1. Lecture # 1
INTRODUCTION TO PLANT ANATOMY

2. Introduction
Definition
• Plant anatomy –the study of the internal
structure of various parts of the plant
Applications of plant anatomy
• Taxonomic application
– e.g. problem plants
• Proper authentication of crude drug material
– For safety and quality to be maintained
– Morphology and anatomy of drug source is published
in British and English pharmacopoeias

3. Introduction
Applications of plant anatomy
• Avoids food adulterants and contaminants
Mango (Mangifera indica L)
Sambong (Blumea balsamifera L)

5. • ORENSIC APPLICATIONS
F
Forensic botany refers to the use of plant materials to help solve
crimes or resolve other legal problems.
The first botanical testimony to be heard in a
North American court concerned the
analysis of the wood grain of the ladder used
in the kidnapping of Charles Lindbergh Jr.,
and led to the conviction of Bruno
Hauptmann for the crime in 1935.
Xylotomist Arthur Koehler of the United States
Forest Service undertook a meticulous examination
of the ladder and when the case finally came to trial
four years later, offered the first botanical testimony
ever to be heard and accepted in American courts.

10. LIVING ORGANISMS The five-kingdom
system prevailed in
biology for over 20
years.
Prokaryotes Eukaryotes
Kingdom
Monera
Unicell/simple Multicellular
multicellular organisms
organisms
Kingdom
Protista
Autotroph Heterotroph
Kingdom
Plantae
Saprophytes Ingestion of
Kingdom other
Fungi organisms
Kingdom
Animalia

11. LIVING ORGANISMS
• uring the last three
D
decades, systematists
applying cladistic
analysis, including the
construction of
cladograms based on
molecular data, have
been identifying
problems with the five-
kingdom system.

12. WHAT IS A PLANT?
 A multicellular, eukaryotic, photosynthetic
autrotroph.
 With cell walls made mostly of cellulose
 Stored food in the form of starch
 Chlorophyll a directly involved in the
conversion of light energy to chemical energy
 Chloroplasts contain chl b as accessory
pigment

13. Kingdom Plantae
Non-Vascular Vascular
Bryophyta- Mosses
Hepatophyta-Liverworts With seeds Without seeds
Anthocerophyta-Hornworts (Phanerogams) (Cryptogams)
Psilotophyta
Lycophyta
Naked seeds Covered seeds Sphenophyta
Coniferophyta Anthophyta Pteridophyta
Cycadophyta
Ginkgophyta
Gnetophyta
Monocots Eudicots

14. Kingdom Plantae
Bryophytes (Mosses and allies)
 mall plants that lack true roots,
S
stems and leaves
 hey lack vascular tissue
T
 ater is necessary for the transfer
W
of sperm prior to fertilization
 ametophyte is dominant and
G
nutritionally independent

15. Kingdom Plantae
Bryophytes (Mosses and allies)
 Sporophyte is permanently attached to
the gametophyte and dependent upon it
for water and minerals
 Sex organs and sporangia are
multicellular and have an outer layer of
sterile cells
 Chlorophyll a and b and carotenoids are
present in the plastids

16. Kingdom Plantae
Bryophytes (Mosses and allies)
 he first true land plants, a cuticle is
T
present
 nfluential in soil development by their
I
participation in plant succession, assists
in preventing soil erosion

21. Kingdom Plantae
Non-Vascular Vascular
Bryophyta- Mosses
Hepatophyta-Liverworts With seeds Without seeds
Anthocerophyta-Hornworts (Phanerogams) (Cryptogams)
Psilophyta
Lycophyta
Naked seeds Covered seeds Sphenophyta
Coniferophyta Anthophyta Pterophyta
Cycadophyta
Ginkgophyta
Gnetophyta
Monocots Eudicots

22. Division Psilophyta (whisk fern)

23. Division Psilophyta (whisk fern)
 porophyte have scalelike leaves
S
(enations)
 o roots
N
 ichotomously branched
D
 erminal sporangia (synangium, plural
T
synangia)

24. Division Psilophyta (whisk fern)
 omosporous – with only one type of
H
meiospore
 ater is necessary for transfer of
W
sperm previous to fertilization
 oth sporophyte and gametophyte are
B
nutritionally independent

25. Division Psilophyta (whisk fern)
 Sex organs and sporangia are multicellular
and have an outer layer of sterile cells
• Genera: Psilotum, Tmesipteris

27. Division Lycophyta (club
mosses)

28. Division Lycophyta (club mosses)
• Sporophytes may be homosporous or
heterosporous (two kinds of meiospores)
• Have roots, stems and small leaves
• Single sporangia are borne on the upper
surface of leaves (sporophylls) which are
arranged in the form of a cone or
strobilus

29. Division Lycophyta (club mosses)
• Water is necessary for fertilization to
occur
• The sporophyte is dominant over
gametophyte
• Both sporophyte and gametophyte are
nutritionally independent

