Fake News and Disinformation

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https://www.researchgate.net/pu
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Journalism and Society and Government Dis-information Campaigns
 November 2019
 DOI:
 10.13140/RG.2.2.23142.98881
 Project:

 Fake News and Dis-Information
 Henri Pearson
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AGHA H AMIN

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Journalism and Society and Government Dis-information
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[Journalism and Society MAPA2003]
[Henri Harrison Pearson, BA Journalism, 2019]
[Student ID, 9103320]
[Coventry University Campus, Coventry]
Author Note
‘An essay for my lecturer Racheal Matthews how
government dis-information campaigns impact the UK, the
West and journalist, what is the meaning behind them?’
The main aim of government dis-information campaigns is
to change the position of power through political influence
and political polarisation by implementing false or mis-
leading advertising or news content that plan to change the
reader’s mind.Society expects journalism to be true,
accurate balanced and correct. Dis-formation or mis-
information is terminology the UK government used to

define ‘fake news’, the impacts it has on societycan be
devastating take the hacking of(2016 US election), the
leaking of Hilary Clinton’s emails by the notorious Wikileaks
founder Julian Assange and the EU referendum due to
political polaristaion lead by tech giants in silicon valley
according to Carol Cadwallar which she pointed out in a
number of public speeches. During the first decade of this
century publicity was one of the methods most used by
reform groups in the United States in their attack on
political, economic and labour conditions but nothing like
we have seen throughout the 2016 US election.Online
operations are easy cheap and profitable which allows for
government fake amplification on social media, currently in
the US there is no deterrent system in place for protecting
its citizens from the spread of dis-information online.
THIS NEEDS TO BE MORE CLEARLY ARGUED (1) THE SITTING
GOVERNMENT WAS DEMOCRAT AND HILLARY AD FULL
SUPPORT OF ORGANS OF STATE (2) HILLARY AND
DEMOCRATS BY THEIR QUESTIONABLE POLICY AND
CONDUCT LIKE ATTACKING LIBYA , DESTABILISING SYRIA ,
AND MAXIMUM DRONE ATTACKS ON NON ENTITIES IN
TWO SMALL DISTRICTS IN PAKISTAN HAD ALREADY LOST
MUCH CREDIBILITY (3) TO CALL WIKILEAKS JULIAN
ASSANGE “ NOTORIOUS” IS ALSO DEBATABLE
Society is making it harder for journalists to remain credible,
especially when journalists have access to the internet,

society struggles to dissect what journalism is credible. In
2018 the EU created a digital services act 2000 to control
the spread of false news and dis-information across
Facebook, Twitter, Google and YouTube.
THE ISSUE IS THAT MEDIA INCLUDING GOOGLE FACE BOOK
TWITTER, THE MOST NOTORIOUS MAFIAS ARE OWNED BY
A NUMBER OF PERSONS , HENCE THERE IS NO
INDEPENDENT MEDIA WORLDWIDE. CNN , FOX, BBC ETC
ARE ALL PAID AND BOUGHT CHANNELS AND ANY
JOURNALIST WHO IS INDEPENDENT AND HAS SPINE IS NOT
HEARD OR PUBLISHED ON THE VISUAL OR PRINT
MEDIA.THIS IS THE BOTTOM LINE. AMAZON, GOOGLE,
MICROSOFT, FACE BOOK ARE CONTRACTORS OF STATES
AND ARE THE BIGGEST CULPRITS.FACE BOOK IS
PARTICULARLY NOTORIOUS OWNED BY THE MODERN
SHYLOCK ZUCKERBERG WHO EMPLOYS THIRD RATE
ROBOTS AND MOST MEDIOCRE STAFF TO RUN FACE
BOOK, MOSTLY CHEAPLY PAID INDIANS AND EAST
EUROPEANS. PARTICULARLY IN FALSE INFORMATION ,
ADVANCING VESTED AGENDA, SELLING CELL FONE
NUMBERS OF CLIENTS, FACEBOOK , TWITTER AND GOOGLE
ARE THIRD RATE CHEAP NOTORIOUS.THEY ARE DIRTY RICH
, BUT MONEY CANNOT BUY INTELLECTUAL GREATNESS OR
SUBSTANCE AND FACEBOOK , GOOGLE, AMAZON AND
MICROSOFT LACK SUBSTANCE.BUT THEY ARE RICH AND AS
THEY SAY THE RICH OWN THE WORLD.HISTORY PROVES
THAT THERE IS NOTHING KNOWN AS RIGHT IN HISTORY

