the U.S. indus-
try have had other assets such as familiar-
ity with essential oils production, consult-
ing experience, extensive marketing and
engineering experience, a university con-
nection, and ready access to capital. While
there is no national lavender growers associ-
ation and no comprehensive list of lavender
farms, interest continues to grow. Curtis
Beus, PhD, of Washington State University
Cooperative Extension (11) writes:
Most U.S. lavender producers must develop
their own products and markets, or partner
with someone who will. There is no estab-
lished U.S. market or market infrastructure
for lavender. Value-added products are often
key to marketing.
www.happyvalleylavender.com
Page 10 ATTRA Lavender Production, Products, Markets, and Entertainment Farms
Lavender Farms on the Web
Arkansas
Owl Creek Lavender Farm www.owlcreeklavender.com Stout Mountain Lavender www.stoutmountainlavender.com
California
Green Acres Lavender Farm www.greenacreslavenderfarm.com
Santa Ynez Lavender www.santaynezlavender.com
Operates distillery.
Whalerock Lavender Farm www.whalerockcastle.com
Rancho Alegre www.ranchoalegre-lavender.com
Operates distillery.
Ornbaun-Gibson Ranch www.ornbaunlavender.com
The Lavender Fields® www.thelavenderfields.com
Idaho
Valley View Lavender Farm al@valleyviewlavender.com
Illinois
Lavender Creek Farm www.lavendercreekfarm.com
Massachusetts
Cape Cod Lavender Farm www.capecodlavenderfarm.com Lavender & Herb Growers of Franklin Co., MA
www.lavenderland.com
Michigan
Leelanau Lavender Breezes www.leelanaulavender.com
Montana
Rocky Mountain Lavender www.rattlesnakecreekvineyard.com/rocky_mountain_lavender
Ontario, Canada
Stoney Hollow Herbal Treasures www.stoneyhollowherbaltreasures.com
Oregon
Shooting Star Lavender www.shootingstarlavender.com Victoria’s Lavender Gardens www.victoriaslavendergardens.com
Pennsylvania
Lavender Green® www.lavendergreen.com
Tennessee
Scott County Lavender www.scottcountylavender.com
Texas
Hill Country Lavender www.hillcountrylavender.com Becker Vineyards Lavender www.beckervineyards.com
Virginia
Norfolk Lavender www.norfolklavender.com
Washington
Angel Farm www.sequimlavenderfarm.com Cedarbrook Herb Farm www.cedarbrookherbfarm.com
Hood River Lavender www.lavenderfarms.net Jardin du Soleil Lavender www.jardindusoleil.com
Lavender Fields Farm www.lavenderfields.com Olympic Lavender Farm www.olympiclavender.com
Purple Haze www.purplehazelavender.com Sequim Valley Ranch www.lavenderfestival.com/index.html
Willow Farm www.lavenderfarms.com/willow
Other Lavender Farms
Mountain Crest Gardens, Etna, CA E-mail: mc-garden-gifts@mc-garden-gifts.com
Large-scale propagation of lavender plants by contract only.
Page 11ATTRAwww.attra.ncat.org
References
1. Eisenberg, D.M., R.B. Davis, S.L. Ettner, S.
Appel, S. Wilkey, M. Van Rompay, and R.C.
Kessler. 1998. Trends in alternative medicine
use in the United States, 1990–1997: Results
of a follow-up national survey. Journal of the
American Medical Association. Vol. 280,
No. 18. November 11. p. 784-787. Cited in
Shoshana Zuboff and James Maxmin. 2002.
The Support Economy. Viking Press, New
York. p. 5.
2. Adam, Katherine. 2000. NCAT Trip Report:
15th Annual Conference of the International
Herb Association, Saskatoon, Sask.
Brian M. Lawrence described Avoca opera-
tions in some detail in the course of giving the
Richter Memorial Lecture, “Which Essential
Oil Crops Have Potential in North Carolina?”
Of particular interest was the economic calcu-
lation in choosing to produce a raw material,
rather than purchasing it.
3. Foster, Steven. 1992. Herbal Renaissance.
[Rev. edition of Herbal Bounty, 1984.] Gibbs-
Smith, Salt Lake City, UT. p. 113–116.
4. Alberta Agriculture, Food, and Rural Devel-
opment. 1998. Essential oils industry. 15 p.
www1.agric.gov.ab.ca/$department/deptdocs.nsf/
all/agdex164/$file/188_830-1.pdf?OpenElement
5. Lavabre, Marcel. 1990. Aromatherapy Work-
book. Healing Arts Press, Rochester, VT. p.
16–37.
6. Seidel, Robert. 1998. Steam distillation of
herbs. p. 3-15. In: Berzins, Snell, and Richter
(ed.). Transcripts: Richters Third Commercial
Herb Growing Conference, October 24, 1998.
Richters, Goodwood, Ontario, Canada.
7. Ben H. Alkire
West Lafayette, IN
alkire@benzalco.com
Resume: www.hort.purdue.edu/newcrop/people/
BensResume.html
8. Abstracted from: Alkire, Ben. 2000. Re:
Growing plants for oils. E-mail. July 25. 4p.
9. Lehmann, Tracy Hobson. 2002. Hill Coun-
try growers open their fields to the public. San
Antonio Express-News. [archive] June 15. p.
1E ff. 4 p.
10. Susan Ditz. 2005. E-mail to Katherine
Adam. April 15. 2 p.
11. Curtis Beus
WSU Cooperative Extension
Small Farms Program
www.smallfarms.wsu.edu/crops/lavender.html
Propagation, soils, spacing between rows, price
of plants, establishment, irrigation, fertilization,
weed control, pests and diseases, cultivars, flower
yields (Grosso), oil production (Angustifolia and
lavandin), harvesting/pruning, marketing, prod-
ucts, prices, local sources for plants.
Additional Links
Australian lavender industry
www.lavenderaustralia.com/
Lavender listserve
Lavandula@yahoogroups.com
New Zealand Lavender Growers Association
www.lavender.org.nz
Soap Maker’s Links (Magnolia Hill Soap)
www.magnoliahillsoap.com/links.htm
Sequim annual Celebrate Lavender Festival
www.lavenderfestival.com
Curtis Beus, Washington State University Coop. Ext.
Lavender Production and Marketing.
www.smallfarms.wsu.edu/crops/lavender.html
Fifty States of Lavandula
Onlinelistoflavenderfarmsinallstates(exceptAK,NV,RI,SD,
WI,sofar)beingcompiledbySusanL. Harrington.
