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Architectural Styles
 Evolutionary Tree




                   By: Dr. Yasser Mahgoub
May 17, 2008
Architectural Styles Evolutionary Tree
 May you be condemned to live in interesting times.
 A Chinese Proverb
 This is a brief coverage of the development of architectural styles throughout
 history using a timeline to provide a better visual overview.
May 22, 2008
Architectural Movements: Modern Architecture
          The Modern movement was an attempt to
          create a nonhistorical architecture of
          functionalism in which a new sense of
          space would be created with the help of
          modern materials. A reaction against the
          stylistic pluralism of the 19th century,
          believing that the 20th century had given
          birth to "modern man," who would need a
          radically new kind of architecture.         Le Corbusier   F. L.. Wright   Walter Gropius   Mies Van Der Rohe
May 22, 2008
Architectural Movements: Post-Modern Architecture
The postmodernist movement began in America around the
1960’s/70’s and then it spread to Europe and the rest of the
world. Postmodernism or Late-modernism began as a
reaction to Modernism; it tried to address the limitations of its
predecessor. Its list of aims extended to include
communicating ideas with the public often in a then
humorous or witty way. Often, the communication was done by
quoting extensively from past architectural styles, often
                                                                    Robert Venturi   Philip Jonson   Michael Graves   Cesar Pelli
many at once. In breaking away from modernism, it strived to
produce buildings that were sensitive to the context within
which they are built.
This trend became evident in the last quarter of the 20th century
as architects started to turn away from modern
Functionalism which they viewed as boring, unwelcoming
and unpleasant. They turned towards the past, quoting past
aspects of various buildings and melding them together to
create a new means of designing buildings. For example,
pillars and other elements of premodern designs were
adapted from Greek and Roman examples but not simply by
recreating them, as was done in neoclassical architecture.
Another return was that of the “wit, ornament and reference”
seen in older buildings in terra cotta decorative façades and
bronze or stainless steel embellishments of the Beaux-Arts and
Art Deco periods. In post-modern structures this was often
achieved by placing contradictory quotes of previous
building styles alongside each other, and even
incorporating furniture stylistic references at a huge scale.
Contextualism influenced the ideologies of the postmodern
movement in general. Contextualism was centered on the belief
that all knowledge is “context-sensitive”. This idea was even
taken further to say that knowledge cannot be understood
without considering its context. This influenced Postmodern
Architecture to be sensitive to context.
May 22, 2008
Architectural Movements: High-Tech Architecture
The high tech style emerged in the 1980s and remains popular. It
involves the use of the materials associated with high tech
industries of the 1980s and 1990s, such as space frames, metal
cladding and composite fabrics and materials. High tech buildings
often have extensive glazing to show to the outside world the
activity going on inside. Generally their overall appearance is light,
typically with a combination of dramatic curves and straight lines.
In many ways high tech architecture is a reaction against Brutalist
architecture, without the features of post-modernism.                  Sir. Norman Foster     Renzo Piano   Richard Rogers   Jean Nouvel




   London City Hall          Hong Kong Bank           Lloyd's of London                     Institut du Monde Arabe




      Millennium Dome                    Reichstag Dome                     Pompidou Centre                    Munich Stadium
May 17, 2008
Architectural Movements: Deconstruction
 Deconstruction is a school of philosophy that originated in
 France in the late 1960s, has had an enormous impact on
 Anglo-American criticism. Largely the creation of its chief
 proponent Jacques Derrida, deconstruction upends the
 Western metaphysical tradition. It represents a complex
 response to a variety of theoretical and philosophical
 movements of the 20th century, most notably Husserlian D. Libeskind   Frank Gehry   Peter Eisenman   Zaha Hadid
 phenomenology, Saussurean and French structuralism,
 and Freudian and Lacanian psychoanalysis. In her book The
 Critical Difference (1981), Barbara Johnson clarifies the term:
 "Deconstruction is not synonymous with "destruction",
 however. It is in fact much closer to the original meaning of the
 word 'analysis' itself, which etymologically means "to undo" --
 a virtual synonym for "to de-construct."
 In the 1980's a new tendency was born: the deconstruction,
 which was also called "new modern architecture" in its
 beginning. It was meant to replace post modern architecture.
 The new slogan was "form follows fantasy" analogous to the
 tradition formula pronounced by Sullivan "form follows
 function". In 1988 Philip Johnson organized an exposition
 called "Deconstructive Architecture" which finally brought
 these ideas to a larger audience. The idea was to develop
 buildings which show how differently from traditional
 architectural conventions buildings can be built without
 loosing their utility and still complying with the
 fundamental laws of physics.
