2. 2
1 INTRODUCTION
The financial statement provides the basic data for financial performance analysis. The
financial statements provide a summarized view of the financial position and operations of a
firm. Financial analysis (also referred to as financial statement analysis or accounting analysis)
refers to an assessment of the viability, stability and profitability of a business. The analyst first
identifies the information relevant to the decision under consideration from the total information
contained in the financial statements. Therefore, much can be learnt about a firm from a careful
examination of its financial statements as invaluable documents and performance reports.
The analysis of financial statements is an important aid to financial analysis. They
provide information on how the firm has performed in the past and what is its current financial
position. Financial analysis is the process of identifying the financial strengths and weakness of
the firm from the available accounting data and financial statements. The analysis is done by
establishing relationship between the different items of financial statements.
The focus of financial analysis is on key figures in the financial statements and the
significant relationship that exists between them. The analysis of financial statements is a process
of evaluating relationship between component parts of financial statements to obtain a better
understanding of the firm‟s position and performance.
The first task of financial analyst is to select the information relevant to the decision
under consideration from the total information contained in the financial statement. The second
step involved in financial analysis is to arrange the information in a way to highlight significant
relationships. The final step is interpretation and drawing of inferences and conclusions. In brief,
financial analysis is the process of selection, relation, and evaluation.
3. 3
1.1 INDUSTRIAL PROFILE
1.1.1 NON-BANKING FINANCIAL COMPANIES (NBFCS)
Non-bank financial companies (NBFCs) are financial institutions that provide
banking services without meeting the legal definition of a bank, i.e. one that does not hold a
banking license. Operations are, regardless of this, still exercised under bank regulation.
According to Reserve Bank Amendment of Act 1997, A Non-Banding Financial Company
(NBFCs) means,
A financial institution which is a company
A non-banking institution which is a company which has its principal business receiving
of deposits under any scheme of arrangement or in any other manner or lending in any
manner
The non-banking financial sector in India has tremendous growth in recent years. NBFCs‟
attracted a large number of small investors since the rate of return on deposits with them was
relatively high. NBFCs are quite flexible sectors like equipment leasing, hire-purchase, housing
finance, consumer finance and so on, where gaps between the demand and supply of funds have
been high. The growth in number of NBFCs was facilitated by the case of entry, limited fixed
assets and absence of any need to hold inventories.
1.1.2 CURRENT SCENARIO OF NBFCS
The base of today‟s feebleness of Non-Banking Finance Companies can perhaps be
traced back to early nineties. The buoyant capital market, in the first flush liberalization
welcomed every issue with huge premiums and massive over subscription. This was the signal
for several unscrupulous promoters to set up high profile finance companies and raise money
from both the capital markets and through public deposits.
The Reserve Bank of India for its past, progressively relaxed its regulatory hold over
the industry and made it possible for the companies with little financial strength and even fewer
scrupulous to raise large amounts of money from an unsuspecting public. Hardly anyone knew
4. 4
or questioned how these moneys were deployed. Soon afterward, the stock market scam broke
claiming its first victim from the non-banking finance companies sector. With the capital market
in disarray, it was no longer possible for continue of fund flow, from investors who had burnt
their fingers in the stock markets. It was thus convenient fresh deposits. In July1996, the RBI,
perhaps the most sweeping changes in the non-banking finance companies regulation, virtually
pulled out all the stock, enabling companies to raise deposits with minimum number and more
significantly, removed the ceiling on interest rate.
At the point, when the government was faced with grim situation and responding to the
plea of the industry, the government set up a special task force headed by Mr. C.M. Vasudev to
recommend the steps for the orderly growth of finance companies while keeping investor
protection as its key priority. The committee in its final report recognized the important role
played by these companies and warned against the tendencies to tar all the companies with the
same brush. The silent recommendations of the Vasudev committee were
Review of minimum capital requirement of Rs. 25lakhs for registration purposes
Higher capital adequacy ratio for non-banking finance companies seeking public deposits
without credit rating
Preview of prudential norms with ceiling for exposure to real estate and capital markets
Differential ceiling on public deposit acceptance for companies with and without credit
ratings
A separate instrument to regulate and supervise non-banking finance companies.
1.1.3 ADVANTAGE OF NBFCs
1. Lower transaction costs
2. Higher rate of interest on deposits compared to banks
3. Quick financial decision caking
4. Customer orientation
5. Prompt provision of services
5. 5
1.1.4 RBI GUIDELINES FOR NBFCs
The nineties witnessed a dramatic increase in the number of NBFCs and it was thought
necessary to have a regulatory framework for NBFCs. RBI came out with set of guidelines for
NBFCs specifically aimed at protecting the depositors.
To encourage the NBFCs that is running on sound business principals, on July 24th
1996, NBFCs were divided into two classes,
i. Equipment leasing and hire purchase (finance company)
ii. Loan and investment companies
1.1.5 CATEGORIES OF NBFCs
i. Loan Companies
ii. Investment Companies
iii. Hire Purchase Companies
iv. Equipment Leasing Companies
v. Mutual Benefits Finance Companies
vi. Housing Finance Companies
Equipment leasing company – Any company, which is a financial institution, carrying on its
principal business. The activities of leasing of equipment of the financing of such activity.
1. Hire purchase finance company – A company, which is a financial institution, carrying
on its principal business, hire purchase transaction.
2. Investment Company – A company, which deals with acquisition of securities.
3. Loan Company – A company, which is a financial institution and carries on its principal
business of providing finance by any activities other than its own.
4. Mutual benefit finance company – A company, which is a financial institution. This is
notified by the central government under section 620 (a) of The Companies Act 1956.
6. 6
1.2 COMPANY PROFILE
Sundaram Finance Limited was incorporated in 1954 and has grown into one of the
most trusted financial services group in India and a part of TV Sundaram Iyengar and Sons group
of companies, one of India‟s largest industrial conglomerates and diversified industrial
conglomerate with principal base in Chennai and Madurai. Almost all the companies in the
group are privately held. The company was started with a paid-up capital of Rs.2Lakhs and
later went public in 1972.
1.2.1 FOUNDER OF THE COMPANY
The Company was founded by Sri. T. S. Santhanam. He has a rich experience in the
automobile and road transport sector for nearly six decades. He was the founder, Director and
First managing director of Sundaram Finance Limited and has served on various committees
constituted by the Central Government and Reserve Bank of India on various aspects relating to
growth and development of the Road Transport and Non-Banking Financial Companies.
