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Chapter 3: SQL Database System Concepts, 5th Ed . ©Silberschatz, Korth and Sudarshan See www.db-book.com for conditions on re-use

Chapter 3: SQL ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],3.2 Database System Concepts, 5 th Ed., June 2006

History ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],3.3 Database System Concepts, 5 th Ed., June 2006

Data Definition Language ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],3.4 Database System Concepts, 5 th Ed., June 2006 Allows the specification of:

Create Table Construct ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],3.5 Database System Concepts, 5 th Ed., June 2006

Domain Types in SQL ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],3.6 Database System Concepts, 5 th Ed., June 2006

Integrity Constraints on Tables ,[object Object],[object Object],3.7 Database System Concepts, 5 th Ed., June 2006 Example: Declare branch_name as the primary key for branch . create table branch ( branch_name char(15) , branch_city char(30) not null , assets integer, primary key ( branch_name )) primary key declaration on an attribute automatically ensures not null in SQL-92 onwards, needs to be explicitly stated in SQL-89

Basic Insertion and Deletion of Tuples ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],3.8 Database System Concepts, 5 th Ed., June 2006

Drop and Alter Table Constructs ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],3.9 Database System Concepts, 5 th Ed., June 2006

Basic Query Structure ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],3.10 Database System Concepts, 5 th Ed., June 2006

The select Clause ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],3.11 Database System Concepts, 5 th Ed., June 2006

The select Clause (Cont.) ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],3.12 Database System Concepts, 5 th Ed., June 2006

The select Clause (Cont.) ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],3.13 Database System Concepts, 5 th Ed., June 2006

The where Clause ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],3.14 Database System Concepts, 5 th Ed., June 2006

The from Clause ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],3.15 Database System Concepts, 5 th Ed., June 2006 ,[object Object],select customer_name, borrower.loan_number, amount from borrower, loan where borrower.loan_number = loan.loan_number and branch_name = 'Perryridge'

The Rename Operation ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],3.16 Database System Concepts, 5 th Ed., June 2006 select customer_name, borrower.loan_number as loan_id, amount from borrower, loan where borrower.loan_number = loan.loan_number

Tuple Variables ,[object Object],[object Object],3.17 Database System Concepts, 5 th Ed., June 2006 ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],select customer_name, T.loan_number, S.amount from borrower as T, loan as S where T.loan_number = S.loan_number

String Operations ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],3.18 Database System Concepts, 5 th Ed., June 2006

Ordering the Display of Tuples ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],3.19 Database System Concepts, 5 th Ed., June 2006

Duplicates ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],3.20 Database System Concepts, 5 th Ed., June 2006

Duplicates (Cont.) ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],3.21 Database System Concepts, 5 th Ed., June 2006

Set Operations ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],3.22 Database System Concepts, 5 th Ed., June 2006

Set Operations ,[object Object],3.23 Database System Concepts, 5 th Ed., June 2006 ( select customer_name from depositor ) except (select customer_name from borrower) ( select customer_name from depositor ) intersect (select customer_name from borrower) ,[object Object],(select customer_name from depositor ) union (select customer_name from borrower) ,[object Object]

Aggregate Functions ,[object Object],[object Object],3.24 Database System Concepts, 5 th Ed., June 2006

Aggregate Functions (Cont.) ,[object Object],3.25 Database System Concepts, 5 th Ed., June 2006 ,[object Object],[object Object],select avg (balance) from account where branch_name = 'Perryridge' select count (*) from customer select count (distinct customer_name) from depositor

Aggregate Functions – Group By ,[object Object],3.26 Database System Concepts, 5 th Ed., June 2006 Note: Attributes in select clause outside of aggregate functions must appear in group by list select branch_name, count (distinct customer_name) from depositor, account where depositor.account_number = account.account_number group by branch_name

Aggregate Functions – Having Clause ,[object Object],3.27 Database System Concepts, 5 th Ed., June 2006 Note: predicates in the having clause are applied after the formation of groups whereas predicates in the where clause are applied before forming groups select branch_name, avg ( balance ) from account group by branch_name having avg ( balance ) > 1200

Nested Subqueries ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],3.28 Database System Concepts, 5 th Ed., June 2006

“ In” Construct ,[object Object],3.29 Database System Concepts, 5 th Ed., June 2006 ,[object Object],select distinct customer_name from borrower where customer_name not in ( select customer_name from depositor ) select distinct customer_name from borrower where customer_name in ( select customer_name from depositor )

Example Query ,[object Object],3.30 Database System Concepts, 5 th Ed., June 2006 ,[object Object],select distinct customer_name from borrower, loan where borrower.loan_number = loan.loan_number and branch_name = 'Perryridge' and ( branch_name, customer_name ) in (select branch_name, customer_name from depositor, account where depositor.account_number = account.account_number )

“ Some” Construct ,[object Object],3.31 Database System Concepts, 5 th Ed., June 2006 ,[object Object],select branch_name from branch where assets > some (select assets from branch where branch_city = 'Brooklyn') select distinct T.branch_name from branch as T, branch as S where T.assets > S.assets and S.branch_city = ' Brooklyn'

“ All” Construct ,[object Object],3.32 Database System Concepts, 5 th Ed., June 2006 select branch_name from branch where assets > all (select assets from branch where branch_city = 'Brooklyn')

