SlideShare una empresa de Scribd logo
1 de 35
Descargar para leer sin conexión
11/13/2012   MOLECUAR BIOLOGY   1
      Translation is the synthesis of protein from an
   mRNA template.
      This process involves several key molecules
   including:
1.     mRNA
2.     Ribosome
3.     tRNA
4.     Release Factor



11/13/2012    MOLECUAR BIOLOGY                           2
    Initiation
    Elongation
    Termination




11/13/2012    MOLECUAR BIOLOGY   3
    Peptide chain undergoes folding
    Some amino acids might be changed
    Carbohydrates or lipids can be added
    Peptide can be activated by addition or removal of
     some residue (acetate, phosphate, methyl etc.)




11/13/2012      MOLECUAR BIOLOGY                          4
    Changes in the Hydrogen bond proclivity which
     results in secondary and tertiary structures
    Some of the proteins might remain in cytosol while
     others are transported across the membrane or
     even imported into cellular organelles
     (mitochondria or chloroplasts) to accomplish their
     functions



11/13/2012      MOLECUAR BIOLOGY                          5
    The chemical modification of a protein after its
     translation is known as Post-Translational
     Modification.




11/13/2012       MOLECUAR BIOLOGY                       6
 Play a crucial role in generating the heterogeneity in
  proteins.
 Help in utilizing identical proteins for different
  cellular functions in different cell types.
 Regulation of particular protein sequence behavior
  in most of the eukaryotic organisms.




11/13/2012    MOLECUAR BIOLOGY                             7
 Play an important part in modifying the end product
  of expression.
 Contribute towards biological processes and
  diseased conditions.
 Translocation of proteins across biological
  membranes.




11/13/2012   MOLECUAR BIOLOGY                           8
    Trimming
    Covalent Modification
    Ubiquitination




11/13/2012    MOLECUAR BIOLOGY   9
    Removal of a part of the translated sequence.
    Proteases      Protein activation.




11/13/2012     MOLECUAR BIOLOGY                      10
    Phosphorylation
    Glycosylation
    Hydroxylation
    Carboxylation
    Biotinylation
    Acetylation



11/13/2012    MOLECUAR BIOLOGY   11
    Methylation
    Alkylation
    Glutamylation
    Lipoylation
    Sulfation




11/13/2012    MOLECUAR BIOLOGY   12
    Phosphorylation
       The addition of a phosphate (PO4) group to a
        protein or a small molecule.
       Can occur on Serine, Threonine, Tyrosine.




11/13/2012       MOLECUAR BIOLOGY                      13
    Glycosylation
       The addition of saccharide to a protein or a lipid
   molecule.
 N-Linked Glycosylation
      • Amide nitrogen of Asparagine
    O-Linked Glycosylation
      • Hydroxyl oxygen of Serine and Therionine.




11/13/2012         MOLECUAR BIOLOGY                          14
    Hydroxylation
       The addition of hydroxyl group to proline of
             protein.

    Carboxylation
       The addition of carboxyl group to glutamate.




11/13/2012              MOLECUAR BIOLOGY               15
    Biotinylation
       The addition of biotin to protein or nucleic acid.
    Acetylation
       The addition of an acetyl group, usually at the N-
             terminus of the protein.




11/13/2012            MOLECUAR BIOLOGY                       16
    Methylation
       The addition of a methyl group, usually at lysine
             or arginine residues.

    Alkylation
       The addition of an alkyl group (e.g. methyl, ethyl).




11/13/2012             MOLECUAR BIOLOGY                        17
    Glutamylation
       Covalent linkage of glutamic acid residues to
             tubulin and some other
    Lipoylation
       The attachment of a lipoate functionality
    Sulfation
    The addition of a sulfate group to a tyrosine.


11/13/2012            MOLECUAR BIOLOGY                  18
    Highly specific degradation of protein can be
     achieved through the addition of one to
     several ubiquitin molecules to a target
     protein. The process is called Ubiquitination.




11/13/2012     MOLECUAR BIOLOGY                       19
 These are particularly important for the study of
  heart disease, cancer, neurodegenerative diseases
  and diabetes.
 These are key mechanisms to increase proteomic
  diversity.




11/13/2012   MOLECUAR BIOLOGY                         20
11/13/2012   MOLECUAR BIOLOGY   21
11/13/2012   MOLECUAR BIOLOGY   22
    A protein synthesis inhibitor is a substance
     that stops or slows the growth or
     proliferation of cells by disrupting the
     processes that lead directly to the generation
     of new protein.




11/13/2012     MOLECUAR BIOLOGY                       23
    In general, antibiotics are biochemically or
     fungally produced substances that inhibit the
     growth of other organisms. Most antibiotics,
     like many pharmaceuticals, block translation
     in protein synthesis.




11/13/2012     MOLECUAR BIOLOGY                      24
    These substances are effective because they
     take advantage of the tremendous
     complexity involved in the synthesis of
     proteins.




