1. LYMPHATIC AND IMMUNE SYSTEM Presentation 6: By Yvette Gham

2. The lymphatic and immune system Consist of a network of lymphatic vessels, lymph nodes, spleen, thymus gland and tonsil. It collects excess fluid throughout and the body and returns it to the circulatory system. It assist the circulatory system in transporting substances throughout the body. It serves as the body primary defense system against invasion of pathogens.

3. Hodgkin’s Disease It is a type of lymphoma(cancer) originating from lymphocytes. It is named after Thomas Hodgkin who first described abnormality in the lymph system. It is characterized by orderly spread of disease from one lymph node group to another and the development of system symptoms. Treated with radiation and chemotherapy depending on age and sex.

4. The lymphatic system

5. Hodgkin’s disease Survival rate is high especially if detected earlier. TYPES It can be subdivided into 4 pathological subtypes based on Reed- Sternberg cell morphology Nodular sclerosing: it is the most common and composed of tumor nodules showing scattered lacunars. Mixed- cellularity subtype: it is composed of numerous RS cell admixed with numerous inflammatory cells like lymphocytes, histiocytes, eosinophilsand plasma cells without sclerosis. It

6. Hodgkin’s disease

7. TYPES It is associated with EBV infection. 3. Lymphocyte rich: It is rare subtype which shows many features which may cause diagnostic confusion with nodular lymphocyte. 4. Lymphocyte depleted: it is composed of a large number of RS cells with only few reactive lymphocytes.

8. Causes Specific cause is unknown or multifunctional. Risk factor include: Sex Age ,15-40 and over 55. Family history Weakened immune system Infection with HIV Prolong use of human growth hormones

9. Hodgkin’s disease

10. Hodgkin’s lymphoma, liver involved

11. Sign and symptoms Night sweat Weight loss Enlargement of one or more lymph node. Splenomegaly: enlargement of spleen. Hepatomegaly: enlargement of liver. pain,. Fever Red -colored patches

12. Hodgkin’s lymphoma

13. Diagnosis Lymph node biopsy Blood test Positron emission tomography(PET) used to detect deposits that do not show on CT scanning Gallium scan may be used

14. Management Radiation therapy and chemotherapy depending on age and sex.

15. Sarcoidosis Disease in which swelling or inflammation occur in the lymph node, lungs, liver, skin or other tissues. Symptoms Almost all patients have lungs and chest symptoms. Dry cough

16. Symptoms Shortness of breath Discomfort behind breast bone Abnormal breath sound Fatigue Fever Weight loss Join pain Skin rash

17. Symptoms Skin rash Skin lesion Hair loss Headache Seizure Enlargement of lymph glands, liver, spleen Dry mouth

18. Treatment Symptoms get better without treatment. Corticosteroids Immunosuppressive medication such as azathioprine. Cause It is unknown. In sac, clumps of abnormal tissue (granulomas) form certain organs of the body

19. Sarcoidosis

20. sarcoidosis

21. Causes Possible causes include: Excess sensitivity to environmental factor Genetics Extreme immune response to infection. test and diagnosis. Chest x-ray to see if lungs and lymph node s are involved CT scan

22. Test and diagnosis Lungs gallium(GA) scan Biopsies of different tissues to be done Lymph node biopsy Skin lesion biopsy Bronchoscopy to perform a biopsy Open lungs biopsy Kidney, liver and heart biopsy

23. Disease may also alter the result of the following lab test CPC. Chem-7 or chem-20. Quantitative immunoglobulin PTH Serum phosphorus Calcium- urine. Liver function test Calcium ionized

24. Complication. Osteoporosis Diffusion interstitial pulmonary fibrosis Pulmonary hypertension Fungal lungs infection Anterior uveltis Glaucoma Cranial or peripheral nerve palsies High calcium level Organ failure Kidney stones

25. When to contact a doctor. Difficulty breathing. Vision change Palpitation Other symptoms.

26. Kaposi’s sarcoma It is a tumor caused by human herpes virus 8(HHV8). Originally described by Moritz Kaposi practicing in the University of Vienna in 1872. Caused by viral infection. Classification HHV8is responsible for all variety of Kaposi's sarcoma

27. Classification Indolent disease: this is seen on men from the Mediterranean region and East European descent. Endemic Kaposi's sarcoma was later described from young African people from sub- Sahara Africa. Transplant related Kaposi's sarcoma has been described. It arises when an HHV8 infected organ is transplanted into someone who has not been exposed to the virus.

28. Classification 4. Epidemic Kaposi's sarcoma is an aggressive disease in AIDS patients. Types Classical Kaposi's sarcoma African cutaneous Kaposi's sarcoma African lymphadenopathic Kaposi's sarcoma AIDS associated with Kaposi's sarcoma Immunosuppression – associated with Kaposi's sarcoma

29. Signs and symptoms Lesions are nodules or blotches May be red, purple, brown, black and papular. May appear on skin, mouth, gastrointestinal tract and respiratory tract Treatment and prevention Blood test to detect antibodies against KSHV have been developed.

30. Kaposi’s sarcoma

31. Kaposi’s sarcoma

32. Kaposi’s sarcoma

33. Treatment and prevention Kissing is a risk factor. Lab test done on organs before transplant. Causes Interaction of HIV and weak immune system HHV8 POSSIBLE COMPLICATIONS Cough and shortness of breath Leg swelling that may be painful

34. Prevention Safe sexual practices can prevent HIV infection

35. References www.google.com Human anatomy and physiology by Marieb. 8th edition. Taber’s cyclopedic Medical Dictionary by F. A Davis company.