AND FACE BOOK GOOGLE MICROSOFT CNN ETC ARE
LIVING PROOF OF THIS.
Delegations from over 100 countries and international
organisations will gather to take-action and improve media
freedom globally.
WHAT WILL DELEGATIONS DO IN A SCENARIO WHERE
STATES ARE ACTUALLY SUPPORTING PROXIES LIKE
TALIBAN BEING SUPPORTED BY PAKISTAN, SYRIAN
TERRORISTS SUPPORTED BY UK AND USA AND A LONG LIST
?
Trust in the media is a vital part of society, other studies of
the audience have focused on the declining trust in news
media. Systematic survey researchconducted in the United
States, for example, shows that the percentage of people
with little to no trust in news media grew from 26% in 1976
to 60% in 2012, This is a considerable part of the population
but still smaller than in Denmark which was 50% in 1997
and 51% in 2010, Germany 51% and 45%, respectively, and
particularly the United Kingdom 80% and 79%.The internet
has significantly changed societies through the use of social
media channels such as Facebook, Twitter and Linked In and
other major social media operators, Facebook comes out
the highest with over 3 billion users, despite increased
efforts by internet platforms like Facebook to combat
internet disinformation, the use of the techniques by
governments around the world is growing, according to a

reportreleased Thursday by researchers at Oxford
University.
FACE BOOK , TWITTER, AMAZON , GOOGLE ARE THE
WORST CULPRITS IN SPREADING FALSE NEWS AS THESE
ARE PAID CONTRACTORS OF DIA , CIA , BRITISH
INTELLIGENCE ETC. SO THIS PART OF YOUR THESES IS
TOTALLY FLAWED.
Governments are spreading disinformation to discredit
political opponents, bury opposing views and interfere in
foreign affairs. There has been 150% increase in the use of
organised social media manipulation over the last two
years. The size and permanency of cyber teams vary from
country to country. In some countries, teams appear
temporarily around elections or to shape public attitudes
around other important political events. In others, cyber
troops are integrated into the media and communication
landscape with full-time staff working to control, censor,
and shape conversations and information online.
Journalism is about truth, accuracy, independence, fairness,
impartiality and humanity most importantly journalists must
be accountable. The public and journalists expect the same
thing from news and the media. The rise of paywalls is

shutting more people off from quality news and making the
internet harder to navigate. Consumer irritation will build
this year, leading to a combination of more news avoidance
and the adoption of paywall-blocking software. Seeking the
truth is integral, but at what cost. US War reporter Marie
Colvin was captured by Gaddafi pro forces in Libya, despite
being captured once she went to Syria to seek the truth
about Assad forces pouring chemical weapons on its people
and was later murdered by the Assad regime. In other cases,
journalists could be reporting on the sunny beaches of
theBritishVirgin Islands to writing news articles and media
reviews.

YOUR VIEWS ABOUT SYRIA AND ASSAD ARE HIGHLY
BIASED. THERE IS A GREAT DEAL OF INFORMATION THAT
CIA AND BRITISH INTELLIGENCE ACTUALLY PAID
JOURNALISTS TO VISIT SYRIA AND CHURN FALSE
INFORMATION AND LIES.
The challenge to the economic model of journalism has
resulted in the growing casualisation of the work force,
which means that employment is less secure and
freelancers are taking on more responsibility for reporting,
with the rise of “low-pay, no pay”Journalism.Companies
that had become overly dependent on Facebook pivoted or
downsized. The UK publisher Johnston Press, JPI media
collapsed on the 16th November 2018 and was reborn as JPI

