1. Arctic National
Wildlife Refuge

2. What about the treaty?
In July of 1987, the United States entered into a treaty with the
Canadian government to protect the Porcupine Caribou herd in
ANWR because the herd was recognized as a "unique and
irreplaceable natural resource of great value which each
generation should maintain and make use of so as to conserve
them for future generations."

3. Natural Habitat?

4. Where will the people go?

5. History
• In 1923, the 23-million acre Naval Petroleum Reserve No. 4 was
established in northwestern Alaska to secure a supply of oil for future
national security needs, later renamed the National Petroleum
Reserve-Alaska (NPR-A).
• During World War II, the entire North Slope of Alaska - 48.8 million
acres - was withdrawn from entry under the public land laws and thus
held for exclusive use by the U.S. government for military purposes
• In 1957, Secretary of Interior Fred Seaton of the Eisenhower
Administration revoked the previous military withdrawal on 20 million
acres of the North Slope of Alaska to make it available for
commercial oil and gas leasing. This was in addition to the previously
established 23 million acre Naval Petroleum Reserve.

6. History Continued
• In 1960, Secretary Seaton designated 8.9 million acres of coastal
plain and mountains of northeast Alaska as the Arctic National
Wildlife Range to protect its "unique wildlife, wilderness and
recreation values."
• 43 million acres for multiple land uses including oil and gas
development, while the northeastern corner 1.5 acres was protected
for wildlife and wilderness conservation.

8. Cost/Time of Drilling
• $300 billion will need to be invested in ANWR oil development.
• Drilling for an onshore well of 10,000 to 12,499 feet increased from
$111 per foot drilled to $294 per foot drilled.
• Alaskan onshore drilling costs increased from $283 to $1,880 per
foot drilled in the same period
• Equipment must be fortified to withstand harsh Alaskan
conditions (more $)

9. Time of Drilling
• At the least 8 years, at the most 12 years until findings are sent
to produce oil into gas.
• 2 to 3 years to obtain leases
• 2 to 3 years to drill a single exploratory well
• 1 to 2 years to develop a production development plan
• 3 to 4 years to construct the feeder pipelines

10. •There is a 95% chance of finding 1.9 billion barrels (BBO) of economically
recoverable oil in the Arctic Refuge's 1002 Area
•5% chance of finding 9.4 BBO
•a 50% chance of finding 5.3 BBO
•Nearly 1 million barrels of oil a day are produced from the existing oil fields
in areas west of the Arctic Refuge, and new wells are brought into production
each year
•. Americans use 19 million barrels of oil each day, or 7 billion barrels of oil per
year. There is, therefore, a 50% chance of finding a 9 month's supply of oil in
the 1002 Area, at $24 per barrel

11. Nature Issues
• Eisenhower Administration established the original Arctic
Range in 1960 and said “one of the world's great wildlife
areas. The great diversity of vegetation and topography in this
compact area, together with its relatively undisturbed
condition, led to its selection as ... one of our remaining wildlife
and wilderness frontiers."
• Major effects were defined as "widespread, long-term change
in habitat availability or quality which would likely modify
natural abundance or distribution of species."
• Major restrictions on subsistence activities by Kaktovik residents
would also be expected
• Home to over 45 different specieies

12. Nature Issues continued..
• 60 miles west to Prudhoe Bay -- a gargantuan oil
complex that has turned 1,000 square miles of fragile
tundra into a sprawling industrial zone containing 1,500
miles of roads and pipelines, 1,400 producing wells and
three jetports.
• The result is a landscape defaced by mountains of
sewage sludge, scrap metal, garbage and more than 60
contaminated waste sites that contain -- and often leak
-- acids, lead, pesticides, solvents and diesel fuel

13. References
• www.snopes.com/politics/gasoline/anwr.asp
• http://debatepedia.idebate.org/en/index.php/Debate:_Oil_drilling_i
n_the_Arctic_National_Wildlife_Refuge#Should_the_United_States_C
ongress_allow_drilling_for_oil_in_the_Arctic_National_Wildlife_Refuge.
3F
• http://arctic.fws.gov/issues1.htm
• http://www.nrdc.org/land/wilderness/arctic.asp
• http://benmuse.typepad.com/arctic_economics/2008/05/the-us-
energy-information-administration-released-a-short-study-of-the-
economic-impacts-of-opening-the-coastal-plain-fo-the-arctic-
national-wildlife-refuge-anwr-to-oil-production-today-marianne-
lavellereports-for-the-us-news-and-.html
• http://articles.baltimoresun.com/2010-02-19/news/bal-
anwrletter0219c_1_natural-world-anwr-renewable
• http://arcticcircle.uconn.edu/ANWR/anwrint-
agreement.html