Lavender@LabyrinthHill.com
Doug Green, 26p. e-book, $6.95
www.simplegiftsfarm.com/growinglavender.html
Horizon Herbs
www.chatlink.com/~herbseed/
Richters Herb
www.richters.com
Q&A has large amount of material on lavender.
Lavender By Rona Barrett
www.lavenderbyrona.com
North Carolina State University Horticultural Science
www.ces.ncsu.edu/fletcher/staff/jmdavis
This Web site produced by a doctoral student in North
Carolina offers an excellent overview of lavender,
including its history.
Page 12 ATTRA
Lavender Production, Products, Markets, and
Entertainment Farms
By Katherine L. Adam
NCAT Agriculture Specialist
© 2006 NCAT
Paul Driscoll, Editor
Tiffany Nitschke, Production
This publication is available on the Web at:
www.attra.ncat.org/attra-pub/lavender.html
or
www.attra.ncat.org/attra-pub/PDF/lavender.pdf
IP243
Slot 68
Version 091506
Purple Haze Lavender Farm
Mike Reichner
180 Bell Bottom Road
Sequim, WA 98382
888-852-6560 (orders)
360-582-3088 (office)
Sue Mattie
Stoney Hollow Herbal Treasures
Ontario, Canada
Stoneyhollow1@sympatico.ca
www.stoneyhollowherbaltreasures.com
A Canadian grower offers an electronic copy of her article
“Locally Grown Organic Lavender with the Essence of
Provence” to anyone contacting her through the Web site.
Further Reading
Calvo, Maria Carmen, and J. Segura. 1989. In vitro
propagation of lavender [Lavandula latifolia]. Hort-
Science. Vol. 24, No. 2. p. 375-376.
Charles, Denys J., and James E. Simon. 1989. Essen-
tial oils as natural products and large and small scale
extraction methods. p. 109–112. In: Simon, Kestner,
and Buehrle. Herbs ‘89 Proceedings, International
Herb Growers and Marketers Association. Purdue
Research Foundation, West Lafayette, IN. p. 109-112.
Clute, Mitchell. 2002. Sourcing real oils for aroma-
therapy. New Hope Natural Media. 3 p.
http://exchange.healthwell.com
DeBaggio, T. 1989. Hardy lavenders. The Herb Com-
panion. April–May. p. 10-15.
Foster, Steven. 1992. Herbal Renaissance [rev. edition
of Herbal Bounty, 1983]. Gibbs-Smith Publishers, Salt
Lake City, UT. p. 113-116.
Hartung, Tammi. 2000. Growing 101 Herbs That
Heal. Storey Books, Pownal, VT. 250 p.
Kowalchik, Claire, and William H. Hylton (ed.). 1987
Rodale’s Illustrated Encyclopedia of Herbs. Rodale
Press, Emmaus, PA. p. 460-467.
This book is best found through your local or university
library’s interlibrary loan system.
Lavabre, Marcel. 1990. Aromatherapy Workbook.
Healing Arts Publishing, Burlington, VT. 164 p.
Lawrence, Brian M. 1993. A planning scheme to eval-
uate new aromatic plants for the flavor and fragrance
industries. p. 620–627. In: Janick and Simon (ed.).
Second National Symposium on New Crops. John
Wiley & Sons, New York.
McNaughton, Virginia. 2000. Lavender: The Grower’s
Guide. Timber Press, Portland, OR. 180 p.
Sturdivant, Lee, and Tim Blakley. 1999. Medicinal
Herbs in Garden, Field, and Marketplace. San Juan
Naturals, Friday Harbor, WA. p. 210–211.
Tucker, A.O., and Thomas DeBaggio. 2000. The Big
Book of Herbs. Interweave Press, Loveland, CO. p.
314–338.
Tucker, A.O., and K.J.W. Hensen. 1985. The cultivars
of lavender and lavandin (Labiatae). Baileya. Vol. 22,
No. 4. p. 168–77.
Tucker, A.O. 1985. Lavender, spike, and lavandin.
The Herbarist. No. 51. p. 44–50.
Tucker, A.O., and T. DeBaggio. 1984. ‘Irene Doyle’
lavender. HortScience. Vol. 19, No. 4. p. 595.
Tucker, A.O., and B.M. Lawrence. 1987. Botanical
nomenclature of commercial sources of essential oils,
concretes, and absolutes. p. 183–220. In: L.E. Craker
and J.E. Simon (ed.). Herbs, Spices and Medicinal
Plants: Recent Advances in Botany, Horticulture and
Pharmacology. Oryx Press, Phoenix, AZ.
Verlet, N. 1988. History, production and marketing
of lavender in France. p. 146–54. In: J.E. Simon and
L.Z. Clavio (ed.). Proceedings: Third National Herb
Growing Conference. Purdue Research Foundation,
West Lafayette, IN.

