1. Presented by:
Raizza Corpuz

2. lo

3. Analytic philosophers
Bertrand Russell (1872-1970) Ludwig Wittgenstein (1889-1951)
Gilbert Ryle (1900-76)
Gottlob Frege (1848-1925)
Richard Rorty (1931-)

4. Gottlob Frege (1848-1925)
• wanted to put a rigorous logic at the heart of
philosophy.
• He was influential in the philosophy of
mathematics, logic and language.
• He thought that the basis for mathematics
could be securely derived from logic and that
a rigorous analysis of the underlying logic of
sentences would enable us to judge their
truth-value.

5. Bertrand Russell (1872-1970)
• combined Frege's logical insights with the
influence of David Hume's empiricism
• Russell thought that the world was composed
of 'atomic facts'. Sentences, if they were to be
meaningful, had to correspond to these
atomic facts

6. Ludwig Wittgenstein (1889-1951)
• studied under Russell, his early ideas
influenced the Vienna Circle and help form the
logical positivism of the 1920's and 30's.
• In his earlier work Wittgenstein saw language
as picturing the world, in his later philosophy
he understands language by using the
metaphor of a game.

7. Gilbert Ryle (1900-76)
• 'Linguistic philosophy', in the mid 20th century
• Linguistic philosophers such as Gilbert Ryle
(1900-76) thought many of the traditional
problems of philosophy could be dissolved by
the careful study of language as it is used.

8. Richard Rorty (1931-)
• By the 1970's there was a growing dissatisfaction with
linguistic philosophy, and philosophers began to show
more interest in the philosophy of mind and the
application of philosophical methods to wider issues in
politics, ethics and the nature of philosophy itself
• has used the methods of analytic philosophy to
deconstruct its assumptions. Rorty is influenced as
much by Heidegger as he is by Wittgenstein, and his
approach echoes the ideas of the post-structuralists. It
may be that the future will see the concerns of
'analytic' and 'continental' philosophies converge.

9. Analytic
• 20th century ,a style of doing
philosophy
• Is concerned with analysis –
analysis of thought,
language, logic, knowledge,
mind, etc;
• Is most evident in
methodology, that is, in a
focus on analysis or on
synthesis.
• try to solve fairly delineated
philosophical problems by
reducing them to their parts
and to the relations in which
these parts stand.
Continental
• Demarcates a group of
(primarily) French and German
philosophers of the 19th and
20th centuries
• is concerned with synthesis –
synthesis of modernity with
history, individuals with
society, and speculation with
application
• its concerns (more interested
in actual political and cultural
issues and, loosely speaking,
the human situation and its
"meaning"), more self-
conscious about the relation
of philosophy to its historical
situation

10. Bertrand Arthur William
Russell [3rd Earl]
(18 May 1872 – 2 February 1970)
“The good life is one inspired by love
and guided by knowledge.”
(What I Believe, 1925)

11. • He was a British philosopher, logician,
mathematician and historian.
• He was a prominent atheist, pacifist and anti-
war activist, and championed free
trade between nations and anti-imperialism.
• Russell was born on 18 May 1872 at the
Russell family seat at "Ravenscroft" in the
village of Trellech in Monmouthshire,
southeast Wales, into an aristocratic family

12. • John Stuart Mill the great Utilitarian
philosopher, was
Russell's godfather and, although Mill died the
year after his birth, Russell was influenced by
his work
• Russell died of influenza on 2 February
1970, aged 97, after suddenly falling ill while
reading at his home
in Penrhyndeudraeth, Merionethshire, and
Wales

13. As a PHILOSOPHER:
• most famous amongst philosophers for his
work on mathematical logic
• Begins with the treatment propositions called
analysis
• They continued together with Wittgenstein a
fascinating approach to be philosophical
language, followed by the school of logical
positivism with its concern with the problem
of meaning as empirical verifiability

14. • As a young man however he abandoned the
basic beliefs of religion namely freewill,
immortality and God
• He rejected Hegelianism and every kind of
idealism
• philosophy should be scientific and perhaps
even more rigorous than the sciences
themselves,
ANALYSIS OF EMPIRICAL DATA
--- analysis of things as they are given in
experience

15. • FACTS---sense data are realities, they are
trans-subjective things of the outside world
are not given to us directly they are given to
us through their properties and their relations
to each other
• we therefore can not infer the existence of
either not known empirically to exist and mind
constructs logical relations with in the sense
field in which facts are given

