Cloud computing has arrived on the IT landscape with all the commotion of a Hollywood blockbuster in terms of its media coverage. The hype and chatter that this has caused has arguably not helped its initial growth and development as companies have been at the mercy of a mixed set of messages, some of which have almost approached the point of confusion in various cases.
2. What is cloud computing
anyway?
Cloud computing has been arguably been over-hyped in
recent times, but a simple explanation is not that hard to
come by.
S imply put, the cloud computing
model of IT is the Internet-
based delivery of IT services in the
slice of the cloud and uses it just
like a server. The cloud provider
looks after it for the customer
shape of software applications, and can manage all the new
processing power and storage. installations, maintenance and
These ‘services’ are delivered down software updates that are needed.
the Internet ‘pipe’ in an on-demand The concept here is that the
fashion, so that companies can business can use cloud services
simply pay for what they need and to operate and trade effectively
nothing more. as it concentrates on its core
“
Cloud computing is a bit like competencies, whether that be
turning on a light switch; you pay manufacturing washing machines,
for as much light as you need and making cakes or selling legal
Cloud computing then you turn it off. You only get services -- rather than having
charged for what you use and how to manage IT services across a
is a bit like
long you use it for. network of servers i.e tasks beyond
turning on a the customer’s central area of
Cloud computing’s economies of
light switch; you scale hinge around the opportunity expertise.
pay for as much for companies to tap into ‘shared
light as you need computing resources’ owned by the
cloud provider. A business buys a
and then you
turn it off.
”
At work
3. Cloud basics
Why is the cloud useful for
businesses of all types?
Customers who opt for cloud
services can manage their
IT network via a web browser
or a dedicated software
application. This makes it far
easier for them to roll out new
software updates (including
anti-virus protection) to an
entire staff base, as the IT
service is managed up in the
clouds where it can oversee all
the businesses’ desktops and
mobile devices.
T he cloud computing model
of IT delivery is essentially
hardware and software
According to research carried
out by the Cloud Industry
Forum (CIF), which quizzed
can now get on with operating
the core business IT network
and so doesn’t have to spend
and when it is needed is
logically going to be more
cost effective than buying
services delivered over the 450 senior IT and business hours trying to install a new in a large lump of ‘server
web. Its uptake among small decision-makers in SMBs, spreadsheet or forms-based and processing power’ and
to medium sized business has enterprises and public sector application (for employees to using up its capacity slowly
been especially rapid. organisations, flexibility was input sales data) across the but surely when needed. The
cited as the main reason entire staff base. He (or she) business still shoulders the
Ask a cloud computing expert
(at 53 percent) for initially instructs the company’s cloud upfront capital expenditure
why they think this new
adopting cloud-based hosting vendor and lets them on the cost of the IT, and
model of IT service delivery
services. handle the job. if the business fails to use
is going to be a good idea
it all then this is wasted
and useful for business and Let’s just emphasise that Manageability matters expenditure that can not be
you’ll typically get just three this was the MAIN reason Software updates, patches, recouped.
words in reply: flexibility, for INITIALLY adopting operating system upgrades
manageability and cost- cloud computing. What is and – quite crucially we feel –
efficiency. interesting is that the same anti virus software updates all
managers ranked cost saving become far more controllable,
Now those are rather over-
far lower (at 16 percent) in flexible, customisable
used terms in the world of
terms of it being a primary and (yes we’ll say it again)
IT, so what do they mean
driver for initially adopting manageable.
and how do they manifest
cloud services.
themselves in the real world? So thirdly, cost-efficiency from
Cloud computing directly the cloud -- as we have said
Flexibility foundations impacts manageability for before, cloud computing’s
As we know, cloud computing some very clear reasons. economies of scale hinge
is the Internet-based delivery
Deployment (or installation around the opportunity for
of IT services in the shape
if you prefer) of software companies to tap into ‘shared
of software applications,
across the entire workforce’s computing resources’ owned
processing power and storage
range of desktop and mobile by the cloud provider.
over the Internet.
devices effectively becomes Buying one flexible chunk
outsourced. The IT manager of computing power as
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4. What is Software-as-a-Service?
Software-as-a-Service (SaaS) is a method of using software under license provided
by a software vendor, where the application is ‘hosted’ at a site away from the
company premises. The software does not take up permanent residence on the
customer’s network i.e. it is never fully downloaded or installed.
