Tetanus is caused by a bacteria that enters the body through wounds. It causes painful muscle spasms. Symptoms include headaches, jaw cramping, and muscle stiffness. Treatment requires antibiotics, wound care, and drugs to control muscle spasms. The tetanus vaccine and boosters provide effective prevention. Rates are highest in hot, damp climates with organic soil. Down syndrome is a genetic condition where a person is born with an extra copy of chromosome 21. It causes intellectual and physical disabilities as well as health issues. Symptoms vary but may include heart disease, hearing loss, and intestinal problems. Early therapy can help improve skills. Risk increases with the mother's age. There is no known

1. Infectious & Noninfectious diseases
By Georgia O

2. Tetanus
 Affects the body's muscles and nerves.
 contaminated by a bacteria called Clostridium (found in soil,
saliva, dust and manure)
 Wounds caused by puncturing the skin, like a nail or needle
 Burns
 Injuries with dead tissue

3. Symptoms
 headaches,
 jaw cramping,
 sudden involuntary muscle tightening,
 painful muscle stiffness,
 trouble swallowing,
 jerking or seizures,
 fever and sweating,
 high blood pressure and fast heart rate.

4. Treatment
 Immediate treatment with human tetanus immune globulin
(TIG) (or equine antitoxin)
 Drugs to control muscle spasms
 Aggressive wound care
 Antibiotics
Prevention
 Having the Tetanus vaccine and tetanus boosters
 Immediate and proper wound care can prevent infection

5. Incidence
Tetanus notifications and hospitalisations, Australia, 1993 to 2007
Time does not affect how
tetanus is carried, as a
person can get an infected
wound at any time during
the year.
Those who are most likely
to be affected by the
disease include those who
have not had the Tetanus
vaccination, those who
haven’t had the tetanus
booster.
Tetanus can occur world
wide but more frequently in
densely populated areas in
hot, damp climates with
soil rich in organic matter.

6. Incidence
Tetanus notifications, hospitalisations and deaths,
Australia, 2002 to 2005, by age group
Age
group
(years)
Notifications
3 years
(2003–2005)
n
Rate
†
Hospitalisations
3 years
(July 2002–June 2005)
‡
§
n
()
Rate
LOS pe Deaths
r
2 years
admissi (2003–2004)
on
(days)
‡
§
()
Median
§
()
n
Rate
‡
0–4
0
0.00
0
(0)
0.00
(0.00)
0.0 (0.0)
0
0.00
5–14
0
0.00
1
(1)
0.01
(0.01)
n.p.
0
0.00
15–24
0
0.00
6
(4)
0.07
(0.05)
1.0 (1.0)
0
0.00
25–59
0
0.00
15
(9)
0.05
(0.03)
2.0 (2.0)
0
0.00
60+
11
0.10
44
(32)
0.43
(0.31)
12.0
(10.0)
0
0.00
All ages
11
0.02
66
(46)
0.11
(0.08)
4.5 (3.5)
0
0.00

7. Down’s Syndrome
 A condition is which a baby is born with any extra copy of
chromosome 21
 During pregnancy, if the female has down syndrome the
chance that the child will have condition increases.

8. Symptoms
 Every case of Down syndrome is different.
 Physical problems
 Intellectual problems
 Heart disease
 Dementia
 Hearing problems
 Problems with the intestines, eyes, thyroids, skeleton

9. Treatment
 Down Syndrome can not be cured, however,
 Early treatment is recommended to help to improve skills in
speech, physical, occupational and educational therapy
Prevention
 Doctors don't know how the additional chromosome is
created therefore don't know how to prevent the condition

10. Incidence
 Down’s syndrome is usually diagnosed during pregnancy or
during early year of childhood.
 Down’s syndrome is passed through genetically during
pregnancy. The older the woman is during pregnancy that
more likely the down’s syndrome gene will passed on the the
child (see table).
Maternal
age at
term
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
Risk of
Down’s
syndrome
1:1450
1:1450
1:1450
1:1400
1:1400
1:1350
1:1300
1:1200
1:1150
1:1050
Maternal
age at
term
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
38
39
Risk of
Down’s
syndrome
1:940
1:820
1:700
1:570
1:460
1:350
1:270
1:200
1:150
1:110
Maternal
age at
term
40
41
42
43
44
45
46
47
48
49
Risk of
Down’s
syndrome
1:85
1:70
1:55
1:45
1:40
1:35
1:30
1:30
1:30
1:25

11. References
Tetanus
 Kidshealth.org (website)
 Human Diseases (book) K. Sakker, C. Odlum, R. Garner
 Nlm.nih.gov (website)
Down’s Syndrome
 Kidshealth.org (website)
 Human Diseases (book) K. Sakker, C. Odlum, R. Garner
 Nlm.nih.gov (website)