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PURANMAL LAHOTI GOVERNMENT POLYTECHNIC
College , LATUR.
Group Number: 07
Branch: Computer Engineering
Topic name: The Components of an Ecosystem.
Guided by: Seema Mam

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THECOMPONENTS
OFAN ECOSYSTEM

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What is an Ecosystem?
• An ecosystem is a geographic area where plants, animals, and other organisms,
as well as weather and landscape, work together to form a bubble of life.
Ecosystems contain biotic or living, parts, as well as abiotic factors, or nonliving
parts. Biotic factors include plants, animals, and other organisms.
• An ecosystem is a self-sustained unit of living things (plants, animals and
decomposers) and their non-living environment (air, water and soil). Examples:
A pond is an ecosystem that includes the aquatic life (aquatic animals and
plants) that live in the pond water.
ecosystem
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Eg:pond

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The components of
an ecosystem

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The Components Of Ecosystems.
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• The structural components of an ecosystem consist of nonliving arena and the
living organisms.
• They are terms as :-Abiotic compounds and Biotic compounds.
Abiotic and biotic compounds

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Abiotic Factors
Non living components of an ecosystem

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Abiotic Factors
• The structural components of nonliving area.
• The largest ecosystems is the “Biosphere”
• The abiotic portion of the biosphere consists of three parts .They are the,
- Atmosphere (Air)
- Hydrosphere (The water)
- Lithosphere (The solid earth)
• Each of these three fundamental units of the ecosystem has properties of its
own, which determine its role in the total ecosystem.
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1. The atmosphere
• The atmosphere is an ocean of air which blends in to outer space of the earth
and reaches over 560 kilometers (348miles) from the surface of the earth.
• This can be differentiated on the basis of temperature in to four layers. They
are the Troposhere,The sratosphere,The mesophere and The thermosphere.
• All organisms obtain their requirement of gasses from the troposphere which is
composed of 78% Nitrogen,21%Oxygen, and 0.03%Carbon dioxide, and less of
others such as Hydrogen, Helium and Methane.
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Importance of ATMOSPHERE :
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• The atmosphere is a mixture of gases that surrounds the Earth. It
helps make life possible by providing us with air to breathe,
shielding us from harmful ultraviolet (UV) radiation coming from
the Sun, trapping heat to warm the planet, and preventing
extreme temperature differences between day and night.
• Each of the planets in our solar system have an atmosphere, but
none of them have the same ratio of gases or layered structure as
Earth's atmosphere. It wards off many dangers of space thereby
making life possible on earth. It is thus an important factor of
climatic control and a life-sustaining source on earth.

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2.The Hydrosphere
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• Water is one of the most unusual natural compounds found on earth. It is
essential to all life as both and internal and an external medium.
• Water covers 71% surface on earth
• A hydrosphere means the total amount of water on a planet.The hydrosphere
includes water that is on the surface of the planet, underground, and in the air.
• A planet's hydrosphere can be liquid, vapor, or ice.
• Water moves through the hydrosphere in a cycle. Water collects in clouds,
then falls to Earth in the form of rain or snow.This water collects in rivers,
lakes and oceans.Then it evaporates into the atmosphere to start the cycle all
over again.This is called the water cycle.

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• IMPORTANCE OF HYDROSPHERE:
1. One of the Basic Needs of Human:
Humans use water in many ways. Drinking water is the most obvious use,
but it is also used for domestic purposes like washing and cleaning and in industries.
2. Part of a LivingCell
:Every cell in a living organism is built up of about 75% of water,hence
allowing the cell to function appropriately.Cells would not be able to carry out normal
functions and life cannot exist without water.
3.Habitat for ManyOrganisms:
Hydrosphere is the habitat for numerous aquatic plants
and animals.The number of living organisms in water is high.
Water
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3. The lithosphere
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• The lithosphere can be divided into three main components.Rocks,Sediments
andSoil .
• To understand what is lithosphere, one must divide the word into two
portions, namely Litho and sphere. Litho is derived from a Greek word,
meaning stone, while sphere signifies a globe or ball.
• The lithosphere is the solid, outer part of Earth.The lithosphere includes the
brittle upper portion of the mantle and the crust, the outermost layers of
Earth’s structure. It is bounded by the atmosphere above and the
asthenosphere (another part of the upper mantle) below.

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• IMPORTANCE OF LITHOSPHERE:
• The lithosphere helps to provide all the necessary nutrients required for
the growth of plants. It also combines with the hydrosphere and the
atmosphere to help in the growth of all the living organisms.
• We need fuels such as coal, petroleum, gas, etc., for the industries,
household purposes and also for the automobiles.The lithosphere is rich
in all these fuels.
• The alteration of the tectonic plates gives rise to mountains,
earthquakes, etc.These will gradually help to form new habitats.
• The different types of metals we use in our daily lives as tools are
extracted from the minerals found in the lithosphere.The various
minerals present in it are iron, silver, manganese, aluminum,
magnesium, calcium, and copper.
Soil
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Biotic factors
Living components of an ecosystem
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Biotic factors
• The biotic/living components of the ecosystem can be classified as flora and
fauna based on their structure and other features.
• Functionally the living organisms can be classified as,
- Producers
- Consumers
- Decomposers
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1.Producers
• Producers are called as autotrophs .
• They can be of two main types; Photosynthetic forms, chemosynthetic forms.
• The photosynthetic forms are green plants that covert solar energy into chemical
energy-Photosynthesis
• The producers therefore include green plants, photosynthetic bacteria and
chemosynthetic bacteria.
• On land photosynthesis is carried out mainly by higher plants.
•In the sea the main photosynthetic organisms are the
microscopic algae, planktons, diatoms and the flagellates.
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2.Consumers
• Heterotrophic organisms are unable to synthesize their own food and hence
obtain them by feeding on other organisms.
• The decomposers also fit in to this definition.
• The consumers are classed into various categories based on the nature of the
food they consume.Such as Herbivores,Carnivores andOmnivores
• And also be classified as,
- Primary consumers
- Secondary consumers
-Tertiary consumers
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Primary consumers
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• Primary consumers are herbivores, which feed on plant material.
• The amount they consumed are commonly referred to as the consumption
rate. Based on these the ecosystem can be grouped as high rated, low rated.
• Primary consumers can be grazers or browsers.
Plant eating insect Grazing cattle

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Secondary consumers
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• Heterotrophic animals which feed on herbivorous organisms or primary
consumers are termed as the secondary consumers.
• These animals therefore carnivrous.
Fox

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Tertiary consumers
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• These are carnivorous heterotrophs that feed on other carnivorous animals.
• Top carnivorous are few in number.
• Most birds of pray and cats fit this category.
Hawk Leopard

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3.Decomposers
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• Decomposers feed on dead meterial,and that is first broken down before
being absorbed.
• The detritivores ,plays the initial role of breaking up large bodies in to small
particles.
• Decomposers are mainly fungi and bacteria
Fungus Bacteria

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MajorTypes of
Ecosystem
1.Terrestrial ecosystem
2.Aquatic ecosystem
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1.Terrestrial ecosystem
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• Here the lithosphere ‘s influence is high.
• They can be four types; Forest,Grasslands, Desserts orTundra.
Forest Grassland Dessert Tundra

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2.Aquatic ecosystem
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• Here hydrosphere plays the major role.
• The major types include Fresh water and Marine.
• Fresh water includes lakes, ponds, streams, rivers, swamps and springs.
• Marine include seas and oceans.
• Intermediate between fresh water and marine are the estuaries.
Fresh water ecosystem Marine ecosystem

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THANK YOU….!
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