The company has been rated as „MAA‟ by the ICRA signifying the highest number of
deposits. The Company mobilizes its funds from driver sources at competitive rates thus
achieving a reduction in overall cost of funds. The company gets its funds from the main sources
namely,
Deposits
Bank/Industrial Finance
Debentures
Commercial Papers
1.2.2 THE MAIN ACTIVITIES OF SUNDARAM FINANCE LIMITED
Deposits
Hire Purchasing
Leasing
7. 7
1.2.3 FIVE PILLARS OF SUNDARAM FINANCE LIMITED
1. Faith
2. Depositor‟s confidence
3. Institutional trust
4. Investor safety
5. Employee loyalty
1.2.4 CORPORATE PHILOSOPHY OF THE COMPANY
Truth and fairness guide the management of finance
Customer satisfaction through excellent service and reliability
Prudence and conservation in finance operations
Truth, honesty and efficiency in all dealings
Professional management with high standards of integrity
Full compliance with law and regulations.
1.2.5 OBJECTIVES OF THE COMPANY
Sundaram Finance was initiated with the sole objective of financing commercial
vehicles and passenger cars. Within a span of 55 years they have spread their wings to every
exposable area in the Non-banking finance sector. Sundaram Finance – Where Truth, Fairness
and Transparency guide the management of finance.
1.2.6 VALUES
A set of values have governed their growth over the years. Among them are transparent
in their business practices, dedicated customer service fair, efficient and safe financial policies.
1.2.7 STRENGTH
Support of the group companies.
Involvement of the directors on major policy matters.
High employee morale.
Good initial system for operation and control.
8. 8
Efficiency and sophisticated software system for decision support system.
Investor‟s trust and faith in the company.
Easy financing schemes for all cars – new and second hand cars.
Simple documentation, quick processing and speedy approval.
Customized schemes, personalized service.
Direct dealing between customer and company.
No hidden costs.
Tailor – made products to suit individual requirements.
1.2.8 SUBSIDARIES / GROUPS
Sundaram Finance
Sundaram BNP Paribas Asset Management
Sundaram BNP Paribas Home Finance Limited
Royal Sundaram Alliance Insurance
Sundaram InfoTech Solutions
Sundaram Business Services
Sundaram Finance Distribution Limited
Infrieght Logistics Solutions Limited
1.2.9 AWARDS RECEIVED
„Certificate of Commendation‟ award by the Government of India under the scheme of
“Good Tax Payers”.
“Second Best Tax Payer” in the category of Private Sector Company for Assessment
Year 1994-95 in Tamil Nadu Region, from the Income Tax Department, Tamil Nadu.
„Rolling Trophy‟ by Rotary Club of Madras South West for Best Employer-Employee
Relationship for the year 1995-96.
“Best Tax Payer” in the category of Private Sector Company for Assessment Year 1995-
96 in Tamil Nadu Region, from the Income Tax Department, Tamil Nadu.
9. 9
“Automan Award” to Shri T S Santhanam, Chairman, from Motor India in 1998.
“Pioneering Service Award” to Shri T S Santhanam Chairman, from Chennai Good
Transport Association.
“Sarige Ratna Award” to Shri T S Santhanam, Chairman, from the Bangalore City
Lorry Transporting Agents‟ Association (Regd).
“Most Valued Customer Award” to Shri T S Santhanam Chairman, from the State
Bank of India.
“The Best Financier of the New Millennium 2000” to Shri. G K Raman, Managing
Director, from the All India Motor Transport Congress.
11. 11
NEED, OBJECTIVES AND SCOPE OF THE STUDY
2.1 NEED FOR THE STUDY
The Financial Statements are mirror which reflects the financial position and strengths or
weakness of the concern. The Non- Banking Financial Company has been witnessed intense
competition from domestic banks and international banks. Every business needs to view the
financial performance analysis.
The study on effectiveness of operational and financial performance of Sundaram finance
limited is conducted to measure the overall performance of company. The financial analysis
strengths the firms to make their best use, and to be able to spot out financial weakness of the
firm to state suitable corrective actions.
This study aims at analyzing the overall financial performance of the company by using
various financial tools like Comparative Analysis, common size statement analysis, Ratio
Analysis, and Cash Flow Analysis.
12. 12
2.2 OBJECTIVES OF THE STUDY
2.2.1 PRIMARY OBJECTIVE:
o To study the financial performance analysis of Sundaram Finance Limited,
Chennai.
2.2.2 SECONDARY OBJECTIVES:
o To compare and analyze the financial statements for the past three financial years
(2008,2009 and 2010)
o To know the profitability, liquidity and solvency position of Sundaram finance
limited.
o To compare and interpret financial statements of the Sundaram Finance Limited
with comparative and common-size statement analysis.
o To forecast the annual growth rate of income of the company with the help of
regression analysis.
o To provide suggestions for improving the overall finance performance of the
company.
13. 13
2.3 SCOPE OF THE STUDY
The study is based on the accounting information of the SUNDARAM FINANCE
LIMITED, CHENNAI. The study covers the period of 2008-2010 for analyzing the financial
statement such as income statements and balance sheet.
The scope of the study involves the various factors that affect the financial efficiency
of the company. To increase the profit and sales growth of the company. This study finds out the
operational efficiency of the organization and allocation of resources to improve the efficiency of
the organization.
The data of the past three years are taken into account for the study. The performance
is compared within those periods. This study finds out the areas where Sundaram Finance Ltd
can improve to increase the efficiency of its assets and funds employed.
15. 15
3 LITERATURE REVIEW
3.1 REVIEW OF LITERATURE
Literature Review was done by referring previous studies, articles and books to know
the areas of study and analyze the gap or study not done so far. There are various studies were
conducted relating to operational performance of the company from which most relevant
literatures were reviewed.
Kennedy and Muller (1999), has explained that “The analysis and interpretation of financial
statements are an attempt to determine the significance and meaning of financial statements data
so that the forecast may be made of the prospects for future earnings, ability to pay interest and
debt maturines (both current and long term) and profitability and sound dividend policy.”
T.S.Reddy and Y. Hari Prasad Reddy (2009), have stated that “The statement disclosing status
of investments is known as balance sheet and the statement showing the result is known as profit
and loss account”
Peeler J. Patsula (2006), he define that a sound business analysis tells others a lot about good
sense and understanding of the difficulties that a company will face. We have to make sure that
people know exactly how we arrived to the final financial positions. We have to show the
calculation but we have to avoid anything that is too mathematical. A business performance
analysis indicates the further growth and the expansion. It gives a physiological advantage to the
employees and also a planning advantage.
I.M.Pandey (2007), had stated that the financial statements contain information about the
financial consequences and sources and uses of financial resources, one should be able to say
whether the financial condition of a firm is good or bad; whether it is improving or deteriorating.
One can relate the financial variables given in financial statements in a meaningful way which
will suggest the actions which one may have to initiate to improve the firm‟s financial condition.