 These buildings can be seen as a parallel to other modern
 arts, which also became more and more abstract, questioning
 whether a certain object is still art or not. Thanks to their
 significant differences to all other buildings, the deconstructive
 ones made clear to the observer, that architecture is an art
 and not just an engineering discipline.
June 4, 2008
Architectural Movements: Minimalism Architecture
Minimalism describes movements in various forms of art and
design, especially visual art and music, where the work is
stripped down to its most fundamental features. The term
Minimalism was coined as a means of describing the works by
protagonists of the American scene in the late Fifties and Sixties.
In the field of architecture, the term Minimalism was used to
connote the works of architects from profoundly different origins
                                                                         Tadao Ando     Luis Barrag‡n   Álvaro Siza      John Pawson
and cultural backgrounds, who had based their own work on a
                                                                      "Less is more“
reduction in expressive media, a rediscovery of the value of
                                                                      Ludwig Mies van der Rohe
empty space and a radical elimination of everything that
does not coincide with a programme, also with minimalistic
                                                                      “Clarity and comfort do not
design overtones, of extreme simplicity and formal
                                                                      depend on quantity but on an
cleanliness. Architect Mies van der Rohe adopted the motto
                                                                      absolute quality of space.
"Less is More" to describe his aesthetic tactic of arranging the
                                                                      John Pawson
numerous necessary components of a building to create an
impression of extreme simplicity, by enlisting every element
                                                                      "Gravity builds space, light
and detail to serve multiple visual and functional purposes.
                                                                      builds time, and gives reason
In minimalism, the architectural designers pay special attention
                                                                      to time. These are the central
to the connection between perfect planes, elegant lighting,
                                                                      questions of architecture:
and careful consideration of the void spaces left by the
                                                                      control of gravity and
removal of three-dimensional shapes from an architectural
                                                                      dialogue with light."
design.
                                                                      Alberto Campo Baeza               Pawson- Tetsuka House - Tokyo




Mies - Barcelona Pavilion               Siza - Home                       Ando - Historical Museum          Barrag‡n - Entrance
June 4, 2008
Architectural Movements: Critical Regionalism
Critical regionalism is an approach to architecture that strives to counter
the placelessness and lack of meaning in Modern Architecture by
using contextual forces to give a sense of place and meaning.
The term critical regionalism was first used by Alexander Tzonis and Liane
Lefaivre and later more famously by Kenneth Frampton. Frampton put
forth his views in "Towards a Critical Regionalism: Six points of an
architecture of resistance." He evokes Paul Ricoeur's question of "how to
become modern and to return to sources; how to revive an old,                   Jorn Utzon       Alvar Aalto   Mario Botta     K. Frampton
dormant civilization and take part in universal civilization". According
to Frampton, critical regionalism should adopt modern architecture critically
for its universal progressive qualities but at the same time should value
responses particular to the context. Emphasis should be on topography,
climate, light, tectonic form rather than scenography and the tactile
sense rather than the visual. Frampton draws from phenomenology to
supplement his arguments.
As put forth by Tzonis and Lefaivre, critical regionalism need not directly
draw from the context, rather elements can be stripped of their
                                                                                       Botta -                   Aalto - Finlandia Hall
context and used in strange rather than familiar ways. Here the aim is
to make aware of a disruption and a loss of place that is already a fait
accompli through reflection and self-evaluation.
Critical regionalism is different from regionalism which tries to achieve
a one-to-one correspondence with vernacular architecture in a
conscious way without consciously partaking in the universal.
Critical regionalism is considered a particular form of post-modern (not to
be confused with postmodernism as architectural style) response in
developing countries. It can be argued that the following architects have
used such an approach in some of their works: Alvar Aalto, Jørn Utzon,
Studio Granda, Mario Botta, B.V.Doshi, Charles Correa, Alvaro Siza, Rafael
Moneo, Geoffrey Bawa, Raj Rewal, Tadao Ando, Mack Scogin / Merrill
Elam, Ken Yeang, William S.W. Lim, Tay Kheng Soon, Juhani Pallasmaa,
and Tan Hock Beng.
                                                                                                 Utzon - Sydney Opera House
May 21, 2008
Architectural Movements: Sustainable Architecture
 The 1987 Brundtland Report, defined sustainable development as
 development that "meets the needs of the present generation
 without compromising the ability of future generations to meet
 their needs".
 Sustainable Architecture describes an approach to architectural
 design that minimizes sustenance or resource consumption so
 as to prolong the availability of natural resources. The real power
 of the concept of sustainability lies in its integration of economic,
 social, and ecological systems, previously studied and dealt with
 separately.
