2. Apple Inc.
Steve
Jobs Steve Wozniak Ronald Wayne Apple
I
Apple II
microcomputers
went public
graphical user interfaces
original Macintosh a critically
acclaimed advertisement
NeXT

3. THE FOUNDING OF APPLE INC.

4. SAUDI ARABIANOIL COMPANY(SAUDI ARAMCO)
Saudi Aramco, also called Saudi Arabian Oil Company, for Saudi Aramco, also called Saudi Arabian Oil
Company, formerly Arabian American Oil Company, Oil company founded by the Standard Oil Co. of
California (Chevron) in 1933, when the government of Saudi Arabia granted it a concession. Other U.S.
companies joined after oil was found near Dhahran in 1938. In 1950 Aramco opened a pipeline from
Saudi Arabia to the Mediterranean Sea port of Sidon, Lebanon. It was closed in 1983 except to supply a
refinery in Jordan. A more successful pipeline, with a destination on the Persian Gulf, was finished in
1981. In 1951 Aramco found the first offshore oil field in the Middle East. In the 1970s and ’80s, control
gradually passed to the Saudi Arabian government, which eventually took over Aramco and renamed it
Saudi Aramco in 1988.merly Arabian American Oil Company, Oil company founded by the Standard Oil
Co. of California (Chevron) in 1933, when the government of Saudi Arabia granted it a concession. Other
U.S. companies joined after oil was found near Dhahran in 1938. In 1950 Aramco opened a pipeline from
Saudi Arabia to the Mediterranean Sea port of Sidon, Lebanon. It was closed in 1983 except to supply a
refinery in Jordan. A more successful pipeline, with a destination on the Persian Gulf, was finished in
1981. In 1951 Aramco found the first offshore oil field in the Middle East. In the 1970s and ’80s, control
gradually passed to the Saudi Arabian government, which eventually took over Aramco and renamed it
Saudi Aramco in 1988.

5. Amin H. Nasser is the president and chief executive officer of Saudi Aramco,
the world’s leading integrated energy and chemicals enterprise, and the largest
provider of crude oil to global markets. He is also a member of the company’s
Board of Directors.
During a company career spanning four decades, Nasser has served in a number
of leadership positions, including as senior vice president of Upstream. In that
role, he led Saudi Aramco’s largest capital investment program in its integrated
oil and gas portfolio. Under Nasser’s leadership, the company is now building
on its upstream leadership position by expanding its presence in the downstream
and chemicals segments of the petroleum value chain, with significant
investments and joint-venture partnerships in the Kingdom as well as a number
of overseas markets.

6. Microsoft Corporation is an American multinational technology
corporation producing computer software, consumer electronics, personal
computers, and related services headquartered at the Microsoft Redmond
campus located in Redmond, Washington, United States. Its best-known software
products are the Windows line of operating systems, the Microsoft Office suite,
and the Internet Explorer and Edge web browsers. Its flagship hardware products
are the Xbox video game consoles and the Microsoft Surface lineup
of touchscreen personal computers. Microsoft ranked No. 21 in the 2020 Fortune
500 rankings of the largest United States corporations by total revenue;[2] it was
the world's largest software maker by revenue as of 2019. It is one of the Big
Five American information technology companies,
alongside Alphabet, Amazon, Apple, and Meta.