Media mainly due to its huge debt and pension obligations.
Broadcasters such as ABC, DR and the BBC face huge cuts.
Cambridge Analytica used military style physiological data
capture to monitor the flow of data and promote
particularly the Trump campaign and the leave EU
campaign, Mark Zuckerberg of Facebook said in congress
that he would step up the quality of his privacy settings.
Ambitious individuals looking to establish their own
business, tax incentives are in place set-up by the UK
government for 2019.
What a year 2018 was there were crises all over the world,
presidents were going mad and journalism was even more
under attack than last year. Not only because of fake news

and misinformation, but journalists themselves were also
literally under attack. The Guardian even wrote an article, in
response to the CPJ (Committee to Protect Journalists) a
report stating that the threat hasn’t been this high for ten
years.AR is being used throughout journalism and the news
room which is expected to promote un-recognised dr’s,
mathematicians and scientists.
Academics improve the quality of the content especially the
content that weread in newspapers and online, but are
often dis-pleased by the financial restrains and relatively
low pay. 82% of people working as journalists have a degree
or higher-level qualification compared to 38% of UK

workers. The traditional consensus is that journalism should
be focused on practical and vocational skills including
shorthand, news gathering and news writing, yet it is
situated within an academic environment whose core
business is research. The problem is that jobs are regularly
advertised as research posts or practitioner posts, even
though there is a contradictory expectation that practioners
will be willing to undertake some form of research. Ideally
the academic will be the journalist, though it might be that
there is a translator or an instructor, and ultimately
academic research can continue without journalism. An
academic paper by the Institute of Oxford concluded with a
warning that there would be consequences if news

organisations continued to promote confrontation,
sensation over collaboration. Academics believe journalists
are to negative, but together they both seem to play a role
in en-lightening society through knowledge, production
dissemination and the fabrication of words, titles, academic
literature and research for the reader to interoperate in
their own way. Journalists have an opportunity to influence
original research and make that research available to mass
population allowing the public to be more informed and
better engaged, the idea of academics working together
with journalists is that they can increase human
understanding of the world around us. Academics and
journalists do not want to grant anonymity to sources but

academics often do. Real academics think social media is
damaging to society and should not be used in any context,
it abuses privacy rights and is often hacked, this includes
Linked In for business networks, the academics that I’ve
spoken to believe only in quality journalism, this is
something which take’s time to research and create. Quality
and reliable news outlets include The Washington Post, The
New York Time’s, the Guardian and government television
broadcasters particularly news outlets such as Channel 4
and even these news outlets come under academic scrutiny
at the best of times. There is a need for real high-quality,
analytical academic journalism. Academics also look into the
ownership of the news outlets because they have a huge say

on what is published or broadcast. Rupert Murdoch’s News
of the world may not be guilty of false dis-information but it
certainly lost the trust of the public after an editor working
for the organisation shared voice mail messages of dead
school girl Milly Dowler, who lead her to believe that she
was indeed still alive. More and more journalists seek
creditability from academics because they cannot write. The
majority of academics hold minimal political opinions which
helps journalists create a balanced news article, journal or
scholar. Some transnational media companies have close
compromising ties with and too their governments and all
independent media is subject to varying kinds of controls
and influences from corporate ownership.

HISTORICALLY THE MEDIA HAS BY AND LARGE BEEN SOME
KIND OF PRESSTITUTE WHETHER IT WAS USA, RUSSIA OR
BRITAIN AND HONEST AND HIGH INTEGRITY JOURNALISTS
HAVE GENERALLY STARVED IN HISTORY OR DIED OF COLD.
In 2018 Francis Cairncross a new appointed chair of the
digital, culture, media and sport to examine the suitability of
good quality journalism, journalism has been diluted by
social media platforms due to the issues with source
validity. News outlets are aggravating content from Twitter,
Facebook or Instagram. News organisations can help as
officials of any large public body will scan newspapers word
for word to know what’s going on in the world but for their
own concern, however as the print industry deteriorates the
relationship between government and the press
deteriorates government officials rely only on traditional
news outlets with a long standing legacy of truth and
accuracy, those local outlets that rely predominately on
social media and funding from tech conglomerates such as
Facebook become less appealing and reliable creating a
partisan effect between local government bodies and the
local press, ultimately deteriorating local ‘quality’ press for
good. That said in the United Kingdom local government