 What is a sustainable building?
 • Uses key resources more efficiently – energy, water, materials and
 land.
 • Reduces ecological loading – greenhouse gases, ozone-depleting
 substances, wastes.
 • Creates healthier environments for people - to live, work and learn
 • Has lower overall lifecycle costs




         Ballard Library & Neighborhood Service Center                   Solar Umbrella House   Westcave Preserve
July 1, 2008
Architectural Movements: THE NEW PARADIGM IN ARCHITECTURE
Charles Jencks
A new paradigm in architecture will reflect changes in science,
religion, and politics. one can discern the beginnings of a shift in
architecture that relates to a deep transformation going on in the
sciences - in time, permeate all other areas of life. The new
sciences of complexity - fractals, nonlinear dynamics, the
new cosmology, self-organizing systems - have brought
about the change in perspective.
We have moved from a mechanistic view of the universe to one           Daniel Libeskind
that is self-organizing at all levels, from the atom to the galaxy.    Imperial War Museum
Illuminated by the computer, this new worldview is paralleled by       North, Trafford , Manchester
                                                                       1998–2002
changes now occurring in architecture.
Several key buildings show promise - those by Americans Frank
Gehry, Peter Eisenman, and Daniel Libeskind. There is also a
vast amount of other work on the edge of the new paradigm by
the Dutch architects Rem Koolhaas, Ben van Berkel, and
MVRDV; or the Europeans Santiago Calatrava and Coop
Himmelblau; or those who have moved on from high-tech in
England, such as Norman Foster. These architects, as well as
those that flirted with Deconstruction - Hadid, Moss, and
Morphosis - look set to take on the philosophy. In Australia,          Rem Koolhaas, [OMA]
                                                                                                            MVRDV
ARM (Ashton Raggatt MacDougall) has been mining the territory          The CCTV Headquarters, to be
                                                                                                            Dutch Pavilion
                                                                       completed for the Beijing Olympics
for many years and another group, LAB, is completing a seminal                                              EXPO 2000 Hannover
                                                                       2008
work of the new movement, Melbourne's Federation Square.
Soon there will be enough buildings to all this is more than a
fashion, or change of style. The emergent grammar is constantly
provoking. It varies from ungainly blobs to elegant waveforms,
from jagged fractals to impersonal datascapes. It challenges
the old languages of classicism and modernism with the idea that
a new urban order is possible, one closer to the ever-
varying patterns of nature. One may not like it at first, and be
critical of its shortcomings, but second glance it may turn out to      LAB with Bates Smart                Santiago Calatrava
be more interesting, more intune with perception than the               Federation Square                   City of Arts and Sciences
incessant repetition of colonnades and curtain walls.                   Melbourne 1997-2002                 Valencia 1991–2000
To be completed!

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Architectural Design 1 Lectures by Dr. Yasser Mahgoub - Lecture Architectural Styles Evolutionary Tree

  • 1. Architectural Styles Evolutionary Tree By: Dr. Yasser Mahgoub
  • 2. May 17, 2008 Architectural Styles Evolutionary Tree May you be condemned to live in interesting times. A Chinese Proverb This is a brief coverage of the development of architectural styles throughout history using a timeline to provide a better visual overview.
  • 3. May 22, 2008 Architectural Movements: Modern Architecture The Modern movement was an attempt to create a nonhistorical architecture of functionalism in which a new sense of space would be created with the help of modern materials. A reaction against the stylistic pluralism of the 19th century, believing that the 20th century had given birth to "modern man," who would need a radically new kind of architecture. Le Corbusier F. L.. Wright Walter Gropius Mies Van Der Rohe
  • 4. May 22, 2008 Architectural Movements: Post-Modern Architecture The postmodernist movement began in America around the 1960’s/70’s and then it spread to Europe and the rest of the world. Postmodernism or Late-modernism began as a reaction to Modernism; it tried to address the limitations of its predecessor. Its list of aims extended to include communicating ideas with the public often in a then humorous or witty way. Often, the communication was done by quoting extensively from past architectural styles, often Robert Venturi Philip Jonson Michael Graves Cesar Pelli many at once. In breaking away from modernism, it strived to produce buildings that were sensitive to the context within which they are built. This trend became evident in the last quarter of the 20th century as architects started to turn away from modern Functionalism which they viewed as boring, unwelcoming and unpleasant. They turned towards the past, quoting past aspects of various buildings and melding them together to create a new means of designing buildings. For example, pillars and other elements of premodern designs were adapted from Greek and Roman examples but not simply by recreating them, as was done in neoclassical architecture. Another return was that of the “wit, ornament and reference” seen in older buildings in terra cotta decorative façades and bronze or stainless steel embellishments of the Beaux-Arts and Art Deco periods. In post-modern structures this was often achieved by placing contradictory quotes of previous building styles alongside each other, and even incorporating furniture stylistic references at a huge scale. Contextualism influenced the ideologies of the postmodern movement in general. Contextualism was centered on the belief that all knowledge is “context-sensitive”. This idea was even taken further to say that knowledge cannot be understood without considering its context. This influenced Postmodern Architecture to be sensitive to context.
