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Survey and Correlational
Research

MUHD SYAHIR ABDUL RANI
2011603908
ZAIRRIENOOR ZAIRRIN ZAINUDIN
2011342477

ROSLEEN KHAIRI
2011999609
Survey
Research
Definition
 SURVEY

RESEARCH involves
collecting data to test
hypotheses /to Answer Q
about people’s opinions on
some topics or issue.
 A SURVEY = instrument to
collect data that describe
one or more characteristics of
a specific population.
Purpose






Gather information about groups beliefs,
attitudes, behaviour, and demographic
composition.
SAMPLE SURVEY: researcher attempts to infer
information about population based on a
representative sample drawn from that
population.
CENSUS SURVEY: researcher attempts to
acquire information from every member of a
population.
DESIGN

CrossSectional

Longitudinal
Trend
survey
Cohort
Survey
Panel
Survey
Follow-up
Survey
Cross-Sectional Surveys
 Data

are collected from selected
individuals at a single point in time.
 Single, stand alone study.
 Effective for providing a snapshot of a
current behaviours, attitudes, and beliefs
in a populations.
 Provide data quickly.
Longitudinal Surveys
 Data

are collected at 2 or more times.
 Require an extended commitment by the
researcher and participants.

Longitudinal

Trend
survey

Cohort
Survey

Panel
Survey

Follow-up
Survey
Trend Survey
 Examines

changes over time in a
particular population defined by some
particular trait/traits.
 Researcher can analyze changes in
attitudes, beliefs, behaviours within that
particular population over time.
Cohort Survey
 Involves

one population selected at a
particular time period but multiple
samples taken and surveyed at different
points of time.
 Can be different samples, but in the same
population.
Panel Survey
 The

same individuals are studies over time.
 Frequent problem: lost of individuals from
the study because of relocation, name
change, lack of interest, or death.
 Take long time.
Follow-Up Survey
 Addresses

development or change in a
previously studied population, some time
after the original survey was given.
 To examine changes in the attitudes,
behaviours or beliefs.
Conducting Survey Research







Aim: collection of standardized, quantifiable
information from all members of a population
or a sample.
The researcher must ask them each the same
question.
A questionnaire is written collection of survey
questions to be answered by a selected
group of research participants.
An interview is an oral in-person question-and
answer.
Conducting a Questionnaire
Study
-Stating the problem
 The problem or topic studied and the
contents must be sufficient significance to
motivate potential respondents to
respond, and to justify the research effort.
 Researcher should set specific objectives
indicating the kind of information needed.
Continued…
Constructing The Questionnaire
 Questionnaire should be attractive, brief, and
easy to respond to
 Identify the sub-areas of research topics to
make the process of developing the
questionnaire easier.
 Types of items: scaled, ranked, checklist, free
response. Pg187
 Include only items that relate to RO
 Collect demographic information about the
sample if you want to compare to different
subgroups.
 Focus each question on a single concept
Continued…
-Things to consider
 Define/explain ambiguous terms.
 Include a point of reference to guide
respondents in answering questions.
 Avoid leading questions.
 Avoid sensitive questions.
 Don’t ask a questions that assumes a fact
that not necessarily true.
-Pilot Test the Questionnaire
 Provide information about deficiencies
and suggestion for improvement.
Continued…
 Choose

2 or 3 individuals who are
thoughtful, critical, and similar to the
intended research participants.
-Preparing Cover Letter
 When necessary.
Conducting The Questionnaire
 Select

participants: simple/stratified
random, cluster, systematic, nonrandom.
 Distributing: mail, email, telephone.],
personal admin, interview. pg191
 Conduct follow-up for reminder.
 Rule of thumbs: must be more than 50%.
 Dealing with nonresponse: get new
participants OR make assumptions by
generalization.
 Analyzing Results: Select total sample size.
CORRELATIONAL
RESEARCH
Definition




Involves collecting data to determine
whether, and to what degree, a
relationship exists between two or more
quantifiable variables.
The degree of relation is expressed as a
correlation coefficient. i.e. if two variables
are related, scores within certain range
on one variable are associated with the
other variable.
Purpose




To determine relations among variables
(i.e. relationship study) or to use these
relations to make predictions (i.e.
prediction study)
To determine various types of validity and
reliability.
Problem Selection




Variables to be correlated should be
selected on the basis of some rationale. It
should be a logical one.
“Treasure hunts”- the researcher
correlates all sorts of variables to see what
turns up are strongly discourage (cause
inefficiency and findings difficult to
interpret).
Participant and Instrumental
Selection