11/13/2012     MOLECUAR BIOLOGY                    25
    Puromycin
    Streptomycin
    Erythromycin
    Tetracyclin
    Penicillin
    Chloramphenicol
    Rifampin
    Fusidic Acid
    Thiostrepton
11/13/2012    MOLECUAR BIOLOGY   26
    Puromycin
       Inhibits protein synthesis at translation by
        prematurely terminating a peptide chain.
       In simple terms, the part of puromycin that
        resembles an aminoacyl end of tRNA can bind to
        the A site of a ribosome.




11/13/2012        MOLECUAR BIOLOGY                       27
Streptomycin
 Depending on its
 concentration, streptomycin can affect
 bacterial cells in two ways.
Low concentration
At low concentrations, it induces mRNA
 misreading, so that improper amino acids are
 incorporated into the polypeptide.

11/13/2012   MOLECUAR BIOLOGY                   28
    High concentration
    At high concentrations, 70s nonproductive
     ribosome: mRNA complexes accumulate,
     preventing formation of active initiation
     complexes with new mRNA.




11/13/2012     MOLECUAR BIOLOGY                  29
    Once a polypeptide chain is assembled, it still
     requires two major "finishing steps" before it
     becomes functional.
    Chemical modification
    Folding




11/13/2012     MOLECUAR BIOLOGY                        30
    Chemical modification involves three steps:
    modification of amino acid residues into
     other types,
     addition of organic units (such as sugars or
     lipids) to specific amino acids,
    enzymatic cleavage of one or more amino
     acids from a region of the polypeptide chain.


11/13/2012     MOLECUAR BIOLOGY                      31
    The abundance of collagen in the
     extracellular structures of humans and other
     mammals makes disorders of collagen
     deposition.
    Atherosclerosis
    Fibrosis
    Progressive Systemic Sclerosis (Scleroderma)


11/13/2012     MOLECUAR BIOLOGY                     32
    Atherosclerosis
       a disease involving stiffening of the arteries, is
             related to an over-deposition of collagen
       Fibrosis
       A disease involving hardening of the tissues, is
        related to excessive collagen synthesis.




11/13/2012            MOLECUAR BIOLOGY                       33
    Progressive Systemic Sclerosis
     (Scleroderma)
       A disease of the vascular and immune
             systems, and a severe connective tissue disorder.




11/13/2012            MOLECUAR BIOLOGY                           34
11/13/2012   MOLECUAR BIOLOGY   35

Más contenido relacionado

La actualidad más candente

Translation in Prokaryotes and Eukaryotes
Translation  in Prokaryotes and Eukaryotes Translation  in Prokaryotes and Eukaryotes
Translation in Prokaryotes and Eukaryotes Ikram Ullah
 
Dna supercoiling and role of topoisomerases
Dna supercoiling and role of topoisomerasesDna supercoiling and role of topoisomerases
Dna supercoiling and role of topoisomerasesYashwanth B S
 
Translation in Eukaryotes.
Translation in Eukaryotes.Translation in Eukaryotes.
Translation in Eukaryotes.Anushi Jain
 
Post Transcriptional Modifications
Post Transcriptional ModificationsPost Transcriptional Modifications
Post Transcriptional ModificationsSrishti Pandey
 
Regulation of gene expression in prokaryotes
Regulation of gene expression in prokaryotesRegulation of gene expression in prokaryotes
Regulation of gene expression in prokaryotesgohil sanjay bhagvanji
 
Trp operon
Trp operonTrp operon
Trp operonSKYFALL
 
Co and post translationational modification of proteins
Co and post translationational modification of proteinsCo and post translationational modification of proteins
Co and post translationational modification of proteinsSukirti Vedula
 
RNA SPLICING
RNA SPLICINGRNA SPLICING
RNA SPLICINGmanojjeya
 
Dna replication eukaryotes
Dna replication eukaryotesDna replication eukaryotes
Dna replication eukaryotesPARADHI
 
Tryptophan operon
Tryptophan operonTryptophan operon
Tryptophan operondevadevi666
 
tRNA structure and function
tRNA structure and functiontRNA structure and function
tRNA structure and functionManjesh Saakre
 
Translation in Prokaryotes
Translation in ProkaryotesTranslation in Prokaryotes
Translation in ProkaryotesSonia John
 

La actualidad más candente (20)

Protein targetting
Protein targettingProtein targetting
Protein targetting
 
Translation in Prokaryotes and Eukaryotes
Translation  in Prokaryotes and Eukaryotes Translation  in Prokaryotes and Eukaryotes
Translation in Prokaryotes and Eukaryotes
 
Dna supercoiling and role of topoisomerases
Dna supercoiling and role of topoisomerasesDna supercoiling and role of topoisomerases
Dna supercoiling and role of topoisomerases
 
Post transcriptional modification ( splicing mechanisms)
Post transcriptional modification ( splicing mechanisms)Post transcriptional modification ( splicing mechanisms)
Post transcriptional modification ( splicing mechanisms)
 
Translation in Eukaryotes.
Translation in Eukaryotes.Translation in Eukaryotes.
Translation in Eukaryotes.
 