Chidambaram Rameshkumar & Dr. N. Anbumani (2006), he argue that Ratio Analysis
enables the business owner/manager to spot trends in a business and to compare its performance
16. 16
and condition with the average performance of similar businesses in the same
industry. To do this compare your ratios with the average of businesses similar to yours and
compare your own ratios for several successive years, watching especially for any unfavorable
trends that may be starting. Ratio analysis may provide the all-important early warning
indications that allow you to solve your business problems before your business is destroyed by
them.
Jae K.Shim & Joel G.Siegel (1999), had explained that the financial statement of an enterprise
present the raw data of its assets, liabilities and equities in the balance sheet and its revenue and
expenses in the income statement. Without subjecting these to data analysis, many fallacious
conclusions might be drawn concerning the financial condition of the enterprise. Financial
statement analysis is undertaken by creditors, investors and other financial statement users in
order to determine the credit worthiness and earning potential of an entity.
Susan Ward (2008), emphasis that financial analysis using ratios between key values help
investors cope with the massive amount of numbers in company financial statements. For
example, they can compute the percentage of net profit a company is generating on the funds it
has deployed. All other things remaining the same, a company that earns a higher percentage of
profit compared to other companies is a better investment option.
M Y Khan & P K Jain (2011), have explained that the Financial statements provide a
summarized view of the financial position and operations of a firm. Therefore, much can be
learnt about a firm from a careful examination of its financial statements as invaluable
documents / performance reports. The analysis of financial statements is, thus, an important aid
to financial analysis.
Elizabeth Duncan and Elliott (2004), had stated that the paper in the title of efficiency,
customer service and financing performance among Australian financial institutions showed that
all financial performance measures as interest margin, return on assets, and capital adequacy are
positively correlated with customer service quality scores.
Jonas Elmerraji (2005), tries to say that ratios can be an invaluable tool for making an
investment decision. Even so, many new investors would rather leave their decisions to fate than
17. 17
try to deal with the intimidation of financial ratios. The truth is that ratios aren't that intimidating,
even if you don't have a degree in business or finance. Using ratios to make informed decisions
about an investment makes a lot of sense, once you know how use them.
Carlos Correia (2007), had explained that any analysis of the firm, whether by management,
investors, or other interested parties, must include an examination of the company‟s financial
data. The most obvious and readily available source of this information is the firm‟s annual
report. The financial statements shall, in conformity with generally accepted accounting practice,
fairly present the state of the affairs of the company and the results of operations for the financial
year.
Greninger et al.(1996), identified and refined financial ratios using a Delphi study in the areas
of liquidity, savings, asset allocation, inflation protection, tax burden, housing expenses and,
insolvency. Based on the Delphi findings, they proposed a profile of financial well-being for the
typical family and individual.
Rachchh Minaxi A (2011), have suggested that the financial statement analysis involves
analyzing the financial statements to extract information that can facilitate decision making. It is
the process of evaluating the relationship between component parts of the financial statements to
obtain a better understanding of an entity‟s position and performance.
Salmi, T. and T. Martikainen (1994), in his "A review of the theoretical and empirical basis of
financial ratio analysis", has suggested that A systematic framework of financial statement
analysis along with the observed separate research trends might be useful for furthering the
development of research. If the research results in financial ratio analysis are to be useful for the
decision makers, the results must be theoretically consistent and empirically generalizable.
John J.Wild, K.R.Subramanyam & Robert F.Halsey (2006), have said that the financial
statement analysis is the application of analytical tools and techniques to general-purpose
financial statements and related data to derive estimates and inferences useful in business
analysis. Financial statement analysis reduces reliance on hunches, guesses, and intuition for
business decisions. It decreases the uncertainty of business analysis.
19. 19
4. RESEARCH METHODOLOGY
Research can be defined as “A Scientific and Systemic Search for pertinent
information on a specific topic”. Therefore, research could be understood as an organized
activity with specific objectives on a problem or issues supported by compilation of related data
and facts, involving application of relevant tools of analysis and deriving logically on originality.
4.1 RESEARCH DESIGN
Research Design is the arrangement of condition for collection and analysis of data in
manner that aims to combine relevance to the research purpose with the economy in procedure.
Research Design is important primarily because of the increased complexity in the market as
well as marketing approaches available to the researchers. A research design specifies the
methods and procedures for conducting a particular study.
4.2 TYPE OF RESEARCH
ANALYTICAL RESEARCH
In this type of research has to use facts or information already available, and analyze
these to make a critical evaluation of the material. The researcher depends on existing data for
his research work. The analysis revolves round the material collected or available.
4.3 SOURCE OF DATA
SECONDARY DATA
Secondary Data refers to the information or facts already collected such data are collected with
the objectives of understanding the past status of any variable or the data collected and reported
by some source is accessed and used for the objective of a study. Normally in research, the
scholars collect published data, journals, annual reports and websites.
20. 20
4.4 TOOLS USED FOR ANALYSIS
(1) Ratio Analysis
(2) Comparative Statement Analysis
(3) Common-size Statement Analysis
(4) Cash Flow Statement Analysis
(5) Regression Analysis
4.4.1 RATIO ANALYSIS
A ratio is the process of determining and presenting the relationship of items and groups of items
in the financial statements. The ratios can be classified into the following types:
4.4.1.1 PROFITABILITY RATIO
Profitability Ratio measured as a ability to make maximum profit from optimum utilization of
resources by a business concern is termed as profitability.
o GROSS PROFIT RATIO
This ratio is also known as Gross Margin or Trading Margin Ratio. Gross Profit Ratio includes
the difference between sales and direct costs.
Gross Profit Ratio = ( Gross Profit / Net Sales ) * 100
o NET PROFIT RATIO
It measures of management efficiency in operating the business successfully from the owner‟s
point of view. Higher the ratio better is the operational efficiency of business concern.
Net Profit Ratio = ( Net Profit After Tax / Net Sales ) * 100
21. 21
o RETURN ON EQUITY OR RETURN ON NET WORTH
This ratio signifies the return on equity shareholders funds. The profit considered for computing
the ratio is taken after payment of preference dividend.
Return on Equity = ( Net Profit After Interest And Tax / Shareholder’s funds ) * 100
4.4.1.2 ACTIVITY RATIO OR TURNOVER RATIOS:
Activity ratios highlight the operational efficiency of the business concern. The term operational
efficiency refers to effective, profitable and rational use of resources available to the concern.
o WORKING CAPITAL TURNOVER RATIO
Working capital ratio measures the effective utilization of working capital. It also measures the
smooth running of business. The ratio establishes relationship between cost of sales and working
capital.
