1. Guiding questions
1. What are squatter settlements, and
where are they located?
2. What are the problems associated
with them?
3. Are they a symbol of failure of good
planning and leadership - is it always
a negative entity?
2. What are squatter settlements?
A group of individuals living under the same roof in an
urban area who
lack one or more of the following:
1. Durable housing of a permanent nature
2. Sufficient living space
3. Easy access to safe water in sufficient amounts
4. Access to adequate sanitation in the form of a private or public toilet
5. Legal rights to housing
- UN Habitat Definition
6. Environment
Urban Overspills
Loss in arable
land
Man encroaching
into nature
Interaction with Natural &
Manmade hazard
Floods, Bad
Geology
Fire, Toxic Waste
8. Urban Overspill in Hanoi – Loss in
agriculture
Annual urban growth of 6% -> 41% of urban
population live in slums
– 9 million Vietnamese
Rapid land use change
reduction in arable land in
peripheral areas of Hanoi (1/3
converted into built-up areas)
Peri-urban agriculture
contaminated by toxics
found in human and
animal manure.
9. Urban Overspill – whose encroachment
Man encroaching into
nature spaces
‘Invasion’ into ecological
sanctuaries
Tensions in Man – Nature
relationship
Nature’s response
13. Manmade hazards
Tudor Shaft, Johannesburg
Previously, gold mining activities creates mining
waste (uranium rocks) radioactive tailings
Radioactivity level x32times more than limit allowed
Enters groundwater and river system
Establishment of squatter settlements
14.
15.
16. Natural -
Bad Geology
‘Caracas Valley’, Venezula
Natural factors:
Unstable hillsides, seismically active valley
Establishment of informal settlements (human
activities) -> greater surface pressure
Destabilization of hill Increase in major landslides
and slope failures
18. Flooding in Slums of Manila
Natural factors:
Increase in frequency of
tropical storms. Philippines
located at the Typhoon Belt
+ Pacific Ring of Fire
+
Interaction with squatters:
Garbage clogged
waterways. Crammed
alleyways.
= ?
31. Lack of toilets & privacy ?
Sanitation facilities in India
Lacking in
functional
common toilet
lacking in toilets
for girls
presence of
functional female
toilets
32.
33. Link between sanitation facilities and
school drop outs
Lack of sanitation facilities -> inconvenience &
embarrassment
+
Religious Taboos social stigmas
A taboo is defined as that which is “always seen as
symbolically dangerous or otherwise defiling” (Delaney
1976:4)
34. Importance of providing better sanitation facilities
Bridging the education gap
• Economic benefits: increase in GDP,
higher labour force participation
• Social benefits: gender equality, good
family planning
35. Informal slum economy
• “Self-created special economic zone (SEZ)
for the poor”
• Exists outside government oversight, help
or encouragement
• “Every slum has its businesses. Every kind
of business is there in the slums.”
–Mr Mobin, Dharavi Millionaire
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Im0tHRs
9Bng
36.
37. Dharavi, Mumbai
90% employment rates, 1 million
people
Lower crime rates than wealthier,
less dense areas
Annual economic output of $500
million