Minimum sample is 30.
The higher the validity and reliability of the
variables to be correlated, the smaller the
sample can be, but not fewer than 30.
Design and Procedure




Scores for two (or more) variables of
interest are obtained for each member of
the sample, and the paired scores are
then correlated.
The result is expressed as a correlation
coefficient that indicates the degree of
relation between the two variables.
Data Analysis and
Interpretation




When two variables are correlated, the result
is a correlation coefficient, which is a decimal
number ranging from -.00 to +1.00
i.e. a person with a high score on one of the
variables is likely to have a high score on the
other variable, and a person with a low score
on one variable is likely to have low score on
the other.
Relationship Studies


Is when: a researcher attempts to gain insight
into variables or factors that are related to a
complex variables (e.g. academic
achievement, motivation, and self concept)
Purpose
1.

2.

They help to identify related variables suitable
for subsequent examination in causalcomparative and experimental studies.
Relationship study provide information about
the variables to control for in causalcomparative and experimental studies.
PREDICTION STUDIES
o

If two variables are highly related, scores on one
can be used to predict scores on the other.

o

The variable used to predict is called predictor. E.g
: high school grades or certification exam.

o

The variable is predicted is a complex variable
called the criterion. E.g : college grades or
principals’ evaluations.

o

Prediction study is an attempt to determine which
of a number of variables are most highly related to
the criterion variable.

o

Are conducted to facilitate decision making
about individuals.
o

To aid in various types of selection.

o

To

determine

the

predictive

validity

of

measuring

instruments
o

The results of prediction studies are used not only by
researchers but also by counselors, admissions directors
and employers.

o

More than one variable can be used to make predictions.

o

A combination of variables will be more accurate.
Data collection
o

In all correlational studies, research participants
must be able to provide the desired data and
must be available to the researcher.

o

Valid measuring instruments should be selected to
represent the variables.

o

It is especially important that the measure used for
the criterion variable be valid.
PREDICTION STUDY

RELATIONSHIP STUDY

Predictor variables are All variables are collected
generally obtained earlier within a relatively short
than the criterion variable. period of time.
An
interesting
characteristic is shrinkage,
the tendency for the
prediction to be less
accurate for a group
other than the one on
which it was originally
developed.
Data Analysis and Interpretation
Data analysis in prediction studies involves correlating
each predictor variable with the criterion variable.
o For single variable predictions, the form of the prediction
equation is:
Y = a + bX
where
Y = the predicted criterion score for an individual
X = an individual’s score on the predictor variable
a = a constant calculated from the scores of all
participants
b = a coefficient that indicates the contribution of the
predictor variable to the criterion variable
o
Continued…
o

o

o

Because a combination of variables usually
results in a more accurate prediction than
any one variable, a prediction study often
results in a multiple regression equation.
A multiple regression equation, also called a
multiple prediction equation, is a prediction
equation including two or more variables that
individually predict a criterion, resulting in a
more accurate prediction.
An intervening variable, a variable that
cannot be directly observed or controlled,
can influence the link between predictor and
criterion variables.
OTHER CORRELATION-BASED
ANALYSES
More complex correlation-based analyses include:
o

o

o

o

o

Discriminant function analysis, which is quite similar to
multiple regression analysis with one major difference;
continuous predictor variables are used to predict a
categorical variable.
Canonical analysis is an extension of multiple regression
analysis. It produces a correlation based on a group of
predictor variables and a group of criterion variables.
Path analysis also allows us to see the relations and
patterns among a number of variables. The outcome is a
diagram that shows how variables are related to one
another.
An extension of path analysis that is more sophisticated
and powerful is called structural equation modeling; or
LISREL, clarifies the direct and indirect interrelations among
variables relative to a given variable, but it provides more
theoretical validity and statistical precision in the diagram
it produces.
Factor analysis.
PROBLEMS TO CONSIDER IN
INTERPRETING CORRELATION
COEFFICIENTS
o

1.
2.
3.
4.

5.

The quality of the information provided in correlation
coefficients depends on the date they are calculated from.
It is important to ask the following questions when
interpreting correlation coefficients:
Was the proper correlation method used to calculate the
correlation?
Do the variables have high reliabilities?
Is the validity of the variables strong? Invalid variables
produce meaningless results.
Is the range of scores to be correlated restricted or
extended? Narrow or restricted score ranges lower
correlation coefficients, whereas broad or extended score
ranges raise them.
How large is the sample? The larger the sample, the
smaller the value needed to reach statistical significance.
Large samples may show correlations that are statistically
significant but practically unimportant
Thank You…..