Working Capital Turnover Ratio = ( Sales / Net Working Capital )
o CAPITAL TURNOVER RATIO
Managerial efficiency is also calculated by establishing the relationship between cost of sales or
sales with the amount of capital invested in the business.
Capital Turnover Ratio = (Sales / Capital Employed)
o FIXED ASSET TURNOVER RATIO
This ratio determines efficiency of utilization of fixed assets and profitability of a business
concern.
Fixed Asset Turnover Ratio = (Sales / Net Fixed asset)
22. 22
4.4.1.3 SOLVENCY OR FINANCIAL RATIOS
Solvency or Financial Ratios include all ratios which express financial position of the concern.
The term financial position generally refers to short-tem and long-term solvency of the business
concern, including safety of different interested parties.
o CURRENT RATIO
In order to measure the short-term liquidity or solvency of a concern, comparison of current
assets and current liabilities is inevitable. Current ratio indicates the ability of a concern to meet
its current obligations as and when they are due for payment.
Current Ratio = ( Current asset / Current liabilities )
o DEBT EQUITY RATIO
The debt equity ratio is determined to ascertain the soundness of the long term financial policies
of the company and also to measures the relatives‟ proposition of outsider‟s funds and
shareholders funds investments in the company.
Debt-Equity Ratio = ( Total Long-term Debt / Shareholder’s Funds )
o DEBT TO TOTAL FUNDS RATIO
This ratio gives same indication as the debt equity ratio as this is a variation of debt equity ratio.
This ratio is the relationship between long term debts and total long term funds.
Debt to Total Funds Ratio = ( Long-term Debt / Total Funds)
o EQUITY TO TOTAL FUNDS
Equity to total funds explains the relationship between equity and total funds.
Equity to Total Funds = ( Equity / Total Funds)
23. 23
4.4.2 COMPARATIVE STATEMENT ANALYSIS
Comparative balance sheet as on two or more different dates can be used for comparing
assets and liabilities and findings out any increase or decrease in the items. Thus while in single
balance sheet the emphasis is on present position, it is on change in the comparative balance
sheet.
4.4.3 COMMON SIZE STATEMENT ANALYSIS
Common size statements indicate the relationship of various items with some common
items. In the income statements, the sales figure is taken as basis and all other figures are
expressed as percentage of sales. Similarly, in the balance sheet the total assets and liabilities is
taken as base and all other figures are expressed as percentage of this total.
4.4.4 CASH FLOW STATEMENT
Cash flow includes cash inflows and out flows - cash receipts and cash payments during a
period. A cash flow statement is a statement which portrays the changes in the position between
two accounting period. Cash flow analysis can reveal the causes for even highly profitable firms
experiencing acute cash shortages.
4.4.5 REGRESSION ANALYSIS
A fundamental and versatile research technique that seeks to explain an outcome variable
in terms of multiple predictor variables. This analysis reveals the nature and strength of the
relationship between each predictor variable and the outcome, independent of the influence from
all other predictors.
Regression Equation Y on X is given as:
Y = a + bX
Equations to find constants „a‟ and „b‟ are given as:
∑Y = Na + b∑X
∑XY = a∑X + b
25. 25
5 DATA ANALYSIS AND INTERPRETATION
5.1 RATIO ANALYSIS
5.1.1 PROFITABILITY RATIOS
5.1.1.1 Gross Profit Ratio:
This ratio is also known as Gross Margin or Trading Margin Ratio. Gross Profit Ratio
includes the difference between sales and direct costs.
Gross Profit
Gross Profit Ratio = X100
Net Sales
Table No 5.1.1 GROSS PROFIT RATIO
Years Gross Profit
(Rs.)
Net sales
(Rs.)
Ratio
(In %)
2007-2008 30289.71 90176.44 33.58
2008-2009 21971.03 108277.62 20.29
2009-2010 32347.63 118189.37 27.37
Chart No 5.1.1 GROSS PROFIT RATIO
INFERENCES:
The Gross Profit for the financial year 2007-2008 was recorded as per the ratio is
33.58%, where as the years between 2008-2009 went through a change in the ratio of 20.29%
and the companies profit went upward in 2009-2010 with the ratio of 27.37%. Thus, it is
showing the steady growth in the company profile.
0
10
20
30
40
2007-2008 2008-2009 2009-2010
RATIO(IN
PERCENTAGE)
YEARS
26. 26
5.1.1.2 NET PROFIT RATIO
It measures of management efficiency in operating the business successfully from the
owner‟s point of view. It indicates the return on shareholder‟s investment. Higher the ratio better
is the operational efficiency of business concern.
Net Profit after Tax
Net Profit Ratio = X 100
Net Sales
Table No 5.1.2 NET PROFIT RATIO
Years Net Profit
(Rs.)
Net sales
(Rs.)
Ratio
(In %)
2007-2008 21254.24 90176.44 23.56
2008-2009 15073.14 108277.62 13.92
2009-2010 22674.86 118189.37 19.18
Chart No 5.1.2 NET PROFIT RATIO
INFERENCES:
The Net Profit Ratio depicts that the company had a good profit in 2007-2008 where it
had a good yield profit. Comparing to the year 2008-2009 is 13.92%, the sales of the company
have a steady attitude and increase upwards to 19.18%. This indicates that there is an
improvement in the operational efficient of the business and it leads to the increase in the
profitability of the firm.
0
5
10
15
20
25
2007-2008 2008-2009 2009-2010
RATIO(IN
PERCENTAGE)
YEARS
27. 27
5.1.1.3 RETURN ON EQUITY OR RETURN ON NET WORTH
This ratio signifies the return on equity shareholders funds. The profit considered for computing
the ratio is taken after payment of preference dividend.
Net profit after interest and tax
Return on Equity = X 100
Shareholder fund
Table No 5.1.3 RETURN ON EQUITY
Years Net profit after
interest and tax
(Rs.)
Shareholder
Fund (Rs.)
Ratio
(In %)
2007-2008 21254.24 231280.81 9.18
2008-2009 15073.14 268538.97 5.61
2009-2010 22674.86 333318.07 6.80
Chart No 5.1.3 RETURN ON EQUITY
INFERENCES:
Return on shareholder fund determines the profitability from the shareholders point of
view. From the above, it shows that in the year 2008-2009, the company shows 5.61% of ratio
and it has risen to 6.80%. This is a clear indication of overall operation is efficient.
0
2
4
6
8
10
2007-2008 2008-2009 2009-2010
RATIO(IN
PERCENTAGE)
YEARS
28. 28
5.1.2 TURNOVER RATIO
5.1.2.1 WORKING CAPITAL TURNOVER RATIO
Working capital ratio measures the effective utilization of working capital. It also
measures the smooth running of business. The ratio establishes relationship between cost of sales
and working capital.