T o use SaaS, a customer’s
IT department must be
connected to a network to
receive the software down a
supply pipe – and of course
this ‘pipe’ is typically the
Internet.
In the eyes of the user, using
web-based SaaS software
services is not necessarily
any different from using
an application that is
permanently installed on their
machine. But the business
feels the (largely) positive
effects at the back end inside
the IT department - and on the
financial bottom line.
Adoption of the SaaS model
not only means that the
company uses the most up-
to-date version of software
available at any one time, it
also allows the company to
use software at a lower cost
without weighty technology The SaaS software sits on underpinned this growth, so In summary, SaaS provides
implementation and the vendor’s network ready that the use of at least ‘some’ lower administration costs,
deployment costs. to be deployed into the SaaS services in modern automated updates to core
“
outside world. The software business framework is software applications as
applications themselves are becoming the new norm. well as patch updates, good
written in what is known as a compatibility levels (all a
SaaS shares a close
‘web-native’ format i.e. this company’s users are finally
Analyst firm simply means that they are
relationship with cloud
computing and is often
using the same software!)
built to run over the Internet and wider global accessibility
Forrester pipes from the start – and
referred to as being part
of what is called the ‘utility
for the company’s users as a
says that this this also means that they
are optimised for this type of
model of computing’, the
whole.
‘ASP-model’ (or Application
approach to deployment rather than being
traditional desktop (or even
Service Provider), or the on-
demand computing model.
placing server mobile) single installation
Essentially these jargon-
products.
storage tasks in As the Internet has driven
heavy industry terms add up
to much the same thing – so
the hands of the more deeply into every
company’s operational plans,
newcomers to this subject
should not be put off by so-
cloud is the most SaaS web services have called ‘industry-speak’ if they
become more attuned to real hear it.
substantial shift business needs and so have
in IT so far this enjoyed increased growth and
popularity. The widespread
decade. availability of broadband has
” At work
5. When should businesses consider
moving IT to the cloud?
It’s a broad question i.e. when should businesses consider moving an element of
their IT function to the cloud? To answer this query by merely saying NOW -- would
be too broad brush a statement to have any value. But timing is an essential element
“
of any business plan, so we must address this issue.
If a company’s
servers are
over five-years
old, this is
approaching
the dangerous
part of their
‘propensity to
fail’ curve.
A company company might
consider a new cloud
computing component in
Cloud computing also provides
another more subtle function,
which may also have direct
you can test it and bring it in
house when the time is right.
Popular thinking today
”
The end of the tax year,
the end of the VAT quarter,
Christmas Eve and any
its IT stack if for example it relevance to a business’s other significant annual (or
suggests that the business
were to open up a new line of security layer -- and that is quarterly) milestone when IT
would be happy with this
business or product line, or its ability to set up a ‘test’ downtime which may result
block of business left in
perhaps enter a new market. environment. Because cloud from new cloud deployments
the cloud permanently. The
This ‘new rung on the ladder’ computing comes packaged is not a good idea.
crucial factor here is that you
moment in business can be in a ‘service’ over the Internet,
recognise the when-factor So now you know when this
a perfect time to reassess IT it is there to ‘play with’ in a
here as being a time of change technology is best suited to
input and output channels; a sense. After all, it’s up in the
in the business. emerge, you can set your
reassessment of the company cloud (it’s actually down on a
cloud computing stop watch.
security layer and a new remote server being ‘hosted’ There are other ‘finger in the
cloud-driven IT service should somewhere else) so you can air’ gauges that a company
be very natural partners stress test it and see how well might use to consider
it performs under extreme when it might adopt some
Another key ‘when-factor’
and/or new conditions. element of cloud computing.
might be related to the
If a company’s servers are
business’s hardware or For want of a random
over five-years old, this is
software installation coming example, if a consumer
approaching the dangerous
to an ‘end of life’ stage. goods manufacturer wanted
part of their ‘propensity to
When the hard disks are to set up a new web-based
fail’ curve. Once again, this
worn out and the machines mail order system to serve
is a good time to think about
need faster processor power, an emerging market nation
cloud.
we might also typically find in Eastern Europe, would
that software and operating they want that system ‘hard Just to come full circle on
systems upgrades just have networked’ in to their existing this topic, let’s also consider
to be carried out too. So once IT operation? Probably not when NOT to consider cloud
again, a cloud watershed right? But put any new computing. Or at least,
moment may present itself modular addition to the when an IT overhaul is not
here. business in the cloud and necessarily a good idea.
