Morphology oral presentation: Question: Compound words, blends and phrasal words are formed through combining two free forms. What are the differences and similarities between them?

1. Compound words, blends and
phrasal words are formed through
combining two free forms.
What are the differences and
similarities between them?

2. COMPOUND WORDS

3. COMPOUND WORDS
 formed by putting two or more words together
 it results an invention of a new meaning
 can function as different part of speech
example : “carry over”
• This surplus will carry over to next season.
verb, open compound word
• The extra supplies were part of the carryover from the budget.
noun, closed compound word

4. 3 types of compound words :
 closed compound words
 open compound words
 hyphenated compound words

5. CLOSED COMPOUND WORDS
 formed when two unique words are joined together
 do not have a space between them
 examples:
• I love the fireworks on the fourth of July.
• Make sure you hold hands when you come to the crosswalk.
• The ocean was bathed in moonlight.
 others examples: football ; anybody ; everything ; inside ;
upside ; railroad etc.

6. OPEN COMPOUND WORDS
 have a space between the words
 a new meaning is formed when they are read together
 examples :
• Ice cream is my favorite dessert.
• There must be a full moon out tonight.
• The line at the post office snaked all the way out the door and
around the corner.
 others examples : middle class ; cave in ; real estate ; half
sister etc.

7. HYPHENATED COMPOUND WORDS
 connected by a hyphen
 examples :
• My mother-in-law is coming for a visit.
• Some over-the-counter drugs can have serious side effects.
 others examples : one-half ; merry-go-round ; well-being etc.

8. PHRASAL WORDS

9. PHRASAL WORDS
 mainly used in spoken English and informal texts
 consists of a verb plus a particle ( preposition or adverb )
 the particle can change the meaning of the verb completely
 examples :
• look up – consult a reference book (look a word up in a
dictionary )
• look for – seek ( look for her ring )
• look forward – anticipate with pleasure ( look forward to
meeting someone )

10.  Examples :
• ask around
• break down
• break into
• call on
• catch up
• check in
• blow up
• come apart
• cut down
• drop back
• figure out
• get on
• get together
• give away
• go ahead
• hang out

11. POSITION OF PARTICLE
 the particle is placed either after the verbs or after the object
 examples :
• write down the word.
• write the word down.
 if the object is pronoun, however, the particle has to be placed
after the pronoun (object)
 example : write it down.
pronoun

12. BLENDS

13. BLENDS
 parts of two or more words combine to create
a new word
 meaning is often a combination of the original
words
 also known as portmanteau word

14. 3 Types of Blends :
 Blends with overlapping
 Blends with clipping
 Blends with overlapping and clipping

15. BLENDS WITH OVERLAPPING
 shortening of the words
• slang + language  slanguage
• cartoon + tune  cartune “ musical cartoon ”
• insinuation + sin  in-'sin-uation “ insinuation of
sin ”

16. BLENDS WITH CLIPPING
 no overlapping
 one part or more is omitted
•
•
•
•
fan + magazine  fanzine
Europe + Asia  Eurasia
breakfast + lunch  brunch
agitation + propaganda  agitprop

17. BLENDS WITH OVERLAPPING AND CLIPPING
 created by using both overlapping and clipping
• motor + hotel  motel
• Hungarian + American  Hungarican

18. SIMILARITIES

19. SIMILARITIES
 composed of two free forms
 a new meaning is formed

20. DIFFERENCES

21. DIFFERENCES
1. Structural
Compound Words
Blends
May be single
Usually combined
words, hyphenated as one word
or separate words (rare occasions
with a:
• space
eg : docu drama
• hyphen
eg : egg-cellent )
Phrasal Words
Often separated
word with space.
No hyphen.

22. 2. Ways of forming
Compound Words
Combination of
two/more lexical
categories.
Blends
Phrasal Words
Action abridging and Combination of a
combination of
verb with a particle (
various lexemes.
Preposition or
Adverb)
Only draws upon
Not only words, can Only draws upon
complete words.
also come from non complete words.
Cannot combine with words.
a bound form.
1 Draw upon affixes
Eg. Demote
2 Blend splinters with
neo-classical
combining forms
Eg. Aquarobics

23. 2. Ways of forming
Compound Words
Compound verbs:
VV, NV, AV, PV
Compound
adjectives:
NA, AA, PA
Compound nouns:
VN, NN, AN, PN
Blends
Phrasal Words
Most of the blending Verb + Preposition
words are noun,
Verb + Adverb
such as:
Breakfast+
lunch=brunch
(n+n=n)
Slang+
language=slanguage
(n+n=n)

24. 3. Meaning
Compound Words
• Little need of
definition.
• Explaining
themselves in
much greater
detail.
• Endocentric
compounds which
the meaning is
predictable
• Exocentric
compounds which
the meaning is
unpredictable.
Blends
• The meaning is
predictable from
the component.
• Usually words
which used in
various
terminologies.
• eg :
prostate+ robot 
probot
Phrasal Words
• The particle
change the
meaning of the
verb completely.
• It is flexible as the
changes of the
meaning are
depended on the
particles, which
are preposition or
adverb.

25. References:
1. Fromkin, V., Rodman, R. and Hyams, N. (2011). An
introduction to language (Int 9th ed.). Canada:
Wadsworth Cengage Learning
2. Carstairs-McCarthy, A. (2002). An introduction to
English morphology: Words and their structure.
Edinburgh University Press.