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Lavender Production, Products, Markets, and Entertainment Farms

  • 1. A Publication of ATTRA - National Sustainable Agriculture Information Service • 1-800-346-9140 • www.attra.ncat.org ATTRA—National Sustainable Agriculture Information Service is managed by the National Cen- ter for Appropriate Technology (NCAT) and is funded under a grant from the United States Department of Agriculture’s Rural Business-Cooperative Ser- vice. Visit the NCAT Web site (www.ncat.org/agri. html) for more informa- tion on our sustainable agriculture projects. ATTRA Contents By Katherine L. Adam NCAT Agriculture Specialist © 2006 NCAT Lavender Production, Products, Markets, and Entertainment Farms This publication is intended for a beginning lavender grower with some horticultural experience. The publication discusses geographic and climatic considerations for lavender, soil preparation and cultivation techniques, lavender propagation materials, and field production. The publication also addresses lavender essential oils, evaluation of the bulk distillation industry, direct marketing of a variety of lavender products, andthepotentialforlavenderagri-tourism.ThispublicationalsosurveysclustersoflavenderfarmsinTexas, California, and Washington, the lavender entertainment industry, and on-farm lavender product sales. NewlyexpandedlistsofU.S.lavenderfarmsandWebsitesarealsooffered,aswellasalistofotherresources. Introduction ............... 1 Cultivation ................. 2 Cultivars and ............. 3 Propagation Field Production of Lavender .................... 3 Essential Oils ............. 3 Lavender and Agri-tourism .............. 6 Dungeness Valley Lavender Tourism .... 8 Direct Marketing ...... 9 Requirements for Success in Lavender Production ................. 9 References ................ 11 Additional Links ...... 12 Further Reading ...... 12 Suitable Locations for Lavender Production Lavenders originated around the Medi- terranean in poor, rocky soils and mild coastal climates. Lavandula angustifo- lia (English lavender) is the most hardy, but high-camphor lavandin (Lavandula x intermedia) cultivars like Grosso may be successfully grown all over the U.S. with- out winterkill, under certain circumstances. Bodies of water can greatly moderate other- wise inhospitable climates. For example, L. angustifolia can be successfully grown in the British Isles, due to the influence of the Gulf Stream; Ukraine can produce laven- der around the Black Sea; Japan produces several metric tons a year; and Argentina, Brazil, and East Africa have some produc- tion. Each location has a climate moder- ated by a large body of water, which can create microclimates several zones differ- ent from those nearby. Some types of lav- ender have been grown successfully near Introduction Lavender is a small, aromatic shrub used in the fragrance, specialty food, and alter- native medicine industries. Although fam- ily farmers may find large-scale extraction of lavender’s valuable oil too expensive and laborious, small-scale lavender production is feasible for some farmers using alterna- tive marketing strategies. Entertainment farming has been a very successful form of alternative marketing for lavender, espe- cially as a focus for annual festivals and product sales. Like most herbs, lavender has few if any insect pests. Few fungal diseases attack lav- ender, but since there are no known reme- dies for them, chemical applications are not an issue. Lavender ranks high as a sustain- able crop because it does not rely on pes- ticides and fertilizers. It does not require fertilizing, although in rare circumstances irrigation may be called for. The biggest issue is finding a viable marketing method.
  • 2. Page 2 ATTRA Lavender Production, Products, Markets, and Entertainment Farms Related ATTRA Publications Lake Champlain in upstate New York and in the “Banana Belt” south of Lake Ontario. llinois, northern Nevada, Idaho, and even Minnesota produce lavender. Elevation, topography, and the severity of winters are other climatic factors that influence lavender farming. Elevation can significantly influence plant survival, with valleys being less desirable. Heavy mulch- ing of plants is necessary to protect them through severe winters. Continuous snow cover could have much the same effect. Excellent drainage is crucial to the survival of lavender plantings. Cultivation Lavender (Lavandula) can be a long-lived perennial, with a typical productive life of about 10 years, although plants have been known to live for 20 years. English lavenders (L. angustifolia) have the finest fragrance. However, their oil production (see box) is much lower than the high-camphor lavandin. Oils from lavandin are commonly blended, either with L. angustifolia oil or with com- mercially available essential oils, to create a pleasing fragrance. Whole plants in flower can be used for essential oil production. Buds, flower spikes, and flowering tips—both fresh and dried—have a variety of culinary, fragrance, and decorative uses. Virginia McNaughton (see book listing under Further Reading) notes that “the East Coast states are affected by either cold win- ter temperatures or high summer humidity, which causes fungal infection.” This is true also of the Gulf region. Growers trying to establish a cluster of lavender farms in 2000 in the Hill Country of Texas (Gillespie and Blanco counties) lost 90 percent of Grosso and Provence plantings to rhizoctonia (a root disease). These were the initial plantings intended for essential oil production. Cultivars and Propagation Lavender—a small, non-hardy perennial evergreen shrub—is best propagated from softwood cuttings of standard types. Seed Soil Preparation Herb Production for Organic Systems Direct Marketing Edible Flowers Entertainment Farming and Agri-Tourism Keys to Success in Value-Added Agriculture NCAT’s Organic Crops Workbook Plug and Transplant Production for Organic Systems Potting Mixes for Certified Organic Production Sustainable Small-Scale Nursery Production Patty Crawford likens growing lavender in Memphis, Tennessee, to “digging a $200 hole for a $2 plant.” She says, “It’s not the cold here that gets lavender; it’s our humid summers and our wet, wet winters. This is the reason for the hole. While digging it won’t really cost you $200, you might begin to feel like it.” Lavender cannot survive simply being stuck into clay soil. Beds must be worked down 18 to 24 inches. It is best to raise the bed about 6 inches above ground level and mix in 1/3 sand, 1/3 loam, and 1/3 clay soil. Too much sand is better than too much clay. Plain builder’s sand from the local hardware store is fine for improving soil friability. A good soil mix like ground cotton seed, mulched leaves, old potting soil, and compost—sweet- ened with a bit of lime or egg shell—would work for loam. The ATTRA publication, Potting Mixes for Certified Organic Production offers more recipes for organic soil mixes. If old potting soil is used, be sure it is disease free. Purchase healthy propagation materials (plants or plugs) from a reputable dealer. Make sure the lav- ender variety is appropriate for your climate zone. Placing white marble (not slate or rock) chips around the base of a lavender plant reflects the sun into the interior of the clump and helps dry condensation. Growers like Crawford (and Delaware State University’s Art Tucker) believe that weakly acidic rainfall erodes marble chips (or limestone) and, over time, makes the soil more alkaline. Raised, sandy beds allow the drainage necessary to avoid root rot. Remember that lavender toler- ates too little watering more than too much. (Adapted from a 1999 Web article by Patty Crawford, Lavender, Earth Inc., Memphis, Tennessee. The Web site has been discontinued.)