At work
6. How does a business sign up
for cloud services?
So you just sign up for cloud computing and start using the flexible service options
as and when you need them right? Well – that’s mostly correct, but did anybody stop
and ask HOW exactly a business signs up for the cloud in the first place?
T he simple answer here is
that a user (an IT manager
or other individual) really does
categorised by parameters
including disk space, monthly
data transfer, programming
Ready to go:
Based on this simplified
explanation of the process, at
simply just sign up. Cloud support and database this point the cloud is ready
hosting vendors suggest that features. to go.
they can “spin up” a cloud
server in less than a minute Time period: Cloud vendors call their
for new users – and all this You also need to decide part of this whole process
means is that your specified whether you are signing up “provisioning”. But if you want
“portion” of server space is for 12 months, 24-months or a more digestible term, you
set aside, made ready and more. could simply call this action
kitted out so that it is ready “initiating”, or “preparing”
Now proceed to the even.
for use. checkout:
The HOW section of cloud Part of the sign up process Or if you really want to get
computing includes the will of course include the down to earth, then we’ll just
following: submission of contact call this process “turning on”.
information, as well as billing At this point, you can consider
Choose your cloud plan: and payment information. your cloud resource to have
There are a few fundamental been “powered up”.
choices that need to be made Registration:
in terms of the plan any Creating an account
business signs up to from username and password is an
the cloud. This will mean essential part of the process.
selecting which hosting
resources a company buys
“
into -- and this will be
Cloud hosting
vendors suggest
that they can
“spin up” a cloud
server in less
than a minute for
new users...
”
At work
7. Why are some companies
concerned about cloud?
T he proposition presented
by cloud computing has
not arrived without some
cloud computing is (arguably)
a superb route towards cost
savings and the stripping out
look after its data, this should
be a positive area of interest.
An IT survey carried out
companies voicing their of unused or underutilised
Vanson Bourne showed
concerns and reservations. IT resources. On the other
“
that 91% of companies
It is after all very new -- and hand, the recession itself has
surveyed want a hybrid cloud
with newness comes change, driven cost cutting measures
model for their technology
and change is disruptive. But that have led to smaller
infrastructure, 70% are
there is positive disruption IT departments. So is this
Businesses and negative disruption. Catch-22 for the cloud, or is
still “concerned” about the
difficulties of managing such
So how do we differentiate there a way through the mist?
must position between the two -- and how
Catch-22 for the cloud?
an infrastructure over the long
term.
do we allay cloud computing
staff training at worries if they have no real The answer (mostly) lies
The cloud in layers
in mitigating unnecessary
the heart of any basis for concern?
concerns being harboured
Industry analysts suggest
that the prevalence of these
Some might say… over outsourcing sensitive
cloud migration Some say that the problem data to the cloud.
concerns and misgivings
may be down to the over
here is skills; the cloud will
strategy, if change IT provision, but it
Terms like “storage bloat” are
sometimes used to describe
usage of the term “cloud
computing” itself. When in
they want to will fail if we do not change
our approach to IT training
the data loss that can occur fact the cloud encompasses
when a business blindly saves an IT Infrastructure (IaaS –
be able to by a commensurate degree.
The argument is simple:
all its information in one “data Infrastructure-as-a-Service)
dump” to the cloud. element, a Platform (PaaS
realise tangible businesses must position staff
training at the heart of any More intelligent use of
- Platform-as-a-Service)
component and then,
business cloud migration strategy, if
they want to be able to realise
cloud computing may be
ultimately a Software (SaaS
to employ services such as
benefits from tangible business benefits email management, which
– Software-as-a-Service)
offering.
from cloud-based Software- looks after email archiving,
cloud-based as-a-Service streams. retention and management. If
there are concerns over how
Software- But there are two sides to
this argument. On the one
a business should operate
as-a-Service hand we should consider that
within the cloud and be able to
streams.
”
At work
8. Who are the top cloud
vendors?