  • 5. May 22, 2008 Architectural Movements: High-Tech Architecture The high tech style emerged in the 1980s and remains popular. It involves the use of the materials associated with high tech industries of the 1980s and 1990s, such as space frames, metal cladding and composite fabrics and materials. High tech buildings often have extensive glazing to show to the outside world the activity going on inside. Generally their overall appearance is light, typically with a combination of dramatic curves and straight lines. In many ways high tech architecture is a reaction against Brutalist architecture, without the features of post-modernism. Sir. Norman Foster Renzo Piano Richard Rogers Jean Nouvel London City Hall Hong Kong Bank Lloyd's of London Institut du Monde Arabe Millennium Dome Reichstag Dome Pompidou Centre Munich Stadium
  • 6. May 17, 2008 Architectural Movements: Deconstruction Deconstruction is a school of philosophy that originated in France in the late 1960s, has had an enormous impact on Anglo-American criticism. Largely the creation of its chief proponent Jacques Derrida, deconstruction upends the Western metaphysical tradition. It represents a complex response to a variety of theoretical and philosophical movements of the 20th century, most notably Husserlian D. Libeskind Frank Gehry Peter Eisenman Zaha Hadid phenomenology, Saussurean and French structuralism, and Freudian and Lacanian psychoanalysis. In her book The Critical Difference (1981), Barbara Johnson clarifies the term: "Deconstruction is not synonymous with "destruction", however. It is in fact much closer to the original meaning of the word 'analysis' itself, which etymologically means "to undo" -- a virtual synonym for "to de-construct." In the 1980's a new tendency was born: the deconstruction, which was also called "new modern architecture" in its beginning. It was meant to replace post modern architecture. The new slogan was "form follows fantasy" analogous to the tradition formula pronounced by Sullivan "form follows function". In 1988 Philip Johnson organized an exposition called "Deconstructive Architecture" which finally brought these ideas to a larger audience. The idea was to develop buildings which show how differently from traditional architectural conventions buildings can be built without loosing their utility and still complying with the fundamental laws of physics. These buildings can be seen as a parallel to other modern arts, which also became more and more abstract, questioning whether a certain object is still art or not. Thanks to their significant differences to all other buildings, the deconstructive ones made clear to the observer, that architecture is an art and not just an engineering discipline.
  • 7. June 4, 2008 Architectural Movements: Minimalism Architecture Minimalism describes movements in various forms of art and design, especially visual art and music, where the work is stripped down to its most fundamental features. The term Minimalism was coined as a means of describing the works by protagonists of the American scene in the late Fifties and Sixties. In the field of architecture, the term Minimalism was used to connote the works of architects from profoundly different origins Tadao Ando Luis Barrag‡n Álvaro Siza John Pawson and cultural backgrounds, who had based their own work on a "Less is more“ reduction in expressive media, a rediscovery of the value of Ludwig Mies van der Rohe empty space and a radical elimination of everything that does not coincide with a programme, also with minimalistic “Clarity and comfort do not design overtones, of extreme simplicity and formal depend on quantity but on an cleanliness. Architect Mies van der Rohe adopted the motto absolute quality of space. "Less is More" to describe his aesthetic tactic of arranging the John Pawson numerous necessary components of a building to create an impression of extreme simplicity, by enlisting every element "Gravity builds space, light and detail to serve multiple visual and functional purposes. builds time, and gives reason In minimalism, the architectural designers pay special attention to time. These are the central to the connection between perfect planes, elegant lighting, questions of architecture: and careful consideration of the void spaces left by the control of gravity and removal of three-dimensional shapes from an architectural dialogue with light." design. Alberto Campo Baeza Pawson- Tetsuka House - Tokyo Mies - Barcelona Pavilion Siza - Home Ando - Historical Museum Barrag‡n - Entrance