  • 3. Page 3ATTRAwww.attra.ncat.org may not come true to type, and lavan- din seed is sterile. The purpose for which the lavender is being raised heavily influ- ences cultivar choice. Most growers favor deep blue flowers, lush growth, and hardi- ness. See Table 1 to compare differences in chemical constituents of angustifolia and lavandin. Other types of lavender—such as Spike—are not commonly grown in the U.S. except as specimen plants. White and pink forms of angustifolia are curiosities sometimes seen in home gardens. Although some California growers favor ‘Irene Doyle’ for its fragrance, ability to flower bi-annu- ally in Zone 7, and its “slightly darker lav- ender blue” flowers, the most commonly grown cultivars in all parts of the U.S. are the lavandins Provence and Grosso. Grosso attracts attention in tourist areas, creating a striking effect of large fields of “purple haze.” It is very hardy and grows to three feet in height. Products of acceptable qual- ity can be made by judicious blending of Grosso distillate with imported sweet oils. Table 1. Properties of Lavender Oils Angustifolia Lavandin Specific Gravity 0.876-0.892 0.885- 0.897 Chemical Profile Camphor 0.5-1% 4-11% Caryophylene 3-12% Cineole 1-2% 5-10% Linalool 30-49% 30-40% Linalyl acetate 30-45% 20-30% Ocimene 2.5-6% Based on Australian production. Lavender Grow- ing for Oil Production. p. 4. (www.dpi.vic.gov.ac) Additional research on the chemistry of essential oils for the industrial distillation processes can be found by searching AGRI- COLA on-line or by consulting other agri- cultural databases. The moderated lavender discussion group at lavandula@yahoogroups. com is a good source of information. Lav- ender researchers and growers from around the world discuss contemporary issues. Membership is by application. The English lavender (L. angustifolia) cul- tivar Munstead is commonly grown in New England, as is the lavandin (L. x intermedia) cultivar Grosso. Munstead is reportedly the only English lavender that does well at high altitudes and was recently reported doing well in Nevada. Nurseries may market cul- tivars of L. angustifolia and L. x intermedia (lavandin) under deceptively similar names. For example, ‘Hidcote’ is L. angustifolia, while ‘Giant Hidcote’ is L. x intermedia. For more complete information on the cul- tivars of lavender and lavandin, see Arthur Tucker’s article in the scientific journal Bai- leya, Curtis Beus’s booklist, and Virginia McNaughton’s Lavender: The Grower’s Guide (see Additional Links and Further Reading below). Field Production of Lavender The best U.S. resource for details on large- scale lavender production is Washington State University (WSU). Curtis Beus, PhD, WSU Extension, Port Angeles, Washing- ton, has published extensively on field pro- duction of lavender. He helped organize the first lavender conference in Sequim in 2000. For detailed information on such topics as soils, establishment, irrigation, fertilization, pests/diseases for large-scale production, see Washington State University Small Farm Connection. If you do not have Web access, contact ATTRA at 800-346-9140 to order a print-out of the agronomic information. Beus can be consulted by e-mail or by phone at 360-417-2279. His specific recommenda- tions for cultivars and local suppliers are for the Pacific Northwest. See the Cultivars sec- tion for considerations in choosing cultivars for other parts of the U.S. Essential Oils From about 1985 to 2000 prospects seemed favorable for developing an essential oils industry in the U.S. Essential oils are used as flavors and fragrances in manufacturing, as well as in aromatherapy, an alternative health discipline. A 1997 study found that visits to alterna- tive medicine practitioners exceeded the
  • 4. Page 4 ATTRA Lavender Production, Products, Markets, and Entertainment Farms number of visits to all U.S. primary care physicians by $243 million, and the total out-of-pocket expenditures for these ser- vices was about $27 billion, comparable to the out-of-pocket payments for all U.S. phy- sician services that year. (1) Since alterna- tive therapies now receive such broad public support, and the food and fragrance indus- tries are growing, the main question is, “Can the limited-resource farmer in the U.S. find a profitable niche with lavender?” A related questions is, “Can the independent American farmer find a place in the custom- ary procurement chain supplying raw materi- als to the flavor and fragrance industries?” The Essential Oils Industry Capital investment, transportation, and labor considerations (cost and availabil- ity) dictate that most essential oils produc- tion take place outside the U.S. The U.S. mint industry is centered in the Pacific Northwest and about 9 million pounds of oil was extracted in 1995. However, most of the essential oil produced in the U.S. is orange oil, which can be cheaply produced as a by-product of the citrus juice industry. The next largest volume is of cedar oil, a by-product of the forestry industry. World- wide, most essential oils (including most aromatherapy oils) are distilled from tropi- cal plants not widely grown in the U.S. Australia and New Zealand have developed a lavender oil industry. Some of the smaller operations there received initial govern- ment support. However, similar support for essential oils distillation does not exist in the U.S. for small farmers. The Avoca Divi- sion of R.J. Reynolds Tobacco Co. does pro- duce some high quality aromatherapy oils. However, Reynolds and other integrators do not buy raw materials from independent farmers, nor do they offer grower contracts. Rather, they produce the crops on their own land to their own specifications, under the supervision of their own farm manager. (2) Oil Extraction Options There are four methods to derive essen- tial oils from plants. The Department of Agriculture, Food, and Rural Development, Alberta, Canada, has published an exten- sive overview of the essential oils process. (4) The following is the methodology: Hydro distillation (also known as water distillation) is a process in which water and plant material are boiled together in a tub. The result is a “hydrosol,” rather than a pure essential oil. Hydrosols are the basis for a variety of retail products. Steam distillation uses dry steam to vaporize and extract the oil. Steam distillation is used in large- scale production of essential oils for commercial purposes. It is the method of choice for leafy crops like lavender that have specific gravity of less than 1.0 (lighter than water). Small-scale steam distillation can be accomplished with a pressure cooker on top of a kitchen stove, but only a few drops of oil are produced per batch. The process is described in some detail in Marcel Lavabre’s Aromatherapy Workbook. (5) Turn- key operations have only recently become available. • • Lavender Production An acre of true lavender (L. angustifolia) produces from 300 to 1,800 pounds of dried flowers (12 to 15 pounds of essential oil— about 2 gallons). An acre of one of the lavandin cul- tivars (L. x intermedia) yields from 3,500 to 4,500 pounds of dried flowers per acre (53 to 67 pounds of essential oil). In the Pacific Northwest, Beus estimates only 1,000 to 1,500 pounds of dried buds per acre for Grosso— equalling 35 to 180 lbs. of essen- tial oil. More than 30 different types of lavender oils and blends are traded on world markets. (3) • • • A lmost with- out excep- tion, lav- ender farmers in the U.S. are all in the entertainment farming business.