Cloud computing is not an open and shut case. The upshot of
this is that we should really break any list of cloud vendors
“
down into sub categories.
Five segments
of the cloud:
platforms,
infrastructure,
security, storage
and cloud
software &
applications.
”
I deally, an analysis of the
cloud computing market
place would separate
• Akamai The ‘service’ selection factor
The important point here is
not that these nine companies
Many would argue that cloud
computing still sits in this
mire of uncertainty and that
‘elements’ of the cloud into • Amazon all hover somewhere around security is still a massive
perhaps five segments: the top ten cloud vendors list concern. But things are better
cloud platforms themselves,
infrastructure, security,
• Microsoft on a month-by-month basis
at the time of writing. No, the
than that; building on the
cloud is not like laying down
• Enki
storage and cloud software & important point is that each foundations on quicksand,
applications. company will have a different there are answers to most of
approach to service – and the questions we will need
Naming names
But for the purposes of this
• Fortress ITX this is widely argued to be the answered.
major defining factor that will
overview, let’s stick with The question is, how well can
what we can define as cloud • Joyent help us distinguish one cloud
player from another.
each cloud vendor attend
‘vendors’ specifically. The to a customer’s concerns,
below list is merely presented
as an hors d’œuvre. Some
• Google Let’s not forget, cloud
computing started out as a
questions and uncertainties?
Once again, it will come down
names you will know well, highly disruptive technology to service.
some names you may know • Rackspace development (albeit mainly
for other reasons and some positive), with no previous
names may be new to you. • Salesforce customer references, very
few SLAs (service level
agreements), spiralling
security concerns and no
tangible guarantee of ROI
(return on investment).
At work
9. Where are the cloud’s
data centres?
Surely one of the great issues with cloud computing is the IT
industry’s apparent willingness to fuel the ‘ethereal’ image of
the cloud’s data banks. “It’s just out there,” they say...
T he cloud delivers data and
application processing
power as and when you need
Both McAfee and Rackspace
(to name just two) have built
cloud data centres in London,
build one huge lump of cloud
data?
The answer is a multi-layered
it, they say. “Don’t concern UK – in addition to their US
one. There are latency effects
yourself with building an IT bases of course. According
experienced by certain
infrastructure, just outsource to Data Centre Knowledge
software applications (if they
it to our hosted service,” they dot.com, Amazon holds its
are particularly high volume
(the cloud providers) say and data banks right around the
transaction apps) depending
say and say. globe in Amsterdam, Dublin,
“
on the cloud’s location.
Frankfurt, London, Hong
But hang on, that’s not really
Kong, Singapore, Tokyo and Compliance complicity
what we want to hear, is it? All
at eight locations across Plus there’s also the
this ‘up in the sky’ flexibility is
America. geographical factor to
There are all very well, but businesses
today large and small want to Physical realities
consider i.e. regulatory
and compliance rulings
latency effects know not only which side their
bread is buttered on, they also
So let’s not use the rest of
this section to simply list
governing data in Europe are
experienced by want to know where the butter
dairy is. Come to think of it,
companies and data centre
different from those in the
US and the Far East, so this
office locations. Let us take it
certain software they also want to know if the
cows are happy this week.
as read that Google, Microsoft,
is a consideration too. But a
deeper analysis of this topic is
Salesforce.com and every
applications Cold hard facts
other cloud vendor out there
another story for another day.
does indeed have a physical
(if they are So to come down to earth
with some hard facts, let’s
building ready to deliver cloud
services as an when needed.
particularly look at where the cloud
really is. The point to embrace here
high volume The cloud – or to put it more
is… why do these companies
build so many different sites
transaction accurately, the server racks
in the data centres that hold
around the globe? If the cloud
as truly global as the Internet
apps) depending the software for cloud-based
applications to work over the
itself, then why doesn’t Google
(or whoever) find the cheapest
on the cloud’s Internet – does have an actual
street address.
ground rent available and just
location.
”
At work
10. How should we view cloud
Service Level Agreements?
A business signs up for cloud computing services and
should expect to get everything that it has paid for
within the scope of the signed agreement right? Given this
cornerstone of consumer purchasing advice, is attempting
to transfer this maxim to the world of technology and cloud
computing services too much to ask?