Sales
Working Capital Turnover Ratio =
Net Working Capital
Table No 5.1.4 WORKING CAPITAL TURNOVER RATIO
Years Sales
(Rs.)
Net Working Capital
(Rs.)
Ratio
(In Times)
2007-2008 90176.44 645733.44 0.13
2008-2009 108277.62 666319.18 0.16
2009-2010 118189.37 898497.54 0.13
Chart No 5.1.4 WORKING CAPITAL TURNOVER RATIO
INFERENCES:
A higher ratio is the indication of lower investment of working capital and more profit.
In 2007-2008, the sales of the company are low at 0.13 times but in the year 2008-2009, it gone
upward of sales to 0.16 times.
0
0.05
0.1
0.15
0.2
2007-2008 2008-2009 2009-2010
RATIO(INTIMES)
YEARS
29. 29
5.1.2.2 CAPITAL TURNOVER RATIO
Managerial efficiency is also calculated by establishing the relationship between
cost of sales or sales with the amount of capital invested in the business.
Sales
Capital Turnover Ratio =
Capital Employed
Table No 5.1.5 CAPITAL TURNOVER RATIO
Years Net Sales
(Rs.)
Capital Employed
(Rs.)
Ratio
(In Times)
2007-2008 90176.44 536009.27 0.16
2008-2009 108277.62 533288.26 0.20
2009-2010 118189.37 720052.92 0.17
Chart No 5.1.5 CAPITAL TURNOVER RATIO
INFERENCES:
In the year 2007-2008, the sales‟ comparing to 2008-2009 it is increased to 0.20 times and
it shows that efficient methods are adopted to use the capital employed. In 2009-2010, which
compares to the year 2007-2008 it indicates higher ratio of 0.17 times. The capital of the
company has utilized efficiently comparing to 2007-2008.
0
0.05
0.1
0.15
0.2
0.25
2007-2008 2008-2009 2009-2010
RATIO(INTIMES)
YEARS
30. 30
5.1.2.3 FIXED ASSET TURNOVER RATIO
This ratio determines efficiency of utilization of fixed assets and profitability of a
business concern.
Sales
Fixed Asset Turnover Ratio =
Net Fixed asset
Table No 5.1.6 FIXED ASSET TURNOVER RATIO
Years Sales
(Rs.)
Fixed Asset
(Rs.)
Ratio
(In Times)
2007-2008 90176.44 17264.30 5.22
2008-2009 108277.62 20241.05 5.35
2009-2010 118189.37 23237.80 5.09
Chart No 5.1.6 FIXED ASSET TURNOVER RATIO
INFERENCES:
Higher the ratio is more than the efficiency in utilization of Fixed Assets. Lower ratio
indicates the under utilization of fixed assets. From the above table it indicates in the year 2008-
2009, the sales have been increased comparing to the next year 2009-2010. And it‟s gradually
declining over the next year 2009-2010 for 5.09 times.
4.95
5
5.05
5.1
5.15
5.2
5.25
5.3
5.35
5.4
2007-2008 2008-2009 2009-2010
RATIO(INTIMES)
YEARS
31. 31
5.1.3 SOLVENCY OR FINANCIAL RATIOS:
5.1.3.1 CURRENT RATIO
In order to measure the short-term liquidity or solvency of a concern, comparison of
current assets and current liabilities is inevitable. Current ratio indicates the ability of a concern
to meet its current obligations as and when they are due for payment.
Current asset
Current Ratio =
Current liabilities
Table No 5.1.7 CURRENT RATIO
Years Current Asset
(Rs.)
Current Liabilities
(Rs.)
Ratio
(In Times)
2007-2008 56187.53 53034.57 1.06
2008-2009 68876.04 50360.94 1.36
2009-2010 166489.36 55084.13 3.02
Chart No 5.1.7 CURRENT RATIO
INFERENCES:
A high current ratio is an assurance that the firm will have adequate funds to pays
current liabilities and other payment. During the year 2009-2010, the current ratio is 3.02 times
and it is more when compared with previous year 2008-2009 is 1.36 times.
0
0.5
1
1.5
2
2.5
3
3.5
2007-2008 2008-2009 2009-2010
RATIO(INTIMES)
YEARS
32. 32
5.1.3.2 DEBT EQUITY RATIO
The debt equity ratio is determined to ascertain the soundness of the long term
financial policies of the company and also to measures the relatives‟ proposition of outsider‟s
funds and shareholders funds investments in the company.
Total Long-term debt
Debt Equity Ratio =
Shareholders Funds
Table No 5.1.8 DEBT EQUITY RATIO
Chart No 5.1.8 DEBT EQUITY RATIO
INFERENCES:
From the above table, during the year 2007-2008 the debt equity ratio is 4.13 times and it is
decreased to 3.62 times then it shows the uptrend from the year 2009-2010 as 4.47 times.
Suggest that the debt from the company has increased over the years with increase in shareholder
funds as well.
Years Long term debts
(Rs.)
Shareholders funds
(Rs.)
Ratio
(In Times)
2007-2008 431716.93 104292.34 4.13
2008-2009 418021.26 115267 3.62
2009-2010 588417.27 131635.65 4.47
0
1
2
3
4
5
2007-2008 2008-2009 2009-2010
RATIO(INTIMES)
YEARS
33. 33
5.1.3.3 DEBT TO TOTAL FUNDS RATIO
This ratio gives same indication as the debt equity ratio as this is a variation of debt
equity ratio. This ratio is also known as solvency ratio. This ratio is the relationship between long
term debts and total long term funds.
Long Term Debts
Debt to Total Funds Ratio =
Total Funds
Table No 5.1.9 DEBT TO TOTAL FUNDS RATIO
Years Long Term Debts
(Rs.)
Total Funds
(Rs.)
Ratio
(In Times)
2007-2008 431716.93 712389.16 0.60
2008-2009 418021.26 742843.84 0.56
2009-2010 588417.27 981013.79 0.59
Chart No 5.1.9 DEBT TO TOTAL FUNDS RATIO
INFERENCES:
During the year 2007-2008, the debt to total funds ratio is 0.60 times and it was
decreased. And in 2009-2010 again it had an increase in the company‟s sales comparing to
previous year 2008-2009 is 0.56 times to 0.59 times in 2009-2010.
0.54
0.55
0.56
0.57
0.58
0.59
0.6
0.61
2007-2008 2008-2009 2009-2010
RATIO(INTIMES)
YEARS
34. 34
5.1.3.4 EQUITY TO TOTAL FUNDS
Equity to total funds explains the relationship between equity and total funds.