relies on the media to understand in some area’s what is
happening in central government, but not all local
government bodies have national boards and are swaying
towards funding for regional leadership which helps the
interrelationships within government bodies and ensures
they are less reliant on news and media outlets. Local media
and national media can sway the political decisions of local
government but only at times of crisis or when there is a
shift in political power that those working for government
may disagree and turn to the media for a new perspective.
Government ministers’ value un-interrupted ministerial
broadcast because it allows to project their view points,
current objectives and in when they have the chance
political policy. MP’s have very little effect on the course of
journalism. Press officers or communications officers are
those that work on behalf of often government press
departments and inform journalists of major events that
have happened in the region this keeps the relationship
between both the press and the government and offers the
public insight into internal government events. Journalism
can change depending on the location and geographical
position, if you’re a foreign news correspondent working in
Africa what you report on will be far different then
reporting in central London.
THE MAIN ISSUE IS THAT MEDIA IS OWNED BY FEW
INDIVIDUALS AND THIS ENSURES DEATH OF MEDIA
FREEDOM.

Journalists working for national news brands for example,
Channel 4 or The Guardian will naturally be paid less than
those working for local news outlets. Jon Snow was offered
an OBE from the British Government for his contribution to
Channel 4, the British broadcasting company. Snow turned
it down because he wanted to protect quality news content
and continue to seek truth even if government
organisations are involved. One of the main purposes of
journalism is to hold the government accountable and to
support and create democracy. The principle of media
accountability not only involves restrictions and obligations
but also calls for measures to strengthen the media’s
independence from the government to ensure sufficient
resources and to provide access ofa right to
information.Kate Adie operated differently as she accepted
a CBE (Order of The British Empire) for her work with the
BBC particularly her work on the Israeli Embassy Siege.
External diversity can be detrimental, even dangerous,
forcing in institutions where mechanisms have been found
to moderate conflicts between existing groups.
Hilter and Nazi Germany offers us a good example of
extremist government propaganda, Hilter used television
and radio to broadcast Nazi propaganda convincing German
citizens to rise up against the jews, during this period

journalists or citizen journalists who opposed him would be
shot or they too would be held in Nazi concentration camps,
AGAIN YOU ARE BIASED.USA AND UK ACTUALLY ADOPTED
HITLERS METHODS WITH SOME REFINEMENT AND
IMPROVED THEM.BUT YOUR BIASED WESTERN MYOPIC
MIND ONLY SEES HITLER AND NORTH KOREA.AFTER ALL
MINUS GAS CHAMBERS WHAT WAS DIFFERENCE BETWEEN
HITLER AND THE WEST.THEY HAD A COMMON IDEOLOGY
THAT IS ANTI RUSSIA. SAME NAZI WEAPONS AND
SCIENTISTS WERE AFTER ALL ADOPTED BY USA AND UK.
North Korea is currently leading the ranks when it comes to
press freedom. Journalists often write about what they,
hear, what they see therefore when they are writing about
politics or voicing politicians’ opinion they may be seen to
be promoting one political party over another, the Evening
Standard is left wing and the Guardian is written to voice
labor opinions considered more reliable than other news
outlets with more accurate news reporting. Governors in
the United States do not encourage their administrations to
nurture a trusting working relationship with the press, often
public affairs officers usually though there is not much
respect between the two groups.
Journalism is dangerous, especially if you are working in a
war zone, the journalist Lara McPhee was tragically killed in
London Derry by the Irish Republican Party due to political

tensions at the Irish border and the backstop. This has a
significant impact firstly for her family, secondly for
journalists who read the news of her death. President
Trump in particular planned to revoke broadcasting
licensees, his attitude towards the press has provoked
violence, attacks and physical online threats to normalizing
journalists and other far right leaders have followed, Marie
Le Pen in France.
A LARGE PART OF ATTACKS LIKE LE PEN ATTACK HAVE
CLEAR STATE ACTOR SIGNATURES BUT YOU MISS THIS
TOTALLY.
Society and the media are impacted by political changes,
economical and geographical changes, then general election
that is set for December 2019 which could change the
outlook of Brexit depending on which political party is voted
in. The campaign that lead Britain’s exit from the EU was on
the promise that the NHS would receive £350
million funding but the figures do not add up. A growing
number of journalists are exposing uncomfortable truths
and holding power to account, especially when
governments have engaged in violence and restricting press
freedom on the ground in some cases discrediting them and
ensuring they are silenced. Press freedom is one of the
United States greatest exports, the UK also follows its path
but the US president is coming close to damaging that.
Jamal Koshoggogi was brutally murdered by the Saudi
Prince this was overlooked by the US President and as a