Unfortunately the Service Companies will need to go Dynamic data
Level Agreement (SLA) that through a process of auditing, We have used the word
governs most cloud contracts analysing, documenting and ‘dynamic’ just there and this is
is more of an “expectations- ratifying every element of the main issue at hand; cloud
management” mechanism in their cloud SLA to make sure computing is still-nascent,
many senses. that it provides appropriate rapidly changing and ultra-
levels of: dynamic.
SLA basics
While cloud SLAs may set out • Performance and Entering into any new
“
to lay down a blueprint for processing power agreement with a cloud
how a cloud service should supplier is almost like buying
• Data storage and data
operate, firms may find them a new car straight off the
throughput
more constructive tools if production line i.e. it should
Building your they are viewed as a remit • Security, anti-malware all work fine, but the road
for communications between provisioning and all-round may be bumpy ahead and
cloud computing vendor and customer i.e. ‘robustness’ or service unpredictable.
almost a conflict prevention
SLA should be a tool if you like.
• Flexibility, controllability
and manageability
Once again, a little of the
‘buyer-beware’ attitude here
two-way street, Building your cloud computing
SLA should be a two-
• Clarity of charges and costs
should go a long way.
with your own way street, with your own
company’s representatives
• Refundable options in the
event of service outages
company’s inputting to the SLA itself –
otherwise it’s just a document,
NB: The above list is intended
to be dynamic, rather than
representatives not an “agreement” between
two parties.
exhaustive and definitive.
It is however a very good
inputting to the foundation and starting point.
SLA itself.
”
At work
11. Private clouds vs.
public clouds what’s
the difference?
A sk a cloud computing
expert to solve the
following riddle: when is a
Private benefits
But private clouds can not
benefit from the higher
services delivered over an
Internet connection.
cloud not a cloud? The most level economies of scale
Which apps, which cloud
likely answer you will get is: So which applications should
experienced in the public
when that cloud is a private we put in the private cloud
cloud. That being said, they do
cloud. This is because in versus the public cloud? Ah
have a place and are typically
some senses a private cloud well, that of course is the
used for housing elements of
is not true cloud computing; $64,000 question. But it’s not
a firm’s critical infrastructure
too hard to work it out. Each
“
rather, it is an emulation of that the company would
some of the virtualisation application will have its own
not be happy to release
functions of the public cloud, characteristics in terms of
externally. This is not to
but done on an individual level mission criticality, workload,
say that the public cloud is
data throughput and security.
The public cloud inside a single company in an
‘on-premise’ server.
insecure (far from it in fact),
it is merely down to a) a bit
What tends to matter most is
the ‘accountability’ of the data
is thoroughbred An ‘instance’ of cloud
of common sense b) a bit of
human nature and c) a bit of
that the application itself has
power to handle i.e the true business
beast, with all As stated, the private cloud
pressure from management.
value of the data in hand.
will still offer the ability Going Public
the appendages to virtualise – and when The public cloud on the
In practice, a combination
of public, private and hybrid
we say this we mean that other hand is a more
and ancillary component blocks of storage thoroughbred beast, with all
cloud environments is already
proving to the most workable
and processing power can be the appendages and ancillary
functions that set aside and ‘described as an functions that this new model
methodology for
instance’ in their own right, of IT delivery has to offer.
this new model such that they represent a What is more, the public
so-called ‘virtual machine’. cloud is built at scale – and
of IT delivery has This means that they can still therefore it stands to offer
be scaled up or down inside the greatest opportunity to
to offer. What is the realm of the total private benefit from economies of
cloud, and in most cases, can scale that can possibly exist.
more, the public also share from one of the key The public cloud then is
benefits of utility computing dynamically provisioned IT
cloud is built at i.e shared hardware costs.
scale.
”
At work
12. What type of applications
do not work best in the
cloud?
4 – Audit Unfriendly Apps
It’s a simple straightforward
truth, some companies will be
working under data regulation
and compliance rulings that
specify against the use of
cloud computing. It may be
worded differently along these
lines: the physical location
of each server unit that the
company uses for data storing
and processing must be able
to be specifically identified
and geographically located.
As cloud hosters/providers
typically do not tell customers
which cloud server their work
is carried out on at any one
time, the possibility of cloud
computing for companies
under such regulations is
ruled out.