Equity
Equity to Total Funds =
Total Funds
Table No 5.1.10 EQUITY TO TOTAL FUNDS
Years Equity
(In Rs.)
Total Funds
(In Rs.)
Ratio
(In Times)
2007-2008 104292.34 712389.16 0.14
2008-2009 115267.00 742843.84 0.15
2009-2010 131635.65 981013.79 0.13
Chart No 5.1.10 EQUITY TO TOTAL FUNDS
INFERENCES:
In the year 2007-2008, the total funds was Rs.712389.16 (in lakhs) and it shows
upward trend of Rs.981013.79 (in lakhs) and during the year 2009-2010 comparing to the year
2008-2009 is Rs.742843.84 (in lakhs).
0.12
0.125
0.13
0.135
0.14
0.145
0.15
0.155
2007-2008 2008-2009 2009-2010
RATIO(INTIMES)
YEARS
35. 35
5.2.1 COMPARATIVE INCOME STATEMENT OF SUNDARAM FINANCE LIMITED
FOR THE YEAR ENDED 31.03.2010
Particulars 2009
(Rs.)
2010
(Rs.)
Amount Increase /
Decrease during
2009-2010 (Rs.)
Percentage
Increase / Decrease
during
2009-2010 (In %)
Income from Operation
Less: Financial Expense
Gross Profit (A)
Other Income:
Profit on Sale of Shares
Other Income
Total (B)
Total Income
(A+B) = C
Expense:
Operating Expense:
Administration Expense
Establishment Expense
Provision
Depreciation
Total Operating
Expense (D)
Operating Profit
(C-D)
Non-Operating Expense:
Taxation
Total Non-Operating
Expense (F)
Net Profit (E-F)
108277.62
64544.09
43733.53
-
3199.28
3199.28
46932.81
7160.91
9407.97
4616.80
3776.10
24961.78
21971.03
6897.89
6897.89
15073.14
118189.37
63379.55
54809.82
2538.90
4142.57
6681.47
61491.29
6042.27
10011.23
8608.59
4481.57
29143.66
32347.63
9672.77
9672.77
22674.86
+9911.75
(1164.54)
+11076.29
-
+943.29
+3482.19
14558.48
(1118.64)
+603.26
+3991.79
+705.47
+4181.88
+10376.6
+2774.88
+2774.88
+7601.72
+9.15
(1.80)
+25.33
-
+29.48
+108.84
+134.17
(15.62)
+6.41
+86.46
+18.68
+16.75
+47.23
+40.23
+40.23
+50.43
36. 36
INFERENCES:
The comparative income statement shows income from operation amount increase during
the year 2009-2010 was Rs.9911.75 and increase in percentage of 9.15.
For the year 2009-2010, the total income indicates Rs.14558.48 and percentage increase
during the year 2009-2010 was 134.17.
The operating profit has been increased is Rs.32347.63 in the year 2010 which is
comparing to the previous year was Rs.21971.03 and the percentage shows increase by 47.23.
The Net profit amount increases during 2009-2010 is Rs. 7601.72 and shows percentage
increase by 50.43.
37. 37
5.2.2 COMPARATIVE BALANCE SHEET OF SUNDARAM FINANCE LIMITED FOR
THE YEAR ENDED 31.03.2010
Particulars
2009
(Rs.)
2010
(Rs.)
Amount Increase /
Decrease during
2009-2010
(Rs.)
Percentage
Increase /
Decrease during
2009-2010 (In %)
Assets:
Current Assets
Loans & Advance
Deferred Tax Asset
Investment
Fixed Asset
Total Asset
Liabilities and
Capital:
Current Liability
Unsecured Loan
Secured Loan
Total Liabilities
(A)
Capital and
Reserve:
Share Capital
Reserve & Stock
Options
Total
Shareholders
Funds (B)
Total Liabilities
and Capital (A+B)
68876.04
653955.77
5691.36
51188.87
20241.05
799953.09
58478.77
208479.20
417728.12
684686.09
5555.19
109711.81
115267.00
799953.09
==========
166489.36
799363.96
6124.40
53744.80
23237.80
1048960.32
67946.53
260960.87
588417.27
917324.67
5555.19
126080.46
131635.65
1048960.32
==========
+97613.32
+145408.19
+433.04
+2555.93
+2996.75
+249007.23
+9467.76
+52481.67
+170689.15
+232638.58
-
+16368.65
16368.65
249007.23
=============
+141.72
+21.98
+7.61
+4.99
+14.80
+31.13
+16.19
+25.17
+40.86
+33.98
-
+14.92
+14.20
+31.13
=============
38. 38
INFERENCES:
In the year 2009-2010, the investment it shows the uptrend for the year 2010 as
Rs.53744.80 and it has increased by 4.99%.
Fixed assets has been increased was Rs.23237.80 in the year 2010 which is comparing to
the previous year and the percentage shows increase by 14.80.
During the year 2009, the shareholders fund amount to Rs.115267.00 it has been increased
to the amount of Rs. 131635.65 and percentage increased was 14.20.
Secured loans shows uptrend by Rs.588417.27 over the previous year of Rs.417728.12 and
increase in percentage of 33.98.
39. 39
5.3.1 COMMON SIZE INCOME STATEMENT OF SUNDARAM FINANCE LIMITED
FOR THE YEAR ENDED 31.03.2009
Particulars
2008 2009
Amount
(Rs.)
Percentage
(%)
Amount
(Rs.)
Percentage
(%)
Income from Operation
Less: Financial Expense
Gross Profit (A)
Other Income:
Profit on Sale of Shares
Other Income
Total (B)
Total Income
(A+B) = C
Expense:
Operating Expense:
Administration Expense
Establishment Expense
Provision
Depreciation
Total Operating
Expense (D)
Operating Profit
(C-D) = E
Non-Operating Expense:
Taxation
Total Non-Operating
Expense (F)
Net Profit (E-F)
90176.44
49699.52
40476.92
-
3199.28
3199.28
43676.20
7198.81
8821.90
3308.02
3012.19
22340.92
21335.28
9035.47
9035.47
12299.81
100
55.1
44.88
-
3.54
3.54
48.43
7.98
9.78
3.66
3.34
24.77
23.65
10.01
10.01
13.63
108277.62
64544.09
43733.53
-
3199.28
3199.28
46932.81
7160.91
9407.97
4616.80
3776.10
24961.78
21971.03
6897.89
6897.89
15073.14
100
59.6
40.39
-
2.95
2.95
43.34
6.61
8.68
4.26
3.48
23.05
20.29
6.37
6.37
13.92
40. 40
INFERENCES:
The operating profit of the Sundaram Finance Limited has been increased during the
year 2008-2009, the operating profit shows Rs.21335.28 in 2008 and Rs.21971.03 in the
financial year 2009.