  • 8. June 4, 2008 Architectural Movements: Critical Regionalism Critical regionalism is an approach to architecture that strives to counter the placelessness and lack of meaning in Modern Architecture by using contextual forces to give a sense of place and meaning. The term critical regionalism was first used by Alexander Tzonis and Liane Lefaivre and later more famously by Kenneth Frampton. Frampton put forth his views in "Towards a Critical Regionalism: Six points of an architecture of resistance." He evokes Paul Ricoeur's question of "how to become modern and to return to sources; how to revive an old, Jorn Utzon Alvar Aalto Mario Botta K. Frampton dormant civilization and take part in universal civilization". According to Frampton, critical regionalism should adopt modern architecture critically for its universal progressive qualities but at the same time should value responses particular to the context. Emphasis should be on topography, climate, light, tectonic form rather than scenography and the tactile sense rather than the visual. Frampton draws from phenomenology to supplement his arguments. As put forth by Tzonis and Lefaivre, critical regionalism need not directly draw from the context, rather elements can be stripped of their Botta - Aalto - Finlandia Hall context and used in strange rather than familiar ways. Here the aim is to make aware of a disruption and a loss of place that is already a fait accompli through reflection and self-evaluation. Critical regionalism is different from regionalism which tries to achieve a one-to-one correspondence with vernacular architecture in a conscious way without consciously partaking in the universal. Critical regionalism is considered a particular form of post-modern (not to be confused with postmodernism as architectural style) response in developing countries. It can be argued that the following architects have used such an approach in some of their works: Alvar Aalto, Jørn Utzon, Studio Granda, Mario Botta, B.V.Doshi, Charles Correa, Alvaro Siza, Rafael Moneo, Geoffrey Bawa, Raj Rewal, Tadao Ando, Mack Scogin / Merrill Elam, Ken Yeang, William S.W. Lim, Tay Kheng Soon, Juhani Pallasmaa, and Tan Hock Beng. Utzon - Sydney Opera House
  • 9. May 21, 2008 Architectural Movements: Sustainable Architecture The 1987 Brundtland Report, defined sustainable development as development that "meets the needs of the present generation without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their needs". Sustainable Architecture describes an approach to architectural design that minimizes sustenance or resource consumption so as to prolong the availability of natural resources. The real power of the concept of sustainability lies in its integration of economic, social, and ecological systems, previously studied and dealt with separately. What is a sustainable building? • Uses key resources more efficiently – energy, water, materials and land. • Reduces ecological loading – greenhouse gases, ozone-depleting substances, wastes. • Creates healthier environments for people - to live, work and learn • Has lower overall lifecycle costs Ballard Library & Neighborhood Service Center Solar Umbrella House Westcave Preserve
  • 10. July 1, 2008 Architectural Movements: THE NEW PARADIGM IN ARCHITECTURE Charles Jencks A new paradigm in architecture will reflect changes in science, religion, and politics. one can discern the beginnings of a shift in architecture that relates to a deep transformation going on in the sciences - in time, permeate all other areas of life. The new sciences of complexity - fractals, nonlinear dynamics, the new cosmology, self-organizing systems - have brought about the change in perspective. We have moved from a mechanistic view of the universe to one Daniel Libeskind that is self-organizing at all levels, from the atom to the galaxy. Imperial War Museum Illuminated by the computer, this new worldview is paralleled by North, Trafford , Manchester 1998–2002 changes now occurring in architecture. Several key buildings show promise - those by Americans Frank Gehry, Peter Eisenman, and Daniel Libeskind. There is also a vast amount of other work on the edge of the new paradigm by the Dutch architects Rem Koolhaas, Ben van Berkel, and MVRDV; or the Europeans Santiago Calatrava and Coop Himmelblau; or those who have moved on from high-tech in England, such as Norman Foster. These architects, as well as those that flirted with Deconstruction - Hadid, Moss, and Morphosis - look set to take on the philosophy. In Australia, Rem Koolhaas, [OMA] MVRDV ARM (Ashton Raggatt MacDougall) has been mining the territory The CCTV Headquarters, to be Dutch Pavilion completed for the Beijing Olympics for many years and another group, LAB, is completing a seminal EXPO 2000 Hannover 2008 work of the new movement, Melbourne's Federation Square. Soon there will be enough buildings to all this is more than a fashion, or change of style. The emergent grammar is constantly provoking. It varies from ungainly blobs to elegant waveforms, from jagged fractals to impersonal datascapes. It challenges the old languages of classicism and modernism with the idea that a new urban order is possible, one closer to the ever- varying patterns of nature. One may not like it at first, and be critical of its shortcomings, but second glance it may turn out to LAB with Bates Smart Santiago Calatrava be more interesting, more intune with perception than the Federation Square City of Arts and Sciences incessant repetition of colonnades and curtain walls. Melbourne 1997-2002 Valencia 1991–2000