5 – The Software License
Brick Wall
This one should not take
too much explaining; some
T here’s a simple way to 2 – Heavy Input/Output 3 – Solid & Consistent software licenses have simply
answer the question Applications Workload Apps not got to grips with cloud
of what type of application Any software application If your application is a solid, computing. These licenses
works well in the cloud; as that makes a high degree unchanging, accurately either never envisioned a time
you might be able to guess, of physical input/output definable entity – then why when cloud computing would
the best gauge is to look at demands on a company’s are you looking to put it in the take off as a viable computing
what does not work well in physical server is not cloud? The cloud computing environment, or they have
the cloud. best suited to the cloud. model of IT offers massively simply shut the door to cloud
Applications that work well expandable flexibility; deployment as they feel (for
1 – Sensitive Data example) that the number
in the cloud can be sent to but if you know what your
Any software application that of user license controls is
the cloud server that houses application needs to handle
is inherently built around the too hard to pin down. Good
and powers them -- and then every day, every week and
need to collate and manage examples here would be
made to work “out there” in every month – then you know
sensitive data is, in simple ERP (or enterprise resource
the cloud doing what they what your IT requirements
terms, not best suited to the planning) software, which
do. If that application has to are, so you can buy the
cloud computing model of suffers particularly from this
constantly ask for connections appropriate amount of on-
IT delivery. Sure the cloud shortfall.
to and from the customer’s premise server hardware to
is safe; there are security
terrestrial IT network (i.e. fit the bill. Using the cloud in
controls and firewalls aplenty
not in the cloud), then things this instance is not a problem,
from all the biggest cloud
start to look like hard work. but it is really not prudent,
hosters/providers. But if you
Examples would be data profitable or efficient. If you
have an application that relies
analysis applications and know you need a car 7 days a
on mission critical data and
software that relies on CEP week, you don’t hire one every
you can keep it on-premise,
(or complex event processing) morning do you? It’s the same
then do so. Only put these
to work. concept.
applications in the cloud as a
secondary option.
At work
13. What is a cloud mashup?
Cloud computing has a variety of custom-tuned deployment scenarios in
real-world computing environments, one of these is the cloud mash-up.
I n order to answer the
question, what is a cloud
mash up -- we should first
answer the question, what
is a mashup? For those new
So we know what mashups
are and we know how
they interconnect. A cloud
mashup then is quite simply
a web-based instance of a
mission critical data in
this environment, but it
has great potential for
“
Well, it’s true -- you don’t
want to put your core
A mashup is
a term used
to describe
to the term, a mashup is mashup, but the application experimental testing of new
a term used to describe a content itself resides in the services before they are a web-based
web-based application that
combines information from
cloud. So why is that good? taken to more fully blown
levels of research and application
If your cloud mashup is
two or more sources to
present a new service.
by its very nature hosted
development. that combines
For an example, think about
in the cloud then it will be
sat next to some useful
Plus anyway, companies
using this level of information
a news website that pulls
in weather updates from
software building tools if
you subscribe to a cloud
technology should at
least be thinking about
from two or
Weather dot com (or other), mashup centre service, enterprise level (and yes we more sources to
or stocks and shares info, such as the one provided do mean SMB enterprise
currency rates or even by IBM for example. A level) anti virus and present a new
additional news items from good enterprise mashup malware protection with
service.
”
Reuters. The resulting end platform features reusable a firewalls and a formal
product is a mashup of its application building blocks security policy.
component parts. (commonly referred to
Cloud-based application
as ‘widgets’ and ‘feeds’)
Mashups use an API mashups are arguably the
that can be built into new
(Application Programming technology of the future, but
applications or incorporated
Interface) to combine and they are already here today.
into existing applications.
coalesce different website Although they might not
elements. So just one in this scenario we’re have enjoyed widespread
more definition - an API is using software building adoption as yet, any SMB
basically a set of software- blocks way up in the cloud IT manager should have at
to-software programming to construct applications least around this much (see
instructions that work that will handle our data above) passing knowledge
on the web. APIs allow in an off premise location of them we feel.
one piece of web-based alongside other cloud
software to talk to another “tenants” (or customers if
in a process controlled by you prefer). Surely this is
the API itself. a data security nightmare
waiting to happen right?
At work