For the year 2008, the establishment expense shows Rs.8821.90 and it has been
increased to Rs.9408.97 during the year 2009.
In 2008, provision is 3.66% and it indicates increase during the year 2009 was 4.26%.
The operating expenses incurred to the Sundaram Finance Limited during the financial
year 2008 which shows Rs.22340.92 and it has risen to Rs.24961.78 during the financial year
2009.
The net profit percentage recorded as 13.63 in 2008 where as in the year 2009 the
companies profit went upward with the percentage of 13.92.
41. 41
5.3.2 COMMON SIZE BALANCE SHEET OF SUNDARAM FINANCE LIMITED FOR
THE YEAR ENDED 31.03.2009
Particulars
2008 2009
Amount
(Rs.)
Percentage
(%)
Amount
(Rs.)
Percentage
(%)
Assets:
Current Assets
Loans & Advance
Deferred Tax Asset
Investment
Fixed Asset
Total Asset
Liabilities and
Capital:
Current Liability
Unsecured Loan
Secured Loan
Total Liability (A)
Capital and Reserve:
Share Capital
Reserve & Stock
Options
Total Shareholders
Funds (B)
Total Liabilities and
Capital (A+B)
56187.53
652655.00
4263.67
45645.50
17264.30
776016.00
63626.84
176379.89
431716.93
671723.66
2777.60
101514.74
104292.34
776016.00
==========
7.24
84.10
0.54
5.88
2.22
100
===========
8.19
22.72
55.63
86.56
0.35
13.08
13.43
100
===========
68876.04
653955.77
5691.36
51188.87
20241.05
799953.09
58478.77
208479.20
417728.12
684686.09
5555.19
109711.81
115267.00
799953.09
============
8.61
81.74
0.71
6.39
2.53
100
=============
7.31
26.06
52.21
85.59
0.69
13.71
14.40
100
=============
42. 42
INFERENCES:
The current assets have increased during the financial year 2009 is 8.61% which is
comparing to 2008 was 7.24% of the Sundaram Finance Limited.
There was an increase in fixed assets of Rs.20241.05 comparing to the year 2009. Higher
the ratio is more than the efficiency in utilization of fixed assets.
The current liabilities have been decreased to 7.31% of the total liabilities of the
Sundaram finance Limited during the year 2009. The current liability was 8.91% of the total
liabilities during the year 2008.
Reserves and stock options has been increased was in the year 2009 which is
Rs.109711.81 comparing to the previous year and the percentage shows increase by 13.71%.
During the year 2008-2009, the shareholders fund amount to Rs.104292.34, it has been
increased to the amount of Rs.115267 and the percentage increased was 14.40% in 2009.
43. 43
5.4 CASH FLOW STATEMENT OF SUNDARAM FINANCE LIMITED FOR THE
YEAR ENDED 31.3.2010
Particulars 2009-2010
(In Rs.)
(A)CASH FLOW FROM OPERATING ACTIVITIES
Net Profit
Add: Lease Equalization Account
Provision for Taxation (Including Wealth Tax)
Add: Financial Expenses
Depreciation
Provision against Investments
Provision against Non - Performing assets
General Provisions on Standard Assets
Employee Stock Option Compensation Expenses
(Profit) loss on sale of assets
(Profit) loss on sale of Investments
Interest / Dividend Income
Effect of Foreign Exchange rates on Cash and Cash Equivalents,
net
OPERATING PROFIT BEFORE WORKING CAPITAL
CHANGES
Increase in Net Stock on hire
Decrease in Leased assets - net of sales
Increase in Trade Bills purchased
Decrease in Net Investment in Lease
Decrease in Loans and Advances
Increase in Other Receivables
Decrease in Bank Deposits (net)
Decrease in SLR Investments - net of sales
Increase in Current Liabilities
Cash generated from Operations
Financial Expenses
Direct Taxes Paid
NET CASH FROM OPERATING ACTIVITIES (A)
B) CASH FLOW FROM INVESTING ACTIVITIES
Purchase of Fixed Assets
Sale of Fixed Assets
Purchase of Investments
Purchase of Investments in Subsidiaries/Joint Venture
Sale of Investments
Interest Received
Dividend Received
NET CASH FROM INVESTING ACTIVITIES (B)
226,74.86
(91.85)
96,72.77
322,55.78
633,79.55
67,08.38
(60,87.57)
15,44.60
(32.25)
(1465,04.17)
13.29
(1079,89.81)
(22,40.77)
32,87.01
(619,43.37)
(90,05.16)
956,35.33
45,80.23
1,44.64
4,79.98
31,61.69
23.28
34.21
(53,36.95)
(22,00.38)
0.18
965,22.21
(709,48.53)
(2257,27.61)
(15,38.40)
96.09
(12677,85.28)
(18,33.50)
12746,00.34
2.75
21,97.65
57,39.65
44. 44
C) CASH FLOW FROM FINANCING ACTIVITIES
Proceeds from Issue of Debentures
Debentures Redeemed
Increase (Decrease) in Long Term Borrowings
Increase (Decrease) in Fixed Deposits
Increase (Decrease) in Short Term Loans and Advances
Dividend paid (including Corporate Dividend Tax)
NET CASH FROM FINANCING ACTIVITIES (C)
D) Effect of Foreign Exchange rates on Cash and Cash
Equivalents, net (D)
NET INCREASE IN CASH AND CASH EQUIVALENTS
(A)+(B)+(C)+(D)
CASH AND CASH EQUIVALENTS AT THE BEGINNING
OF THE YEAR
CASH AND CASH EQUIVALENTS AT THE END OF THE
YEAR
COMPONENTS OF CASH AND CASH EQUIVALENTS
AT THE END OF THE YEAR
Current Account with Banks
Cash, Stamps and Stamp Papers on Hand
3475,75.18
(2686,00.00)
869,13.98
154,84.84
417,96.83
(53,51.34)
2178,19.49
(0.18)
(21,68.65)
48,39.35
26,70.70
13,50.13
13,20.57
26,70.70
45. 45
INFERENCES:
In the year 2009-2010, the operating profit before working capital changes show the
profit amount of Rs.96522.
The employee stock option compensation expenses of the Sundaram finance Limited
has shown 31,61.69 (Rs. in lakhs) during the year 2009-2010.
While the Net Cash from investing activities depicts Rs.5739.65 in the year 2009-2010.
There was a increase in net stock on hire during the financial year 2009-2010 of
67,08.38 (Rs. in lakhs).
The financial year 2009-2010 depicts the Net cash from financing activities amount of
Rs.217819.49 shows upward profit in the company.