  • 5. Page 5ATTRAwww.attra.ncat.org Solvent extraction uses organic solvents to extract both essential oils and oleoresins, which are then separated. (Oleoresins complete the flavor profile of food-grade essential oils.) Use of many of the organic sol- vents would not be compatible with “certified organic” labeling. Supercritical extraction uses carbon dioxide under extremely high pressure to extract both essen- tial oils and oleoresins. Essential oil produced as a by-product of the citrus industry requires a four- story fractionating tower. Oleores- ins separated out at the beginning of the process are added back at the end. Citrus oils claim by far the biggest share of the essential oils market. To produce essential oils or hydrosols, plants typically are steamed. As the steam passes up through the plant material— bark, stems, roots, or fresh or dried flow- ers (as in the case of lavender)—it carries both the oil and other plant essences into a receiving container. As the distillate cools, essential oil floats to the top and is siphoned away. The liquid left behind is hydrosol. As noted above, commercial-scale pro- duction of lavender essential oils relies on steam distillation. (A modest steam dis- tillation unit that would fit inside a barn costs $8,000 to $11,000.) Table-top units that sell for $2,000 to $2,500 over the Internet will usually produce only hydro- sols; they cannot achieve and maintain the temperatures necessary to extract a high percentage of essential oils. Some small- scale herbalists use hydrosols, however, in making soaps, body lotions, and salves. Production of essential oils in the U.S.— except for orange and cedar oils derived from industry by-products—has tended to be more of a hobby or farm income supplement than a full-time business. However, since 2002 a new source of distillation equipment has become avail- able. Floragenics Distillation Systems, • • Pescadero, California (www.floragenics. com), offers several sizes, including the large 50-gallon still. This is a turn-key system with all necessary parts, hoses, and fittings. A description of a commer- cial distillation process carried out at The Essential Oil Company facility at Warm Springs, Oregon (illustrated with 41 pho- tographs showing procedures and equip- ment), has been published by Robert Seidel. (6) The Warm Springs facility is a Native American tribal enterprise. While conditions in lavender marketing in the U.S. have changed somewhat in the past five years, Ben Alkire’s assess- ment (7) should still be heeded. As with other niche markets, there is always the danger of a sudden decline due to too many new producers. For a 64-page risk/ benefit assessment of growing herb crops for essential oils in Montana, see Market Opportunities and Strategic Directions for Specialty Herbs and Essential Oil Crops in Montana (www.ams.usda.gov/TMD/FSMIP/ FY2000/MT0294.pdf). www.happyvalleylavender.com Table-top units cannot achieve and maintain the temperatures necesary to extract a high percentage of essential oils.
  • 6. Page 6 ATTRA Lavender Production, Products, Markets, and Entertainment Farms After working at Purdue University with James E. Simon, PhD, for ten years on essen- tial oils projects, Ben Alkire (7) launched his consulting firm, Benzalco, in 1999. In 2000 Alkire re-assessed the decades-long effort to develop a broad-based domestic essential oils industry. Alkire specializes in design and sale of products for distillation/handling of aro- matic herbs and spices in the bulk oils market. Like most of his colleagues, he now consults with firms in Asia and Africa. He directs his comments to small landowners and farmers attracted to the “lifestyle” of distilling essen- tial oils. Alkire writes: Chances are pretty slim for profits and a living wage generated through a small-farm essential oil operation. So many diverse tasks and skills are needed for herb cultivation, distilling, marketing, and business management that it is not suited to be a one-per- son operation. Large families, granges, Amish communities, and other such networks, however, have considerable advantages. Why buy a cow when milk is so cheap? Why not just purchase inexpensive commercial oils and use those for value-added products? Sales of value-added products— hand-made soaps, lotions, perfumes, incense, massage oils, potpourri, can- dies, beverages, and other items— ”stretch” the value of essential oils. Existing direct marketing channels, especially in “tourist” areas, can facilitate development of farm-for- mulated fragrance and flavoring products into a seasonal supplemen- tary farm income. Vineyards and commercial mushroom growers can utilize existing equip- ment (such as boilers) and technical expertise to combine their operations with an essential oils distillery. Sell tickets to watch the process; sell the product at a loss. Make your profit on the tickets, pop machine, gifts, and food service. (8) • • • • • • • An Essential Oils Consultant’s Thoughts on Growing Plants for Oils The different cultivars of lavender dif- fer slightly in specific gravity (s.g.) and have distinct chemical profiles. Since lav- ender oils are lighter than water (s.g. of less than 1.0), they rise to the top. The lower the s.g., the more easily the oil is volatized. More information on distilla- tion parameters may be found in E. Guen- ther, 1948-52, The Essential Oils, 4 vols.; Brian Lawrence, 1976–78, The Essen- tial Oils, 3 vols.; the Journal of Essential Oils; and the Journal of Agricultural Food Chemistry; also see Seidel. (6) Chemi- cal profile affects the olefactory proper- ties of an essential oil—hence the quality. A lavender oil high in camphor is much less desirable as a fragrance than one low in the camphor constituent. See Table 1 for the s.g. and chemical profile of L. angustifolia compared with L. x inter- media (lavandin). Lavender and Agri-Tourism A cluster of farms in Gillespie and Blanco counties north of San Antonio has raised lavender since the late 1990s. An annual festival features the Lavender Tour and a lavender lunch among the attractions that stimulate regional tourism. A variety of products and services are offered, includ- ing a bed-and-breakfast. Although no dis- tillery has yet been built, the group hosted a well-attended Lavender Conference in March 2005. (9) www.happyvalleylavender.com
