1. The Scope Of Semantics
Class : 5B
Ayi Yulianty 112122058
Alifya Nurul Fauziah 112122076
Rizki Aryanti 112122079

2. Naming
• Language might be thought of as a
communication system with on the
one hand “the signifier”, and on the
other “the signified”.
• Signifier ----------- Signified
• a word the object in
• in the language the world that it
• stands for/ refers to/
• denotes

3. • Problems with this view:
 Words, then, are „names‟ or „labels‟ for
things.
 It seems to apply only to nouns; therefore,
it seems impossible to extend the theory
of naming to include the other parts of
speech.
 Adjectives : beautiful, handsome,
difficult, etc
 Verbs : run, think, swim, etc
 Others: prepositions, conjunctions,
pronouns

4. • Abstract Nouns ???
– e.g. love, hate, inspiration, nonsense
That is to say:
Words are not just names of things
Words are not simply names of the
objects of our experience.
• Even where there are identifiable
physical objects, the meaning is not
necessarily the same as its
denotation.

5. Scientific vs Common knowledge
• e.g. tomato vs apple?
One possible way working out the
problem:
• Some words actually denote objects
That children learn some of them
as labels.
The reminder are used in some way
derived from the more basic use.

6. • Bertrand Russell :
object word
• Learned ostensibly, by pointing at
objects
dictionary word
• To be defined in terms of the object
words.

7. CONCEPTS
• According to de Saussure, as we have
seen, the linguistic sign consists of a
signifier and a signified, these are,
however, more strictly a sound image
and a concept, both linked by a
psychological 'associative' bond.

8. Ogden and Richards saw the relationship
as a triangle.

9. Bloomfield (1933)
S ----------- r ……………s ----------- R
Stimulus------ words ----- Response,
this view shows that meaning is as a
description from a situation which
there are stimulus (S) that may
cause someone to say something (r)
and the response ( R) is an effect of
the words said by someone (s)

10. The definition of sense:
Sense is abstract and de-
contextualized, and it refers to the
inherent meaning of the linguistic
form.
Sense is concerned only with intra-
linguistic relations.
It is the collection of all the semantic
features of the linguistic form.

11. The definition of reference:
Reference is what a linguistic
form points to in the real world.
It deals with the relationship
between the linguistic element
and the metalinguistic world of
experience.

12. A- Sense many references
B- Reference many senses
C- Sense no reference
D- Reference no sense ***

13. The Word
The word is the product of naming.
There are two kinds of words :
• Full words, e.g : tree, sing, boy, like, etc.
• Form words, e.g : it, the, of, and, etc.
Look at the example below :
The boy likes to play.
The girl hates to fight.

14. Ullman made the distinction of the words :
• Transparent words :
Are those whose meaning can be
determined from the meaning of their parts,
e.g : Chopper, driver, etc
• Opaque words :
Are the words whose meaning can not be
determined from the meaning of their parts,
e.g : hammer, porter, spanner, etc.

15. There are a lot of terms appeared in
relation to the words and meaning.
Minimum free
form
Morpehemes
Phonaestethic Idioms

16. The Sentence
The sentence is the expression of a complete
thought.
English sentence will minimally have a subject
noun phrase and the verb phrase. E.g : birds fly.
There are two possible meanings in the
sentence :
• Meaningful sentence
• Ambiguous sentence

17. Sentence meaning
(written)
Utterance meaning
(oral)

18. More complex , there are other kinds of
meaning related to the sentence :
Prosodic and Paralinguistic
Irony ( says something
means another)
Intonation’s reference
A problem associated with
the sentence
Variety of social relation
(context)
Speech act