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Survey and correlational research (1)

  • 1. Survey and Correlational Research MUHD SYAHIR ABDUL RANI 2011603908 ZAIRRIENOOR ZAIRRIN ZAINUDIN 2011342477 ROSLEEN KHAIRI 2011999609
  • 3. Definition  SURVEY RESEARCH involves collecting data to test hypotheses /to Answer Q about people’s opinions on some topics or issue.  A SURVEY = instrument to collect data that describe one or more characteristics of a specific population.
  • 4. Purpose    Gather information about groups beliefs, attitudes, behaviour, and demographic composition. SAMPLE SURVEY: researcher attempts to infer information about population based on a representative sample drawn from that population. CENSUS SURVEY: researcher attempts to acquire information from every member of a population.
  • 6. Cross-Sectional Surveys  Data are collected from selected individuals at a single point in time.  Single, stand alone study.  Effective for providing a snapshot of a current behaviours, attitudes, and beliefs in a populations.  Provide data quickly.
  • 7. Longitudinal Surveys  Data are collected at 2 or more times.  Require an extended commitment by the researcher and participants. Longitudinal Trend survey Cohort Survey Panel Survey Follow-up Survey
  • 8. Trend Survey  Examines changes over time in a particular population defined by some particular trait/traits.  Researcher can analyze changes in attitudes, beliefs, behaviours within that particular population over time.
  • 9. Cohort Survey  Involves one population selected at a particular time period but multiple samples taken and surveyed at different points of time.  Can be different samples, but in the same population.
  • 10. Panel Survey  The same individuals are studies over time.  Frequent problem: lost of individuals from the study because of relocation, name change, lack of interest, or death.  Take long time.
  • 11. Follow-Up Survey  Addresses development or change in a previously studied population, some time after the original survey was given.  To examine changes in the attitudes, behaviours or beliefs.
  • 12. Conducting Survey Research     Aim: collection of standardized, quantifiable information from all members of a population or a sample. The researcher must ask them each the same question. A questionnaire is written collection of survey questions to be answered by a selected group of research participants. An interview is an oral in-person question-and answer.
  • 13. Conducting a Questionnaire Study -Stating the problem  The problem or topic studied and the contents must be sufficient significance to motivate potential respondents to respond, and to justify the research effort.  Researcher should set specific objectives indicating the kind of information needed.
  • 14. Continued… Constructing The Questionnaire  Questionnaire should be attractive, brief, and easy to respond to  Identify the sub-areas of research topics to make the process of developing the questionnaire easier.  Types of items: scaled, ranked, checklist, free response. Pg187  Include only items that relate to RO  Collect demographic information about the sample if you want to compare to different subgroups.  Focus each question on a single concept
  • 15. Continued… -Things to consider  Define/explain ambiguous terms.  Include a point of reference to guide respondents in answering questions.  Avoid leading questions.  Avoid sensitive questions.  Don’t ask a questions that assumes a fact that not necessarily true. -Pilot Test the Questionnaire  Provide information about deficiencies and suggestion for improvement.
  • 16. Continued…  Choose 2 or 3 individuals who are thoughtful, critical, and similar to the intended research participants. -Preparing Cover Letter  When necessary.
  • 17. Conducting The Questionnaire  Select participants: simple/stratified random, cluster, systematic, nonrandom.  Distributing: mail, email, telephone.], personal admin, interview. pg191  Conduct follow-up for reminder.  Rule of thumbs: must be more than 50%.  Dealing with nonresponse: get new participants OR make assumptions by generalization.  Analyzing Results: Select total sample size.
  • 19. Definition   Involves collecting data to determine whether, and to what degree, a relationship exists between two or more quantifiable variables. The degree of relation is expressed as a correlation coefficient. i.e. if two variables are related, scores within certain range on one variable are associated with the other variable.
  • 20. Purpose   To determine relations among variables (i.e. relationship study) or to use these relations to make predictions (i.e. prediction study) To determine various types of validity and reliability.
  • 21. Problem Selection   Variables to be correlated should be selected on the basis of some rationale. It should be a logical one. “Treasure hunts”- the researcher correlates all sorts of variables to see what turns up are strongly discourage (cause inefficiency and findings difficult to interpret).
  • 22. Participant and Instrumental Selection   Minimum sample is 30. The higher the validity and reliability of the variables to be correlated, the smaller the sample can be, but not fewer than 30.
  • 23. Design and Procedure   Scores for two (or more) variables of interest are obtained for each member of the sample, and the paired scores are then correlated. The result is expressed as a correlation coefficient that indicates the degree of relation between the two variables.