  • 7. Page 7ATTRAwww.attra.ncat.org Lavender Creek, one of the only commercial lavender farms in the Midwest, was begun in 1999 by Ruth and Tom Hertzfeldt on eight acres, surrounded on three sides by corn and soybean fields. The farm is located near Mackinaw, Illinois, on Route 9. The Hertzfeldts have expanded their plantings from 1,500 in 2001 to “thousands” in 2003—mostly new French hybrids. A third field was planted in April 2003, and was eight inches tall by July. The Hertzfeldts completed their retail sales facility, the New Country Barn, in July 2003 to accom- modate an expanded lavender product line. At the Third Lavender Harvest Festival in June, Miss Illinois 2003 was on hand to crown the first “Miss Mac-ka-fest.” Miss America has also visited the farm, and more celebrities are expected. Visitors enjoy gathering bouquets of “wands” (spikes of blooming lavender gathered for drying) from the fields. The farm entrance and the grounds are landscaped with mounds of Grosso lav- ender. (See farm logo photo at http://lavendercreek.store.yahoo.com) The Hertzfeldts grow test plots of various kinds of English lavender and “herb-de-provence” (lavandin). In 2000 the Hertzfeldts attended the first North American Lavender Conference in Sequim, Washington, where they met Mike Reichner of Purple Haze Lavender Farm and many other U.S. growers. Since then Ruth has been learning as much as possible from Reichner and others about lavender production and marketing. It is very important to network and gain experience with the plants. Lavender Creek has a flair for marketing its wide selection of fragrance products. Ruth takes lav- ender products to 20 fairs a year. They also do business on-line and by mail order, and promote Lavender Creek Farm through national advertising. The Hertzfeldts love hosting the public. In 2005 Lavender Creek Farm began serving luncheons (for six or more) and featuring garden walks Wednesday through Friday. The Hertzfeldts’ work with the town of Mackinaw (pop. 1,452) to develop local festivals and tour- ist attractions has paid off. Featured at the festivals they have started are lavender-spiced culi- nary treats: lavender-flavored lemonade, iced tea, fudge, and barbequed beef. A mile down the road is a start-up vineyard and winery, and several other Mackinaw County farms now promote tourism through farm visits. The Lavender Creek Farm profile was developed from information gathered on a farm visit by Kather- ine Adam in July 2001, through telephone interviews with Ruth Hertzfeldt, and from an article in the business section of the Peoria Journal-Star, July 17, 2001. p. C-2. Updated by e-mail 7/03 and from the Web site 9/05. Lavender Creek Farm Mackinaw, Illinois http://lavendercreek.store.yahoo.com/ Tours (annual Lavender Trail) Festival Bed & Breakfast Cut-your-own bundle on Saturdays Live plants, plugs Farmers’ market bouquets Pillows, room fresheners, car sachets Moth repellant Organic scorpion deterrent Picnics in the lavender field, annual lavender luncheon Aromatherapy workshops/seminars Potpourri (sold to retailers) Wreaths, wands Candles, soaps, sachets, lip balm, lavender water Food products, garnishes Organic body care products Marketing ideas from Texas Hill Country Lavender Farms National Organic Program Ruling Two rulings by the National Organic Program (NOP) in 2005 potentially affect lavender products. The NOP posted a memo to certifiers that any product meeting the Final Rule may be certified, and if it meets the requirements for “100 percent organic” or “organic,” it may use the USDA Organic seal. See www.ota.com/pp/usregulatory/606background.html. The memo reverses an initial decision to disallow organic certification for some categories of products derived from certified organic agricultural products, including personal care items. Another ruling makes it more difficult to use non-organic agricultural ingredients (such as small amounts of essential oils used for flavoring or fragrance) in otherwise organic products, even when organic counterparts are not available. (Source: OTA News Flash, Sept. 1, Sept. 9, 2005.)
  • 8. Page 8 ATTRA Lavender Production, Products, Markets, and Entertainment Farms A list of lavender farms in California Communities Farms San Diego Vista Rusty Acres Santa Barbara Clairmont Farms Santa Ynez Rona Barrett Lavender Lilly Bee Lavender Ojai Rivendell Aromatics Ojai Lavender Willows Eatwell Farms Napa Napa Valley Lavender Harms Vineyards Sonoma Sonoma Lavender Lavender Meadows Sonoma Lavender Barn Santa Rosa Matanzas Creek Winery Hollister Fox Hollow Farm Bonny Doon Bonny Doon Lavender Morro Bay Lavender Central Cherry Creek Herbs Cash Creek Cash Creek Lavender Rescue A Friend of the Earth Lavender Whitmore Tuscan Heights Sierra Nevada Mountain Lavender Co. Corral de Tierra Purple Pastures Lavender Mt. Aukum South River Lavender Cayukos Whalerock Lavender Farms Many of the new California lavender farms do not have their own Web sites, and most belong to distillery grower groups. List was supplied by Susan Ditz. (10) Lavender splashes Iron water Bath soak Dried bundles Shower & bath gel Body lotion Sachets Lavender honey Lavender dijon mustard Products from Olympic Peninsula Lavender Farms winters. Sequim (pop. 4,400) is in the “rain shadow” of the Olympic Mountains—pro- tected by the mountains from rain sweep- ing in from both east and west. Its annual mid-July Celebrate Lavender Festival draws thousands of visitors to view the purple haze of harvest-ready lavender fields. Sequim also has a thriving bedding plants industry and sponsors an herb festival each May. In fact, Sequim is a growing tourist and retire- ment center, with festivals scheduled for almost every month in the year. The lavender farms around Sequim provide a significant boost to the local economy and are an established part of the local tour- ist industry, promoted by both local and state governments. The 2000 Festival was held in connection with a national confer- ence on lavender, and 2003 marked the Seventh Annual Festival. Tours of lavender farms and a Lavender Street Faire show- case lavender products and services from the Sequim-Dungeness Valley, as well as regional garden products and natural crafts. Other attractions include an open air mar- ket, lavender crafting demonstrations, food, aromatherapy, dance, music, clowns, and face painting. (For contact information, see Lavender Farms on the Web.) For the publication Entertainment Farming and Agri-Tourism, please contact ATTRA. The 2005 event (third week of July) was billed as a “Festival Conference,” sponsored by Washington State University Extension, Clallam Sequim Lavender Growers Associa- tion, and the 9th Annual Sequim Lavender Festival committee (www.lavenderfestival. com/special-events/seminar.html). The edu- cational dimension featured seven speak- ers/presenters. Olympic Lavender Farm, near Sequim, man- ufactures a number of fragrance products from its 1,200 lavender plants on five acres. This farm also hosts a U-pick operation dur- ing the Celebrate Lavender Festival. Participants in the farm tour can view a demonstration of lavender oil distillation. Olympic also sells lavender in bulk to local cottage industries and provides custom dis- tillation. Olympic sells its line of lavender California Lavender Farms California boasts 63 lavender farms, and 2004 saw the first regional festival in Ojai. The Ojai Lavender Festival had its own Web site for the June 5, 2005, festival. At least two distilleries are in operation produc- ing lavender oil from networks of growers. Lavender tourism in northern, central, and southern coastal California has blossomed. Dungeness Valley Lavender Tourism Sequim (pronounced skwim) in Washing- ton’s Dungeness Valley has been proclaimed the “lavender capital” of the U.S. Sequim has a favorable geographic location for lav- ender, with warm summers and cool, dry