“ Exists” Construct ,[object Object],3.33 Database System Concepts, 5 th Ed., June 2006 select distinct S.customer_name from depositor as S where not exists ( ( select branch_name from branch where branch_city = 'Brooklyn') except ( select R.branch_name from depositor as T, account as R where T.account_number = R.account_number and S.customer_name = T.customer_name )) ,[object Object],[object Object]

Absence of Duplicate Tuples ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],3.34 Database System Concepts, 5 th Ed., June 2006

Example Query ,[object Object],3.35 Database System Concepts, 5 th Ed., June 2006 select distinct T.customer_name from depositor as T where not unique ( select R.customer_name from account, depositor as R where T.customer_name = R.customer_name and R.account_number = account.account_number and account.branch_name = 'Perryridge') ,[object Object]

Modification of the Database – Deletion ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],3.36 Database System Concepts, 5 th Ed., June 2006

Example Query ,[object Object],3.37 Database System Concepts, 5 th Ed., June 2006 delete from account where balance < ( select avg ( balance ) from account ) ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]

Modification of the Database – Insertion ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],3.38 Database System Concepts, 5 th Ed., June 2006

Modification of the Database – Insertion ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],3.39 Database System Concepts, 5 th Ed., June 2006

Modification of the Database – Updates ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],3.40 Database System Concepts, 5 th Ed., June 2006

Case Statement for Conditional Updates ,[object Object],[object Object],3.41 Database System Concepts, 5 th Ed., June 2006

More Features Database System Concepts, 5th Ed . ©Silberschatz, Korth and Sudarshan See www.db-book.com for conditions on re-use

Joined Relations** ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],3.43 Database System Concepts, 5 th Ed., June 2006

Joined Relations – Datasets for Examples ,[object Object],3.44 Database System Concepts, 5 th Ed., June 2006 ,[object Object],[object Object]

Joined Relations – Examples ,[object Object],3.45 Database System Concepts, 5 th Ed., June 2006 ,[object Object]

Joined Relations – Examples ,[object Object],3.46 Database System Concepts, 5 th Ed., June 2006 ,[object Object],[object Object],select customer_name from ( depositor natural full outer join borrower ) where account_number is null or loan_number is null

Joined Relations – Examples ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],3.47 Database System Concepts, 5 th Ed., June 2006

Derived Relations ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],3.48 Database System Concepts, 5 th Ed., June 2006

View Definition ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],3.49 Database System Concepts, 5 th Ed., June 2006

Example Queries ,[object Object],3.50 Database System Concepts, 5 th Ed., June 2006 ,[object Object],create view all_customer as ( select branch_name, customer_name from depositor, account where depositor.account_number = account.account_number ) union ( select branch_name, customer_name from borrower, loan where borrower.loan_number = loan.loan_number ) select customer_name from all_customer where branch_name = 'Perryridge'

Uses of Views ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],3.51 Database System Concepts, 5 th Ed., June 2006

Processing of Views ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],3.52 Database System Concepts, 5 th Ed., June 2006

View Expansion ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],3.53 Database System Concepts, 5 th Ed., June 2006

With Clause ,[object Object],[object Object],3.54 Database System Concepts, 5 th Ed., June 2006

Complex Queries using With Clause ,[object Object],3.55 Database System Concepts, 5 th Ed., June 2006 with branch_total ( branch _ name , value ) as select branch _ name , sum ( balance ) from account group by branch _ name with branch _ total _ avg ( value ) as select avg ( value ) from branch _ total select branch _ name from branch _ total , branch _ total_avg where branch_total.value >= branch_total_avg.value ,[object Object],[object Object]

Update of a View ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],3.56 Database System Concepts, 5 th Ed., June 2006

Updates Through Views (Cont.) ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],3.57 Database System Concepts, 5 th Ed., June 2006

Null Values ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],3.58 Database System Concepts, 5 th Ed., June 2006

Null Values and Three Valued Logic ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],3.59 Database System Concepts, 5 th Ed., June 2006

Null Values and Aggregates ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],3.60 Database System Concepts, 5 th Ed., June 2006

End of Chapter 3 Database System Concepts, 5th Ed . ©Silberschatz, Korth and Sudarshan See www.db-book.com for conditions on re-use

The where Clause (Cont.) ,[object Object],[object Object],3.62 Database System Concepts, 5 th Ed., June 2006 select loan_number from loan where amount between 90000 and 100000

Figure 3.1: Database Schema branch ( branch_name , branch_city, assets ) customer ( customer_name , customer_street, customer_city ) loan ( loan_number , branch_name, amount ) borrower ( customer_name, loan_number ) account ( account_number , branch_name, balance ) depositor ( customer_name, account_number ) 3.63 Database System Concepts, 5 th Ed., June 2006

Definition of Some Clause ,[object Object],[object Object],3.64 Database System Concepts, 5 th Ed., June 2006 0 5 0 5 (5  some ) = true (since 0  5) ) = true (5 = some

Definition of all Clause ,[object Object],[object Object],3.65 Database System Concepts, 5 th Ed., June 2006 0 5 6 (5 < all ) = false 6 10 4 ) = true 5 4 6 (5  all ) = true (since 5  4 and 5  6) (5 < all ) = false (5 = all

Test for Empty Relations ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],3.66 Database System Concepts, 5 th Ed., June 2006

Figure 3.3: Tuples inserted into loan and borrower 3.67 Database System Concepts, 5 th Ed., June 2006

Figure 3.4: The loan and borrower relations 3.68 Database System Concepts, 5 th Ed., June 2006

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