Listening and writing

2. IT IS THE MOST FREQUENTLY
USED LANGUAGE SKILL

4. THIS RECEPTIVE SKILL:
NON-RECIPROCAL
RECIPROCAL
 ALLOWING FOR CLARIFICATION,
NEGOTIATION AND CO-CONSTRUCTION
OF MEANING

5. THE LISTENING PROCESS HAS BOTH :
. :
TOP- DOWN BOTTOM-UP
LISTENING LISTENING

6. TOP-DOWN PROCESSING CONSISTS IN
 EXPECTATIONS BASED ON PRIOR KNOWLEDGE
(CONTENT SCHEMATA)
 EXPECTATIONS BASED ON DISCOURSE AND
SOCIOCULTURAL KNOWLEDGE(FORMAL
SCHEMATA)
 EXPECTATIONS BASED ON THE ASSESSMENT OF
CONTEXT/SPEAKER’S INTENTIONS
ALL GETS FILTERED THROUGH
PRAGMATIC KNOWLEDGE

7. BOTTOM-UP PROCESSING CONSISTS IN:
 LANGUAGE KNOWLEDGE(PHONOLOGY,
VOCABULARY, GRAMMAR)
 LISTENING STRATEGIES AND
METACOGNITION
FOR THE INTERPRETATION OF SPOKEN
DISCOURSE (INPUT)

11. HAVE IN MIND THIS IMPORTANT ASPECTS OF
WRITING!!
 PRIOR KNOWLEDGE AND EXPERIENCE WITH
WRITTEN TEXTS(CONTENT SCHEMATA)
 DISCOURSE KNOWLEDGE OF WRITING
CONVENTIONS(FORMAL SCHEMATA)
 ASSESSMENT OF WRITER’S INTENTION AND
AWARENESS OF AUDIENCE

12.  LANGUAGE KNOWLEDGE(GRAMMAR,
SPELLING, VOCABULARY,
PUNCTUATION, COHESION)
 REVISION AND EDITING OF THE
WRITTEN PRODUCT THOUGH
METAGOGNITION

14. THEY SHARE THE SAME
CONCERN WITH BRIDGING
THE GAP BETWEEN
PRODUCER AND RECEIVER