result subsequently damaged press freedom putting
journalist’s freedom evens those seeking asylum in the US in
danger.
TRADITIONALLY THIS IS NOTHING NEW.THE WEST USA
AND UK IN LEAD HAVE SUPPORTED AUTOCRATIC REGIMES
LIKE SHAH OF IRAN, SADDAM, SAUDIS AS LONG AS IT
SUITED THEIR INTEREST.SOVIET AFGHAN WAR WAS
WORST CASE WHERE USA AND UK WERE IN LEAD IN
CAPACITY BUILDING OF ISLAMIC EXTREMISTS AND IN
DESTROYING A SECULAR PROGRESSIVE REGIME IN
AFGHANISTAN. AGAIN IN SYRIA AND LIBYA UK AND USA
WERE IN LEAD IN DESTROYING SECULAR MUSLIM REGIMES
AND SUPPORTING MAD DOG ISLAMISTS.
Local journalists who report on the ground are more likely
to be restrained and endangered by press freedom than any
other journalist with the exception of war correspondents.
THE MAJOR ISSUE IS THE STATE AND MEDIA BARONS
PARTNER SHIP AND THIS MEANS TOTAL DEATH OF FREE
PRESS WORLDWIDE.EVEN 98 % OF SO CALLED TERRORISTS
ARE ALSO STATE PROXIES, USA IN LEAD FOLLOWED BY
PAKISTAN TURKEY UK AND MANY EU STATES SUPPORTING
ALL KINDS OF MAD DOG TERRORISTS.
References:

Online [2016] available
from https://www.theodysseyonline.com/the-role-
journalism-plays-in-society
from https://www.cnbc.com/2019/10/29/eu-tells-facebook-
google-and-twitter-to-take-more-action-on-fake-news.html
from https://comprop.oii.ox.ac.uk/wp-
content/uploads/sites/93/2019/09/CyberTroop-
Report19.pdf

from https://www.theguardian.com/higher-education-
network/2015/may/07/journalism-academics-mocked-by-
the-media-and-stifled-by-universities
J. Whale [1972] Journalism and Government. Lanchester
Library, Coventry University
Online [2016] available from https://hackastory.com/hopes-
and-expectations-for-journalism-in-2019-by-hackastory/

from https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/14616
70X.2016.1199486
from http://isoj.org/research/journalists-perceptions-of-
solutions-journalism-and-its-place-in-the-field/
from https://www.governing.com/columns/smart-
mgmt/gov-government-press-relationship.html

from http://www.digitalnewsreport.org/publications/2019/j
ournalism-media-technology-trends-predictions-2019/
from https://text.npr.org/s.php?sId=714625907
from https://www.nytimes.com/2019/09/23/opinion/press-
freedom-arthur-sulzberger.html

from https://www.revealnews.org/blog/how-academics-
and-journalists-can-collaborate/
from https://www.revealnews.org/blog/how-academics-
and-journalists-can-collaborate/
S, Rajaratnam (2018) School of International Studies, Fake
News
James.F.Scotton (2008) The News World Prism, Coventry
University, LanchesterLibrary

W Albig, (1958) ‘Publicity Advertising and propaganda in the
United States’ University of llinois, United States, Google
Scholar
Intelligence Review: Directorate S ?The CIA
and Americas Secret Wars in Afghanistan
and Pakistan, 2001-2016-Steve Coll -Allen
Lane- Penguin ... Agha .H .Amin , Major
(Retired) 07 April 2018
by Agha H Amin | Apr 8, 2018

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German and American Views on ISI OF
PAKISTAN
by Agha H Amin | Oct 9, 2019
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MILITARY POLITICS IN PAKISTAN
REVIEWED: JOURNAL OF BOOK
REVIEWS
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17: Journal of Book Reviews
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by Agha H Amin and Raugh Jr, Dr Harold E | Oct 3, 2019
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Peter Mansoors Surge Reviewed: Journal of
Book Reviews
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Army Afghanistan and White House
by Agha H. Amin | Oct 5, 2015
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Oliver Bullough