30. Division Lycophyta (club mosses)
• Sex organs and sporangia are multicellular
and have an outer layer of sterile cells
• Genera: Lycopodium, Selaginella

31. Division Sphenophyta
(Horsetails)

32. Division Sphenophyta
(Horsetails)
 Sporophytes have roots, stems, and
small leaves
 The leaves and branches are whorled
 The stem is hollow, jointed and contains
silica

33. Division Sphenophyta
(Horsetails) on stalked,
 Groups of sporangia are borne
umbrella-like structures, which are
grouped to form strobili
 Sporophyte is the dominant phase
 The gametophyte is small and both are
nutritionally independent

34. Division Sphenophyta
(Horsetails)
 Elaters are present on meiospores
 Water is necessary for sperm
transfer
 Sex organs and sporangia are
multicellular and have an outer
layer of sterile cells
 Genus : Equisetum

35. Division Pterophyta (Ferns)

36. Division Pterophyta (Ferns)
 The dominant sporophyte usually have
roots, stems and large leaves
 Leaves are typically compound and
uncoil as they develop (circinate
vernation)
 Roots are typically adventitious from a
horizontal rhizome
 Most are homosporous

37. Division Pterophyta (Ferns)
 The gametophyte is nutritionally
independent, like the larger sporophyte
 Water is necessary for fertilization by
swimming sperm
 Sex organs and sporangia are
multicellular and have an outer layer of
sterile cells

38. Division Pterophyta (Ferns)
 Sporangia are borne on the lower surface
of leaves or sporophyll
 Genera: Polypodium, Pteris, Adiantum

40. Kingdom Plantae
Non-Vascular Vascular
Bryophyta- Mosses
Hepatophyta-Liverworts With seeds Without seeds
Anthocerophyta-Hornworts (Phanerogams) (Cryptogams)
Psilotophyta
Lycophyta
Naked seeds Covered seeds Sphenophyta
Coniferophyta Anthophyta Pteridophyta
Cycadophyta
Ginkgophyta
Gnetophyta
Monocots Eudicots

42. Phylum Ginkgophyta
consists of only a single extant species, Ginkgo
biloba.
 as fanlike leaves that turn gold
h
before they fall off in the autumn.

43. Phylum Cycadophyta (Cycads)
 superficially resemble palms.
 plants are heterosporous
 Genus: Cycas, Zamia

44. Phylum Gnetophyta
 Traits are intermediate between
gymnosperms and angiosperms
 With vessels in xylem
 The ovules are surrounded by 2
integuments

45. Phylum Gnetophyta
 Pollen-producing structures superficially
resemble stamens
 Seeds naked; fruits absent
 Consists of three very different genera.

46. Phylum Gnetophyta
• Weltwitschia, from deserts in southwestern
Africa, have straplike leaves.

47. Phylum Gnetophyta
• Gnetum species are tropical trees or vines
(mainly climbing lianas), the leaves very
much like dicots

48. Phylum Gnetophyta
Ephedra (Mormon tea), shrub of the American
deserts with whorls of small deciduous leaves)
– .

49. Division Coniferophyta

50. Division Coniferophyta
 Have roots, stems and large leaves
 Leaves are usually evergreen needles or
scales
 Heterosporous (produce 2 kinds of
meiospores)
 Gametophytes are nutritionally dependent
on the sporophyte

51. Division Coniferophyta
 Wind pollinated; pollen tubes are
formed
 Genera: Pinus, Abies (Firs), Tsuga

52. Division Coniferophyta
 Conifer sporophyte
 All species of pines are trees
 Conifer wood has no vessels
 Typically with resin ducts
 With sieve cells and albuminous cells in the
phloem

53. Division Coniferophyta

54. Division Coniferophyta
Ovulate (Seed) Cones
 Develop at tips of young branches
 Two ovules, each enclosing a single
megasporangium, develops on the upper
surface of an ovuliferous scales
 An ovule consists of : outer integument,
nucellar tissue and the female gametophyte;
at one end are several archegonia

55. Division Coniferophyta
 Fertilization is achieved by union of sperm
with an egg; normally only one embryo
survive
 The mature embryo consists of several
cotyledons, radicle, epicotyl and hypocotyls

57. Division Anthophyta (Flowering
plants)
 Dominant sporophytes have roots, stems
and leaves
 Sporangia borne on stamens and carpels
 Seeds develop from ovules which are
enclosed by carpels

58. Division Anthophyta (Flowering
plants)
 The gametophytes are very reduced and
dependent upon the sporophyte
 Female gametophyte retained within the
sporangium
 Wind or insect pollinated
 Double fertilization occurs

59.  udicots- With 2 cotyledons, flower
E
parts in multiples of 4s or 5s, leaves
are net-veined, cambium is usually
present
 onocots- With one cotyledon,
M
flower parts in multiples of 3s; the
leaves are parallel-veined, a
cambium is usually lacking

60. • While most angiosperms belong to either
the monocots (65,000 species) or eudicots
(165,000 species) several other clades
branched off before these.

61. THE END