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金融风险和金融数学 史树中 北京大学金融数学与金融工程研究中心 北京大学光华管理学院金融系
什么是风险和什么是金融风险? ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
什么是金融经济学和金融数学? ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
研究不确定性的数学-概率论 ,[object Object],[object Object]
概率论的早期历史 ,[object Object],Pierre de Fermat (1601-1665) 1654  年  Pascal  与  Fermat  的五封通信,奠定概率论的基础。他们当时考虑一个掷骰子问题,开始形成数学期望的概念,并以“输赢的钱的数学期望”来为赌博“定价”。
Pascal  -  Fermat  问题 ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
概率论的早期历史  ( 续 ) ,[object Object],1713  年发表《猜度术  (Ars Conjectandi) 》。这是当时最重要、最有原创性的概率论著作。由此引起所谓“圣彼德堡悖论”问题。
“ 圣彼德堡悖论”问题 ,[object Object],[object Object]
“ 圣彼德堡悖论” ,[object Object],Daniel Bernoulli  ( 1700-1782)
期望效用函数 ,[object Object],John von Neumann (1903-1957) Oskar Morgenstern (1902-1977)
用期望效用函数来刻划风险 ,[object Object],[object Object]
有风险与无 风险之间的比较 ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
Arrow-Pratt  风险厌恶度量 ,[object Object],[object Object]
期望效用函数的争论 ,[object Object],[object Object],Maurice Allais (1911-) 1986  年诺贝尔经济奖获得者。
Knight  的 《风险、不确定性与利润》 (1921) ,[object Object],[object Object],Frank Hyneman Knight (1885-1972)
Arrow-Debreu  的不确定状态 ,[object Object],[object Object],Kenneth J. Arrow  ( 1921-) 1972 年诺贝尔经济学奖获得者 Gerard Debreu (1921-) 1983 年诺贝尔经济奖获得者
Arrow (1953)  《证券价值对于风险的最优配置的作用》 ,[object Object]
“ 华尔街的革命”
[object Object]
1990  年诺贝尔经济奖获得者 Harry Markowitz, (1927-)  《证券组合选择理论》 Merton Miller, (1923-2000)  Modigliani-Miller  定理   (MMT) William  Sharpe, (1934-) 资本资产定价模型( CAPM)
1997  年诺贝尔经济奖获得者 Fisher Black (1938-1995) 期权定价公式 1973  年  Black-Scholes-Merton 期权定价理论问世 Robert Merton, (1944-) 《连续时间金融学》 Myron  Scholes, (1941-)  期权定价公式
Markowitz  证券组合选择问题 ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
Markowitz  问题的数学形式
Markowitz  理论的基本结论 ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
风险-收益图 和 有效前沿 风险 收益
风险-收益图 和 有效前沿
沪深两市的风险收益图
Markowitz  的基本思想 ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
互相关的概念
关于我国股市的互相关
Tobin  的二基金分离定理 ,[object Object],[object Object],James Tobin, (1918-) 1981 年诺贝尔经济学奖获得者
资本资产定价模型  (CAPM) ,[object Object]
资本资产定价模型  (CAPM) 无风险收益率 证券收益率 市场收益率 E  :  平均值  ( 数学期望 ) Cov:  协方差; Var:  方差
各种证券的风险-收益图
无套利假设 ,[object Object],Franco Modigliani, (1918-) 1985  年诺贝尔经济奖获得者
无套利假设和  B-S  期权定价理论 ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
为解决这一问题, Black  和  Scholes 先把模型连续动态化。他们假定模型中有两种证券,一种是债券,它是无风险证券,其收益率是常数;另一种是股票,它是风险证券,沿用  Markowitz  的传统,它也可用证券收益率的期望和方差来刻划,但是动态化以后,其价格的变化满足一个随机微分方程,其含义是随时间变化的随机收益率,其期望值和方差都与时间间隔成正比。这种随机微分方程称为几何布朗运动。
然后,利用每一时刻都可通过股票和期权的适当组合对冲风险,使得该组合变成无风险证券,从而就可得到期权价格与股票价格之间的一个偏微分方程,其中的参数是时间、期权的执行价格、债券的利率和股票价格的“波动率”。出人意料的是这一方程居然还有显式解。于是  Black-Scholes  期权定价公式就这样问世了。
Black-Scholes  期权定价公式
Black-Scholes  期权定价公式 ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
Black-Scholes  模型和方程式 债券方程: 股票方程: Black-Scholes  方程
Black-Scholes  期权定价公式 股价 期权价 t = T t < T K
Black-Scholes  公式计算软件
用期权对冲股价风险 ,[object Object],差价 股价 股价 期权价 买入股票 卖出  ( 看跌 )  期权 股价 获利
Black-Scholes-Merton 的基本思想 ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
Black-Scholes-Merton  理论 的历史意义 ,[object Object],[object Object]
历史意义  ( 续 ) ,[object Object],[object Object]
历史意义  ( 续 ) ,[object Object],[object Object]
历史意义  ( 续 ) ,[object Object],[object Object]
历史意义  ( 续 ) ,[object Object]
历史意义  ( 续 ) ,[object Object],[object Object]
资产定价基本定理 ,[object Object],这一定理的最简单情形可在下述模型中来叙述:假定当前状态确定,未来有  S  种不确定状态。市场中有  J  种证券。
资产定价基本定理  ( 续 ) ,[object Object],[object Object]
资产定价基本定理  ( 续 ) ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
资产定价基本定理  ( 续 ) ,[object Object],[object Object]
二叉树计算方法
市场有效性假设 ,[object Object],[object Object],Eugene F. Fama (1939-)
市场有效性假设  ( 续 ) ,[object Object]
市场有效性与信息传递 ,[object Object],[object Object]
Grossman-Stiglitz  悖论 ,[object Object],[object Object],Stanford J. Grossman Joseph E. Stiglitz
狂怒的大女子主义者的寓言 和股票市场 ,[object Object]
寓言和股票市场  ( 续 ) ,[object Object],[object Object]
寓言和股票市场  ( 续 ) ,[object Object],[object Object]
寓言和股票市场  ( 续 ) ,[object Object],[object Object]
寓言和股票市场  ( 续 ) ,[object Object],[object Object]
结束语 ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
结束语  ( 续 ) ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
报告到此结束,谢谢大家!

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