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destroying Military Effectiveness of United
States of America (US Military Corruption)
(Volume 54)
by Agha H Amin and Thomas J Miller | Dec 15, 2015
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Journal of Book Reviews: The Spy and the
Traitor by Ben Macintyre Reviewed
by Agha H Amin | Sep 25, 2018
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NAPOLEON AS SEEN BY THREE
BIOGRAPHERS: JOURNAL OF BOOK
REVIEWS

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India Pakistan Afghanistan Military Review:
An Infantry Direct Participant Remembers
Bara Pind Battles-Low Price Black and white
version
by Agha H Amin | Jan 25, 2018
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Atlas of Muslim Conquest,Empires and
Failure in India-Volume 2: 165 Years of
Loot, Rapine,Intrigue and finally Extinction -
Mahmud Ghaznavis 1021 Expedition till
demise of Ghaznavi Dynasty in 1186
by Agha H Amin | Aug 30, 2018
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Allure of Battle-Journal of Book Reviews: a
massive military history book reviewed
by Agha H Amin | Nov 17, 2018
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Movie and Film Review: Drone - Lots of
Questions and lack of attention to simple
details (July 2017)
by Agha H Amin | Jul 19, 2017
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commander recollects battle of Bara Pind
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GENERAL MAP OF THE TO
DEPICT SHASHDARAK
BLAST 05 SEPTEMBER 2019
GENERAL MAP OF THE TO DEPICT
SHASHDARAK BLAST 05 SEPTEMBER 2019

BLAST NEAR NATO/ISAF HQ AND US
EMBASSY

https://www.rferl.org/a/kabul-blast-
embassy-district/30147505.html
At least 12 people have been killed --
including a U.S. and a Romanian soldier --
and dozens more injured when a car bomb
struck a checkpoint on September 5 in a
neighborhood of Kabul that houses the
embassies, government buildings, and local
NATO headquarters.
The fundamentalist Taliban claimed
responsibility for the late-morning attack.
It is the second major Taliban attack in the
Afghan capital this week as U.S. and
Taliban officials are said to be in an intense
final phase of efforts toward a peace deal to
end their 18-year conflict.
Another Taliban car bombing later on

September 5, in a neighboring province,
reportedly killed at least four civilians.
The Taliban, which is pressing for the
departure of U.S. and other international
troops in the negotiations, claimed that
foreigners were among the dead in the
September 5 attack in Kabul. Taliban
spokesman Zabihullah Mujahid tweeted
that the suicide bomber had killed 12
"foreign invaders."
Reports said the checkpoint that was
targeted was near the headquarters of
NATO's Resolute Support mission.
NATO said in a statement later in the day
that two members of that mission, a
Romanian and an American, "were killed in
action today in Kabul."
Romanian authorities have confirmed that a
Romanian soldier on "a mixed patrol

mission" was among the dead and another
Romanian was seriously wounded.
Romanian President Klaus Iohannis
condemned the attack and stressed his
country's "profound commitment to
combating terrorism at the international
level."
A large plume of smoke rose over the blast
and sirens blared as first responders
rushed to the scene.
Interior Ministry spokesman Nasrat Rahimi
said a minibus packed with explosives had
detonated on a main road in the Shash
Darak district at around 10:10 a.m. local
time.
Ten civilians were dead and 42 others were
injured in the attack, Rahimi later tweeted.

Later reports put the number of injured at
more than 100.
Agreement Reached 'In Principle'
Quoting a spokesman for Kabul's police
chief, AP suggested the attack was also not
far from offices of Afghan national-security
authorities.
A draft agreement to end years of war in
Afghanistan was said to have been reached
"in principle" recently between U.S. and
Taliban representatives after nine rounds of
talks involving U.S. envoy Zalmay
Khalilzad, who has been briefing Afghan
officials on its terms.
But completion of the deal is reportedly still
contingent on final approval from U.S.
President Donald Trump and assent among
Taliban leaders.

The Afghan government is also said to be
weighing its position on the agreement.
Afghan presidential Waheed Omer, who
was talking to reporters at the time of the
September 5 explosion, said the deal was
proceeding with "excessive speed" and
warned of difficult times ahead, according
to AP.
A Taliban suicide attack late on September
2 killed at least 16 people and injured more
than 100 others, also in eastern Kabul. The
dead in that attack included another
Romanian.
So far in 18 such attacks in the Afghan
capital this year, at least 209 people have
been killed and more than 1,000 others
injured, according to dpa.

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