Oppenheimer Film Discussion for Philosophy and Film
Aamir khan gold
1. PRESENTATION ON DNA and RNA
• AAMIR KHAN
• REPRESENTED TO
• Dr. Muhammad Ateeq Qurashi
• TOPIC ON
• DNA AND RNA
• DATE 24/07/2018
2.
3. Friedrich Miescher in 1869
Isolated what he called nuclein from the nuclei of pus
cells
Nuclein was shown to have acidic properties, hence it
was then called nucleic acid.
Nucleic acids are molecules that store information for
cellular growth and reproduction
Nucleic acids are Polynucleotides
Their building blocks are nucleotides
4. DNA is a polymer. The monomer units of DNA are
nucleotides, and the polymer is known as a “polynucleotide”.
DNA is often called the blueprint of life.
In simple terms, DNA contains the instructions for making
proteins within the cell.
DNA, or deoxyribonucleic acid, is the hereditary material
in humans and almost all other organisms. Nearly every cell in
a person’s body has the same DNA.
Most DNA is located in the cell nucleus (where it is called
nuclear DNA), but a small amount of DNA can also be found
in the mitochondria (where it is called mitochondrial DNA or
mtDNA).
5. The structure of DNA was designed by James Watson and
Francis Crick in 1953.
That’s why it is also called as Watson and Crick model of
DNA.
X-rays studies of the Crystals of DNA shows the following
features.
1. Each DNA molecule is made up of two strands of poly-
nucleotide chains arranged anti-parallel or in opposite
directions of one another.
The two strands are twisted around one another to form a
helix looks like ladder.
6. 2. Backbone is made of sugar and phosphate parts of the
nucleotide. Base pairs bind the backbone together.
3. The base pairs are held together by hydrogen bonding.
4. The pairing of the bases from the two strands is very
specific.
The complimentary base pairs are A-T and G-C.
Two hydrogen bonds form between A and T (A T)
Three hydrogen bonds form between G and C (G C)
Each pair consists of a purine and a pyrimidine, so they are
the same width, keeping the two strands at equal distances
from each other.
7.
8.
9.
10. There are two types of nucleic acids:
1. Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) 2. Ribonucleic acid (RNA).
These are polymers consisting of long chains of monomers called
nucleotides
A nucleotide consists of
a Nitrogenous base,
a Pentose sugar and
a Phosphate group
12. The nitrogen bases in nucleotides consist of two
general types:
1. Purines: Adenine (A) & Guanine (G)
2. Pyrimidines: Cytosine (C), Thymine
(T) & Uracil (U)
13.
14. There are two related pentose sugars:
- RNA contains ribose
- DNA contains deoxyribose
The sugars have their carbon atoms numbered with primes to
distinguish them from the nitrogen bases
15. A Nucleoside consists of a nitrogen base linked by a
glycosidic bond to C1’ of a ribose or deoxyribose.
Nucleosides are named by changing the the nitrogen
base ending to -osine for purines and –idine for
pyrimidines
A Nucleotide is a nucleoside that forms a phosphate
ester with the C5’ OH group of ribose or deoxyribose
Nucleotides are named using the name of the
nucleoside followed by 5’-monophosphate.
16.
17.
18. • Additional phosphate groups can be added to the nucleoside 5’-
monophosphates to form diphosphates and triphosphates
• ATP is the major energy source for cellular activity
19. • The primary structure of a nucleic acid is the nucleotide sequence
• The nucleotides in nucleic acids are joined by phosphodiester bonds
• The 3’-OH group of the sugar in one nucleotide forms an ester bond
to the phosphate group on the 5’-carbon of the sugar of the next
nucleotide
20. • A nucleic acid polymer has a
free 5’-phosphate group at one
end and a free 3’-OH group at
the other end
• The sequence is read from the
free 5’-end using the letters of
the bases
• This example reads
5’—A—C—G—T—3’
21. • In RNA, A, C, G, and U are linked by 3’-5’ ester bonds
between ribose and phosphate
22. • In DNA, A, C, G, and T are linked by 3’-5’ ester
bonds between deoxyribose and phosphate