16. Empiricist
To be cognitive meaningful, a principle must be
testable by empirical sensible

17. LANGUAGE
• the most fruitful source of logical construction
• it is by the analysis of language that we are
brought to a knowledge of the reality beyond it
• there is some kind of connection between the
way the mind works and the way reality is or
between " the laws of syntax and the laws of
physics“
1. laws of syntax- language
2. laws of physics- science

18. His Philosophy Focus on:
• Involves a criticism of scientific knowledge not from a point of view
less concerned with details and more concerned with the harmony
of the whole body of special sciences.
• . The laws and language of the sciences must themselves be
subjected to logical analysis in order to clarify their meaning which
becomes one of the major tasks of philosophy
• Looking for harmony trying to find out what is "ultimate" in the
universe, is a clear indication that he is not eschewing metaphysics
altogether
Philosophy
• he's holding one goal: philosophy is to give an account of "daily life"
- borne out in practical way by his ardent and personal commitment
to social causes for most of his life

19. The Supreme Moral Rule
"Act so as to produce harmonious rather than discordant desires”
a. Morality derives meaning in a social context, the common good/ happiness
is the fundamental consideration
a. Person's action should be inspired by love and guided by knowledge -- a
desire for harmony in the whole of society
 Where life is finally all about is worth giving in full three passions, simple but
overwhelming strong governed life:
1. Longing for love
2. The search for knowledge
3. Unbearable pity for the suffering of mankind

20. Ludwig Wittgenstein
1889-1951
“The world is everything that
happens”

21. • was the youngest of eight children, born to one
of the wealthiest families in Vienna
• The family was of Jewish descent but had been
Christianized for three generations and had no
involvement in Jewish culture or community
• Wittgenstein went to Manchester to study
engineering and aeronautics, where he designed
and patented a new airplane propeller.
• this time he became interested in mathematics
after discovering the works of Bertrand Russell
and Gottlob Frege, two of the founders of what
would later be known as the Analytic school of
philosophy.

22. Philosophy:
As a PHILOSOPHER:
• Which is a search for
meanings, truth, knowledge, etc., can only be
understood as a social undertaking proceeding
accorded to grammatical forms.
• Linguistic Analysis-- All philosophical
problems are not real problems but only part
of a language game — instead of
epistemology or metaphysics

23. • philosophy is an activity which can be
therapeutic and lead to understanding, but
can only describe things as they are in the
world, and not vice versa
• Things are connected by relationships. These
relationships are the backbone of the world
logic that defines the junction between
language and the world.
• Philosophy fight against the bewitchment of
our intelligence by means of our language

24. • Philosophy is not a doctrine but an activity
and as such it can produce, ‘no ethical
propositions’
• The object of philosophy is the logical
clarification of thoughts, so that the result of
philosophy is not a number of philosophical
propositions, but to make propositions clear.

25. Logical Positivism
• Was a school of thought that appeared in Vienna in the
1920’s
• It was centered on the discussions of a group of
philosophers known as the Vienna Circle.
• They discussed logic, mathematics, language and had a
great distaste of metaphysics.
• They claimed that true knowledge was gained through
sense experience and reason alone.
• Influenced by advances in modern science, logical
positivists sought to apply the scientific paradigm to
philosophy and show metaphysics to be meaningless.

26. Verifiability principle:
•A factual statement is meaningful if and only if it is empirically
verifiable
•A claim is true or false if it can be verified by empirical
experience.
•Empirical Data – to analyze is language

27. Wittgenstein and Language
• each language has its limits
• The Wittgenstein’s Tractatus Logico-Philosophicus (1921) asserts
SIX central thesis:
1. The world is everything that happens
2. What happens, the fact, is the existence of states of affairs
3. The logical picture of facts is the thought
4. Thought is the meaningful proposition
5. The proposition is a truth function of elementary sentences
6. The general form of the function of truth is [p, x, N (x)] This is the
general form of the proposal

28. Language Game:
• Clarification of language what can be said by all can be
said clearly
Language--- Expression of thought
Proposition – is a vehicle of expression
A statement of fact, totality of propositions of fact
How? A proposition is a picture of reality
Picture: simply a representation
‘’ What we can not speak of we must pass over in
silence—mystical

29. Tractatus
• clarification of language
• Language is like a tool box language is
different usage uses purposes
• Game- because it has many usage

30. Thank You and Have a
blessed day ahead :P