7. Microsoft was founded by Bill Gates and Paul Allen on April 4, 1975, to develop and sell BASIC interpreters for the Altair 8800.
It rose to dominate the personal computer operating system market with MS-DOS in the mid-1980s, followed by Windows. The
company's 1986 initial public offering (IPO), and subsequent rise in its share price, created three billionaires and an estimated
12,000 millionaires among Microsoft employees. Since the 1990s, it has increasingly diversified from the operating system
market and has made a number of corporate acquisitions, their largest being the acquisition of LinkedIn for $26.2 billion in
December 2016, followed by their acquisition of Skype Technologies for $8.5 billion in May 2011.
As of 2015, Microsoft is market-dominant in the IBM PC compatible operating system market and the office software suite
market, although it has lost the majority of the overall operating system market to Android. The company also produces a wide
range of other consumer and enterprise software for desktops, laptops, tabs, gadgets, and servers, including Internet
search (with Bing), the digital services market (through MSN), mixed reality (HoloLens), cloud computing (Azure), and software
development (Visual Studio).
Steve Ballmer replaced Gates as CEO in 2000, and later envisioned a "devices and services" strategy.[6] This unfolded with
Microsoft acquiring Danger Inc. in 2008, entering the personal computer production market for the first time in June 2012 with the
launch of the Microsoft Surface line of tablet computers, and later forming Microsoft Mobile through the acquisition of Nokia's
devices and services division. Since Satya Nadella took over as CEO in 2014, the company has scaled back on hardware and has
instead focused on cloud computing, a move that helped the company's shares reach its highest value since December 1999.
Earlier dethroned by Apple in 2010, in 2018 Microsoft reclaimed its position as the most valuable publicly traded company in the
world.[10] In April 2019, Microsoft reached the trillion-dollar market cap, becoming the third U.S. public company to be valued at
over $1 trillion after Apple and Amazon respectively. As of 2022, Microsoft has the fourth-highest global brand valuation.

8. Alphabet Inc. is an American multinational
technology conglomerate holding company headquartered in Mountain
View, California. It was created through a restructuring of Google on
October 2, 2015,and became the parent company of Google and several
former Google subsidiaries. Alphabet is the world's third-largest
technology company by revenue and one of the world's most valuable
companies. It is one of the Big Five American information
technology companies, alongside Amazon, Apple, Meta and Microsoft.
The establishment of Alphabet Inc. was prompted by a desire to make
the core Google business "cleaner and more accountable" while allowing
greater autonomy to group companies that operate in businesses other
than Internet services. Founders Larry Page and Sergey Brin announced
their resignation from their executive posts in December 2019, with the

9. Alphabet was founded October 2, 2015 by Google co-founders Sergey
Brin, who will serve as president of the new company, and Larry Page,
who will serve as CEO. Google's former Product Chief, Sundar Pichai, is
now CEO of the subsidiary. Google shares were transferred to Alphabet
stock on a share-for-share basis. The new company trades under
Google's former ticker symbols, GOOG and GOOGL.
According to Larry Page's announcement, they chose the company's
name because the alphabet is "a collection of letters that represent
language, one of humanity's one of humanity’s most important
innovations, and is the core of how we index with Google search." Page
also said they liked the fact that the name breaks down into Alpha-
bet. In a financial context, Alpha means investment return above
benchmark.

10. Amazon.com, online retailer, manufacturer of electronic book readers, and Web
services provider that became the iconic example of electronic commerce. Its
headquarters are in Seattle, Washington.
Amazon.com is a vast Internet-based enterprise that sells books, music, movies,
housewares, electronics, toys, and many other goods, either directly or as the
middleman between other retailers and Amazon.com’s millions of customers. Its
Web services business includes renting data storage and computing resources,
so-called “cloud computing,” over the Internet. Its considerable online presence
is such that, in 2012, 1 percent of all Internet traffic in North America traveled in
and out of Amazon.com data centers. The company also makes the market-
leading Kindle e-book readers. Its promotion of these devices has led to dramatic
growth in e-book publishing and turned Amazon.com into a major disruptive
force in the book-publishing market.