Cash and cash equivalents at the end of the year were Rs.4839.35 it shows that the
company position in the year 2009-2010.
46. 46
5.5 REGRESSION ANALYSIS FOR SALES
Year X
Sales
Rs
( in Lakhs )
Y
XY X2
2008 ─1 90176.44 ─ 90176.44 1
2009 0 108277.62 0 0
2010 1 118189.37 118189.37 1
Total ∑x = 0 ∑y= 316643.43 ∑x y= 28012.93 ∑ X2
=2
∑ Y = N a + b ∑ X
∑ XY = a ∑ X + b ∑ X2
Y = a + b X
3 a + 0 b = 316643.43 --------------- ( 1 )
0 a + 2 b = 28012.93 --------------- ( 2 )
Solving ( 1 ) and ( 2 ) We get,
a = 105547.81
b = 14006.46
When X = 2, Y2011 = 105547.81 + 14006.46( 2 )
Y2011 = Rs. 133560.73 ( in Lakhs )
When X = 3, Y2012 = 105547.81 + 14006.46( 3 )
Y2012 = Rs. 147567.19 ( in Lakhs )
47. 47
INFERENCE:
The net sales during the year 2008 were 90176.44 (Rs. in Lakhs) which has been
increased to 108277.62 (Rs. in Lakhs) during 2009 which also raised to 118189.37 (Rs. in
Lakhs) during 2010.
The projection is made for the fore coming years 2011 and 2012 where the net sales
would be 133560.73 (Rs. in Lakhs) during the year 2011 and the net sales during the financial
year 2012 will be 147567.19 (Rs. in Lakhs).
49. 49
6 SUMMARY AND CONCLUSION
6.1 FINIDNGS
The Gross Profit Ratio shows that increasing in sales has maintained the companies profit
level. In the year 2008-2009, the percentage shows 20.29 it has been increased during the
year 2009-2010 to 27.37.
The net profit ratio has been increased to 19.18 during the financial year 2009 – 2010 to
13.92 during 2008 – 2009 which indicates that there is an improvement in the operational
efficient of the business and it leads to the increase in the profitability of the firm.
It has found that the return on equity during the year 2008-2009, the company shows
5.61% of ratio and it has risen to 6.80%. This is a clear indication of overall operation is
efficient.
The Working capital in the year 2008-2009, the sales of the company is low at
Rs.666319.18 and it is increased to Rs.898497.54 in 2009-2010. It measures the effective
utilization of working capital.
The capital turnover of capital employed in the financial year 2008-2009 it shows
Rs.533288.26 and during the year 2009-2010 it is increased to Rs.720052.92. It has
effective utilization of capital employed under the current year.
Fixed asset turnover shows increase in sales of Rs.118189.37 comparing to the previous
year of Rs. 108277.62 and the firm should maintain this increasing trend in future also.
During the year 2009-2010, the current ratio is 3.02% and it is more when compared with
previous year 2008-2009 is 1.36 %. So the short term liquidity of a concern, comparison
of current assets and current liabilities is inevitable.
50. 50
The debt equity ratio has shows 3.62% in 2008-2009 and it has been raised to 4.47%
during 2009-2010 which indicates that the company has increased over the years with
increase in shareholder funds as well.
It is found that the shareholders funds had increased by Rs.16368.65 over the percentage
of 14.20 in comparative income statement analysis. It determines the profitability from
the shareholders point of view.
The financial year 2009-2010 depicts the Net Cash from financing activities amount of
Rs.217819.49 shows upward profit in the company.
51. 51
6.2 SUGGESTIONS
The current ratio is improving rapidly so the company wants to keep an eye on the
current assets flow. The company has been suggested to reduce the expenditure as it increases
every year. Decrease in expenses will increase the profitability.
By over viewing the working capital turnover ratio it is clear that the company
wants to utilize its working capital efficiently that is the excess current assets should be adjusted
according to current scenario. Though the net profit shows it is increased but we found that the
net profit ratio has been decreased. So the company should consider increasing the sales in turn
to increase the actual profit.
The debt equity ratio of the company is also increasing. The company should focus
on the debt and long term funds which are utilized in the company. The excess cash flow should
or can be utilized in any new ventures if the company wishes to do.
52. 52
6.3 CONCLUSION
In the study of Financial Performance of Sundaram Finance Limited Chennai, it is
clear that the company‟s financial performance is satisfactory. The company has stable growth
and it shows a greater efficiency in all the areas it works.
If the company utilizes its working capital then the company can go heights which it
wanted to achieve. The comparative income statement shows increase in the current year of net
profit and it depict the companies current profit position. To improve the efficiency the company
will strive for better performance and increase the market share the company.
The suggestions provided through the study will help the company to improve the
operational performance efficiently. The suggestions provided through the study will help the
company to improve the operational performance efficiently.
54. 54
REFERENCES
Carlos Correia, David Flynn, Enrico Uliana & Michael Wormald, “Financial
Management”, 6th
Edition, 5.1 -5.34.
Chidambaram Rameshkumar, Anbumani N, “An overview on financial statements and
ratio analysis”,2006, Vol.1, p. 30
George Foster, “Financial Statement Analysis”, 2nd
Edition, 57 – 94.
Greninger et al.(1996), Fundamentals of Financial Management, 5th
Edition, 4.1-4.18.
Jae K.Shim, Joel G.Siegel, Schaum‟s Outline of Theory and Problems of Financial
Accounting, 1999, 279-298.
John J.Wild, K.R.Subramanyam & Robert F.Halsey (2006), Financial Statement
Analysis, 9th
Edition, 2-90.
Jonas Elmerraji, “Analyze Investments Quickly with ratios”, 2005, 33-36
Kennedy and Muller, “Analysis of Financial Statements”,1999, 1.3 – 1.34
Khan M Y & Jain P K, “Financial Management”, 4th
Edition , 2006, 6.1 - 6.81
Pandey I M, “A Management Guide for Managing Company‟s Funds and Profits”, 6th
Edition, 1 – 58
Peeler J. Patsula, “Successful Business Analysis”,2006, 18-19
Rachchh Minaxi A (2011), Introduction to Management Accounting, 3-88.
55. 55
Reddy T S & Hari Prasad Reddy Y, “Management Accounting”, 3rd
Edition, 2008, 3.9 -
3.25
Salmi, T. and T. Martikainen (1994), "A review of the theoretical and empirical basis of
financial ratio analysis", The Finnish Journal of Business Economics 43:4, 426-448.
Susan ward, “Financial Ratio Analysis For Performance Check”, p.132
Websites:
www.google.com
www.sundaramfinance.in
http://scholar.google.com
www.managementparadise.com