  • 9. Page 9ATTRAwww.attra.ncat.org Other U.S. Lavender Products Soaps Lotions, mists Shampoo Conditioner Teas Scones Cookies Biscuits Brownies Candles Bath blends Wreaths Arrangements Vinegars Jellies Wands Body scents products on-line through its Web site (see list of farms, below). A recent communica- tion from the farm confirmed that the pri- mary purpose of its distillation operation is entertainment. Purple Haze Lavender Farm offers lunch on the lawn, lavender margaritas, and lavender ice cream during the festival. Other attrac- tions include aromatherapy classes, mas- sages by the pond, crafting classes, pho- tographers to take your portrait in the field, espresso, music, and a demonstration on the latest in organic composting techniques. This farm has five acres of lavender fields. (See list of farms for Web address.) Sequim Valley Ranch is in the plant busi- ness, advertising itself as the “prime provider of beautiful two-gallon field-grown lavender plants and plug trays, as well as two-inch, four-inch and one-gallon lavender plants for the nursery market.” This 700-acre ranch has almost 20 acres planted in lavender. Plants are started in three large greenhouses. Demonstrations, food, and entertainment are offered during the festival. Direct Marketing Occasionally, lavender products are sold at farmers’ markets. For example, dried laven- der wands, sachets, and other lavender prod- ucts are offered for sale by the McGowans and the Morrills at the Fayetteville Farm- ers’ Market, Fayetteville, Arkansas. (How- ever, it’s a small niche. A recent study by the Kerr Center, Poteau, Oklahoma, found that only 35 percent of farmers’ market patrons would consider purchasing “dried herbs.”) Methods for direct marketing of horticultural products are discussed in the ATTRA pub- lications Direct Marketing and Farmers’ Mar- kets. For more information about producing potted lavender plants (also direct marketed), see the ATTRA publications Sustainable Small-Scale Nursery Production and Plug and Transplant Production for Organic Systems. For those interested in a cottage fragrance industry, there is an older method of small- batch production called enfleurage. Fats, oils, or alcohol are used to extract the plant essence, for scenting soaps, bath oil, lotions, potpourris, aromatic waters, candles, ink, homemade paper, etc. Once made, scented oils must be used quickly or stored in a tightly sealed bottle. Making perfumes at home requires a recipe, additional un-dena- tured ethyl alcohol, and an appropriate fixa- tive (such as storax oil, sandalwood oil, or orris root). More information on these meth- ods and products, some of which may have potential as value-added farm enterprises, is provided in Rodale’s Illustrated Encyclope- dia of Herbs. Additional recipes and formu- las are found in Growing 101 Herbs That Heal (see Further Reading below). Requirements for Success in Lavender Production Successful lavender producers typically invest considerable time (at least a year) just doing research, traveling to conferences, and talking with established farmers before setting up operations. Many travel to France to view first-hand the lavender industry in Provence. The pioneers in the U.S. indus- try have had other assets such as familiar- ity with essential oils production, consult- ing experience, extensive marketing and engineering experience, a university con- nection, and ready access to capital. While there is no national lavender growers associ- ation and no comprehensive list of lavender farms, interest continues to grow. Curtis Beus, PhD, of Washington State University Cooperative Extension (11) writes: Most U.S. lavender producers must develop their own products and markets, or partner with someone who will. There is no estab- lished U.S. market or market infrastructure for lavender. Value-added products are often key to marketing. www.happyvalleylavender.com
  • 10. Page 10 ATTRA Lavender Production, Products, Markets, and Entertainment Farms Lavender Farms on the Web Arkansas Owl Creek Lavender Farm www.owlcreeklavender.com Stout Mountain Lavender www.stoutmountainlavender.com California Green Acres Lavender Farm www.greenacreslavenderfarm.com Santa Ynez Lavender www.santaynezlavender.com Operates distillery. Whalerock Lavender Farm www.whalerockcastle.com Rancho Alegre www.ranchoalegre-lavender.com Operates distillery. Ornbaun-Gibson Ranch www.ornbaunlavender.com The Lavender Fields® www.thelavenderfields.com Idaho Valley View Lavender Farm al@valleyviewlavender.com Illinois Lavender Creek Farm www.lavendercreekfarm.com Massachusetts Cape Cod Lavender Farm www.capecodlavenderfarm.com Lavender & Herb Growers of Franklin Co., MA www.lavenderland.com Michigan Leelanau Lavender Breezes www.leelanaulavender.com Montana Rocky Mountain Lavender www.rattlesnakecreekvineyard.com/rocky_mountain_lavender Ontario, Canada Stoney Hollow Herbal Treasures www.stoneyhollowherbaltreasures.com Oregon Shooting Star Lavender www.shootingstarlavender.com Victoria’s Lavender Gardens www.victoriaslavendergardens.com Pennsylvania Lavender Green® www.lavendergreen.com Tennessee Scott County Lavender www.scottcountylavender.com Texas Hill Country Lavender www.hillcountrylavender.com Becker Vineyards Lavender www.beckervineyards.com Virginia Norfolk Lavender www.norfolklavender.com Washington Angel Farm www.sequimlavenderfarm.com Cedarbrook Herb Farm www.cedarbrookherbfarm.com Hood River Lavender www.lavenderfarms.net Jardin du Soleil Lavender www.jardindusoleil.com Lavender Fields Farm www.lavenderfields.com Olympic Lavender Farm www.olympiclavender.com Purple Haze www.purplehazelavender.com Sequim Valley Ranch www.lavenderfestival.com/index.html Willow Farm www.lavenderfarms.com/willow Other Lavender Farms Mountain Crest Gardens, Etna, CA E-mail: mc-garden-gifts@mc-garden-gifts.com Large-scale propagation of lavender plants by contract only.