11. Jeff Bezos, a young man fresh out of Princeton, the university he graduated from in 1986, he quickly
began to make a name for himself in the business world, eventually becoming vice-president of the
major Wall Street firm DE Shaw and Co. A position he left in 1994 to launch his own company from
Seattle (Washington).
After reading a report on the future of the Internet that projected annual growth of web commerce of
2,300%, in the space of a garage (Seattle in 1994), Jeff Bezos decided to build his new online company.
The result of this adventure was Cadabra (the embryo of Amazon).
When the company was born, it was exclusively dedicated to selling books on the Internet. “With more
than three million titles for sale and available throughout the world, the books category has more
articles than any other”, acknowledged the founder of the company in an interview years ago.
At the same time, in his incessant quest to improve business volume, the entrepreneur soon opted to
change the name of the company. Bezos selected the name of Amazon by looking at the dictionary, he
chose the name because of its association with the Amazonas river and also because it began with the
first letter of the alphabet. Amazon’s slogan is From A to Z. Bezos decided that this new business
would sell books over the Web, due to the large worldwide demand for literature, the low price that
could be offered for books, and the great selection of titles that were available in print. Amazon.com
website was launched on July 16, 1995, immediately beginning an exponential growth of the company
and its presence on the web. After 30 days of Amazon.com going online and without media promotion,
Amazon was selling books in all 50 US states and 45 countries. Bezos wanted to work on making the

12. Tesla, Inc., formerly (2003–17) Tesla
Motors, American manufacturer of
electric automobiles, solar panels, and
batteries for cars and home power
storage. It was founded in 2003 by
American entrepreneurs Martin
Eberhard and Marc Tarpenning and
was named after Serbian American
inventor Nikola Tesla.

19. In 2004, Mark Zuckerberg and co-founders Dustin Moskovitz, Chris Hughes and Eduardo Saverin launched Facebook.
In 2005, thefacebook.com officially dropped the “the” and became Facebook.
In 2008, the Facebook Chat was launched.
In 2009, the Like button was introduced.
In 2010, Facebook launched Facebook Places.
In 2011, Messenger was introduced.
In April 2012, the Instagram acquisition was announced.
In May 2012, Facebook held its initial public offering.
In March 2014, Facebook announced the acquisition of Oculus VR, which released its first consumer virtual reality headset in 2016.
In 2015, Facebook Live was introduced.
In May 2016, WhatsApp’s desktop app was introduced.
In August 2016, Instagram Stories was launched.
In October 2016, Facebook Marketplace was introduced. Workplace was also introduced.
In November 2016, WhatsApp introduced video calling.
In 2017, Facebook Watch was introduced.
In January 2018, WhatsApp Business App was introduced.
In June 2018, Instagram introduced Video Chat and new camera effects for Stories.
In October 2018, Portal and Portal+ were introduced.
In March 2019, Checkout was introduced on Instagram.
In November 2019, Facebook Pay was launched.
In May 2020, Facebook Shops was introduced and Novi was announced.
In June 2020, WhatsApp launched payments.
In August 2020, Instagram Reels was launched.
In August 2021, Horizon Workrooms was introduced.
In September 2021, the XR Programs and Research Fund was introduced to help build the metaverse.
In October 2021, Meta, the new company brand, was introduced.
With more than 71,000 employees, Meta Platforms, Inc. is considered one of the world’s most valuable companies and one of America’s largest information
technology companies. According to Forbes, it is considered one of the Largest Public Companies in the World.

21. Johnson & Johnson began as a small company that created surgical dressings.
In 1886, the pharmacist Robert Wood Johnson formed a new company with his brothers James Wood
Johnson and Edward Mead Johnson.
The brothers founded their company based on Joseph Lister’s then-recent research into the nature of
airborne germs and infectious disease. The new company would develop sterilization techniques and
surgical dressings, hoping to create a more effective form of post-operative sterilization than Lister’s
approach of spraying operating rooms with carbolic acid. The brothers formally incorporated their
company in 1887 as Johnson & Johnson.
1886 – The Johnson brothers found their company based on the discoveries of Joseph Lister.
1887 – Johnson & Johnson is formally incorporated.
1888 – The company produces its first two products: a mainstream manual on treating injuries and
the first mass-market first-aid kit.
1894 – Johnson & Johnson begins its line of maternity and infant-care products, a brand which
continues to identify the company to this day.
1921 – The company releases one of its most enduring products: the Band-Aid.
1931 – Johnson & Johnson releases America’s first prescription contraceptive.
1944 – The company goes public.
1959 – With the acquisition of two research laboratories, Johnson & Johnson fully enters the
pharmaceutical business. Its first product quickly becomes one of its flagships: an over-the-counter