  • 24. Data Analysis and Interpretation   When two variables are correlated, the result is a correlation coefficient, which is a decimal number ranging from -.00 to +1.00 i.e. a person with a high score on one of the variables is likely to have a high score on the other variable, and a person with a low score on one variable is likely to have low score on the other.
  • 25. Relationship Studies  Is when: a researcher attempts to gain insight into variables or factors that are related to a complex variables (e.g. academic achievement, motivation, and self concept)
  • 26. Purpose 1. 2. They help to identify related variables suitable for subsequent examination in causalcomparative and experimental studies. Relationship study provide information about the variables to control for in causalcomparative and experimental studies.
  • 27. PREDICTION STUDIES o If two variables are highly related, scores on one can be used to predict scores on the other. o The variable used to predict is called predictor. E.g : high school grades or certification exam. o The variable is predicted is a complex variable called the criterion. E.g : college grades or principals’ evaluations. o Prediction study is an attempt to determine which of a number of variables are most highly related to the criterion variable. o Are conducted to facilitate decision making about individuals.
  • 28. o To aid in various types of selection. o To determine the predictive validity of measuring instruments o The results of prediction studies are used not only by researchers but also by counselors, admissions directors and employers. o More than one variable can be used to make predictions. o A combination of variables will be more accurate.
  • 29. Data collection o In all correlational studies, research participants must be able to provide the desired data and must be available to the researcher. o Valid measuring instruments should be selected to represent the variables. o It is especially important that the measure used for the criterion variable be valid.
  • 30. PREDICTION STUDY RELATIONSHIP STUDY Predictor variables are All variables are collected generally obtained earlier within a relatively short than the criterion variable. period of time. An interesting characteristic is shrinkage, the tendency for the prediction to be less accurate for a group other than the one on which it was originally developed.
  • 31. Data Analysis and Interpretation Data analysis in prediction studies involves correlating each predictor variable with the criterion variable. o For single variable predictions, the form of the prediction equation is: Y = a + bX where Y = the predicted criterion score for an individual X = an individual’s score on the predictor variable a = a constant calculated from the scores of all participants b = a coefficient that indicates the contribution of the predictor variable to the criterion variable o
  • 32. Continued… o o o Because a combination of variables usually results in a more accurate prediction than any one variable, a prediction study often results in a multiple regression equation. A multiple regression equation, also called a multiple prediction equation, is a prediction equation including two or more variables that individually predict a criterion, resulting in a more accurate prediction. An intervening variable, a variable that cannot be directly observed or controlled, can influence the link between predictor and criterion variables.
  • 33. OTHER CORRELATION-BASED ANALYSES More complex correlation-based analyses include: o o o o o Discriminant function analysis, which is quite similar to multiple regression analysis with one major difference; continuous predictor variables are used to predict a categorical variable. Canonical analysis is an extension of multiple regression analysis. It produces a correlation based on a group of predictor variables and a group of criterion variables. Path analysis also allows us to see the relations and patterns among a number of variables. The outcome is a diagram that shows how variables are related to one another. An extension of path analysis that is more sophisticated and powerful is called structural equation modeling; or LISREL, clarifies the direct and indirect interrelations among variables relative to a given variable, but it provides more theoretical validity and statistical precision in the diagram it produces. Factor analysis.
  • 34. PROBLEMS TO CONSIDER IN INTERPRETING CORRELATION COEFFICIENTS o 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. The quality of the information provided in correlation coefficients depends on the date they are calculated from. It is important to ask the following questions when interpreting correlation coefficients: Was the proper correlation method used to calculate the correlation? Do the variables have high reliabilities? Is the validity of the variables strong? Invalid variables produce meaningless results. Is the range of scores to be correlated restricted or extended? Narrow or restricted score ranges lower correlation coefficients, whereas broad or extended score ranges raise them. How large is the sample? The larger the sample, the smaller the value needed to reach statistical significance. Large samples may show correlations that are statistically significant but practically unimportant