  • 11. Page 11ATTRAwww.attra.ncat.org References 1. Eisenberg, D.M., R.B. Davis, S.L. Ettner, S. Appel, S. Wilkey, M. Van Rompay, and R.C. Kessler. 1998. Trends in alternative medicine use in the United States, 1990–1997: Results of a follow-up national survey. Journal of the American Medical Association. Vol. 280, No. 18. November 11. p. 784-787. Cited in Shoshana Zuboff and James Maxmin. 2002. The Support Economy. Viking Press, New York. p. 5. 2. Adam, Katherine. 2000. NCAT Trip Report: 15th Annual Conference of the International Herb Association, Saskatoon, Sask. Brian M. Lawrence described Avoca opera- tions in some detail in the course of giving the Richter Memorial Lecture, “Which Essential Oil Crops Have Potential in North Carolina?” Of particular interest was the economic calcu- lation in choosing to produce a raw material, rather than purchasing it. 3. Foster, Steven. 1992. Herbal Renaissance. [Rev. edition of Herbal Bounty, 1984.] Gibbs- Smith, Salt Lake City, UT. p. 113–116. 4. Alberta Agriculture, Food, and Rural Devel- opment. 1998. Essential oils industry. 15 p. www1.agric.gov.ab.ca/$department/deptdocs.nsf/ all/agdex164/$file/188_830-1.pdf?OpenElement 5. Lavabre, Marcel. 1990. Aromatherapy Work- book. Healing Arts Press, Rochester, VT. p. 16–37. 6. Seidel, Robert. 1998. Steam distillation of herbs. p. 3-15. In: Berzins, Snell, and Richter (ed.). Transcripts: Richters Third Commercial Herb Growing Conference, October 24, 1998. Richters, Goodwood, Ontario, Canada. 7. Ben H. Alkire West Lafayette, IN alkire@benzalco.com Resume: www.hort.purdue.edu/newcrop/people/ BensResume.html 8. Abstracted from: Alkire, Ben. 2000. Re: Growing plants for oils. E-mail. July 25. 4p. 9. Lehmann, Tracy Hobson. 2002. Hill Coun- try growers open their fields to the public. San Antonio Express-News. [archive] June 15. p. 1E ff. 4 p. 10. Susan Ditz. 2005. E-mail to Katherine Adam. April 15. 2 p. 11. Curtis Beus WSU Cooperative Extension Small Farms Program www.smallfarms.wsu.edu/crops/lavender.html Propagation, soils, spacing between rows, price of plants, establishment, irrigation, fertilization, weed control, pests and diseases, cultivars, flower yields (Grosso), oil production (Angustifolia and lavandin), harvesting/pruning, marketing, prod- ucts, prices, local sources for plants. Additional Links Australian lavender industry www.lavenderaustralia.com/ Lavender listserve Lavandula@yahoogroups.com New Zealand Lavender Growers Association www.lavender.org.nz Soap Maker’s Links (Magnolia Hill Soap) www.magnoliahillsoap.com/links.htm Sequim annual Celebrate Lavender Festival www.lavenderfestival.com Curtis Beus, Washington State University Coop. Ext. Lavender Production and Marketing. www.smallfarms.wsu.edu/crops/lavender.html Fifty States of Lavandula Onlinelistoflavenderfarmsinallstates(exceptAK,NV,RI,SD, WI,sofar)beingcompiledbySusanL. Harrington. Lavender@LabyrinthHill.com Doug Green, 26p. e-book, $6.95 www.simplegiftsfarm.com/growinglavender.html Horizon Herbs www.chatlink.com/~herbseed/ Richters Herb www.richters.com Q&A has large amount of material on lavender. Lavender By Rona Barrett www.lavenderbyrona.com North Carolina State University Horticultural Science www.ces.ncsu.edu/fletcher/staff/jmdavis This Web site produced by a doctoral student in North Carolina offers an excellent overview of lavender, including its history.
  • 12. Page 12 ATTRA Lavender Production, Products, Markets, and Entertainment Farms By Katherine L. Adam NCAT Agriculture Specialist © 2006 NCAT Paul Driscoll, Editor Tiffany Nitschke, Production This publication is available on the Web at: www.attra.ncat.org/attra-pub/lavender.html or www.attra.ncat.org/attra-pub/PDF/lavender.pdf IP243 Slot 68 Version 091506 Purple Haze Lavender Farm Mike Reichner 180 Bell Bottom Road Sequim, WA 98382 888-852-6560 (orders) 360-582-3088 (office) Sue Mattie Stoney Hollow Herbal Treasures Ontario, Canada Stoneyhollow1@sympatico.ca www.stoneyhollowherbaltreasures.com A Canadian grower offers an electronic copy of her article “Locally Grown Organic Lavender with the Essence of Provence” to anyone contacting her through the Web site. Further Reading Calvo, Maria Carmen, and J. Segura. 1989. In vitro propagation of lavender [Lavandula latifolia]. Hort- Science. Vol. 24, No. 2. p. 375-376. Charles, Denys J., and James E. Simon. 1989. Essen- tial oils as natural products and large and small scale extraction methods. p. 109–112. In: Simon, Kestner, and Buehrle. Herbs ‘89 Proceedings, International Herb Growers and Marketers Association. Purdue Research Foundation, West Lafayette, IN. p. 109-112. Clute, Mitchell. 2002. Sourcing real oils for aroma- therapy. New Hope Natural Media. 3 p. http://exchange.healthwell.com DeBaggio, T. 1989. Hardy lavenders. The Herb Com- panion. April–May. p. 10-15. Foster, Steven. 1992. Herbal Renaissance [rev. edition of Herbal Bounty, 1983]. Gibbs-Smith Publishers, Salt Lake City, UT. p. 113-116. Hartung, Tammi. 2000. Growing 101 Herbs That Heal. Storey Books, Pownal, VT. 250 p. Kowalchik, Claire, and William H. Hylton (ed.). 1987 Rodale’s Illustrated Encyclopedia of Herbs. Rodale Press, Emmaus, PA. p. 460-467. This book is best found through your local or university library’s interlibrary loan system. Lavabre, Marcel. 1990. Aromatherapy Workbook. Healing Arts Publishing, Burlington, VT. 164 p. Lawrence, Brian M. 1993. A planning scheme to eval- uate new aromatic plants for the flavor and fragrance industries. p. 620–627. In: Janick and Simon (ed.). Second National Symposium on New Crops. John Wiley & Sons, New York. McNaughton, Virginia. 2000. Lavender: The Grower’s Guide. Timber Press, Portland, OR. 180 p. Sturdivant, Lee, and Tim Blakley. 1999. Medicinal Herbs in Garden, Field, and Marketplace. San Juan Naturals, Friday Harbor, WA. p. 210–211. Tucker, A.O., and Thomas DeBaggio. 2000. The Big Book of Herbs. Interweave Press, Loveland, CO. p. 314–338. Tucker, A.O., and K.J.W. Hensen. 1985. The cultivars of lavender and lavandin (Labiatae). Baileya. Vol. 22, No. 4. p. 168–77. Tucker, A.O. 1985. Lavender, spike, and lavandin. The Herbarist. No. 51. p. 44–50. Tucker, A.O., and T. DeBaggio. 1984. ‘Irene Doyle’ lavender. HortScience. Vol. 19, No. 4. p. 595. Tucker, A.O., and B.M. Lawrence. 1987. Botanical nomenclature of commercial sources of essential oils, concretes, and absolutes. p. 183–220. In: L.E. Craker and J.E. Simon (ed.). Herbs, Spices and Medicinal Plants: Recent Advances in Botany, Horticulture and Pharmacology. Oryx Press, Phoenix, AZ. Verlet, N. 1988. History, production and marketing of lavender in France. p. 146–54. In: J.E. Simon and L.Z. Clavio (ed.). Proceedings: Third National Herb Growing Conference. Purdue Research Foundation, West Lafayette, IN.