Transcription in eukaryotes
Transcription in eukaryotesTranscription in eukaryotes
Transcription in eukaryotes
 
Post Transcriptional Modifications
Post Transcriptional ModificationsPost Transcriptional Modifications
Post Transcriptional Modifications
 
The Lac operon
The Lac operonThe Lac operon
The Lac operon
 
Regulation of gene expression in prokaryotes
Regulation of gene expression in prokaryotesRegulation of gene expression in prokaryotes
Regulation of gene expression in prokaryotes
 
Trp operon
Trp operonTrp operon
Trp operon
 
Co and post translationational modification of proteins
Co and post translationational modification of proteinsCo and post translationational modification of proteins
Co and post translationational modification of proteins
 
RNA SPLICING
RNA SPLICINGRNA SPLICING
RNA SPLICING
 
Dna replication eukaryotes
Dna replication eukaryotesDna replication eukaryotes
Dna replication eukaryotes
 
Tryptophan operon
Tryptophan operonTryptophan operon
Tryptophan operon
 
tRNA structure and function
tRNA structure and functiontRNA structure and function
tRNA structure and function
 
Translation in Prokaryotes
Translation in ProkaryotesTranslation in Prokaryotes
Translation in Prokaryotes
 
Arabinose Operon
Arabinose OperonArabinose Operon
Arabinose Operon
 
Wobble hypothesis
Wobble hypothesisWobble hypothesis
Wobble hypothesis
 
Lac operon
Lac operonLac operon
Lac operon
 
Translation an overview
Translation  an overviewTranslation  an overview
Translation an overview
 

Similar a Post-Translational Modifications

Protein and peptides drug delivery systems
Protein and peptides drug delivery systemsProtein and peptides drug delivery systems
Protein and peptides drug delivery systemsVINOTH R
 
Practical consideration of protien and peptides
Practical consideration of protien and peptidesPractical consideration of protien and peptides
Practical consideration of protien and peptidesSuchandra03
 
Anhydrobiotic process and excipients for preservation of biomolecules
Anhydrobiotic process and excipients for preservation of biomoleculesAnhydrobiotic process and excipients for preservation of biomolecules
Anhydrobiotic process and excipients for preservation of biomoleculesDr. Ashok Hajare
 
Protien and peptide drug delivery
Protien and peptide drug deliveryProtien and peptide drug delivery
Protien and peptide drug deliverySai Datri Arige
 
Insitu gel drug delivery system
Insitu gel drug delivery systemInsitu gel drug delivery system
Insitu gel drug delivery systemDr. Shreeraj Shah
 
UNIQUE CARBOHYDRATE METABOLISM THE GLYCOLYSIS.ppt
UNIQUE CARBOHYDRATE METABOLISM THE GLYCOLYSIS.pptUNIQUE CARBOHYDRATE METABOLISM THE GLYCOLYSIS.ppt
UNIQUE CARBOHYDRATE METABOLISM THE GLYCOLYSIS.pptUDPS, UTKAL UNIVERSITY
 
Biochemical Energy Production.pdf
Biochemical Energy Production.pdfBiochemical Energy Production.pdf
Biochemical Energy Production.pdfGizel Santiago
 
Protein ( introduction, classification, properties, structure, importance and...
Protein ( introduction, classification, properties, structure, importance and...Protein ( introduction, classification, properties, structure, importance and...
Protein ( introduction, classification, properties, structure, importance and...Mohd Asad Farooqui
 
nutritional aspects of biotransformation
nutritional aspects of biotransformationnutritional aspects of biotransformation
nutritional aspects of biotransformationDr. Latika Yadav
 
5. Microbial transformation of recalcitrant chemicals.ppt
5. Microbial transformation of recalcitrant chemicals.ppt5. Microbial transformation of recalcitrant chemicals.ppt
5. Microbial transformation of recalcitrant chemicals.pptMimranjaved1
 
BIOCATALYST/SAGAR SHARMA/DEPARTMENT OF PHARMACEUTICAL SCIENCES KUK
BIOCATALYST/SAGAR SHARMA/DEPARTMENT OF PHARMACEUTICAL SCIENCES KUKBIOCATALYST/SAGAR SHARMA/DEPARTMENT OF PHARMACEUTICAL SCIENCES KUK
BIOCATALYST/SAGAR SHARMA/DEPARTMENT OF PHARMACEUTICAL SCIENCES KUKSagarMudgil1
 
Protein and Peptides .ppt
Protein and Peptides .pptProtein and Peptides .ppt
Protein and Peptides .pptGirdhar Sahu
 
Protein Denaturation & Protein Purification
Protein Denaturation & Protein PurificationProtein Denaturation & Protein Purification
Protein Denaturation & Protein PurificationDebashish24
 
liposomal gene delivery updated.pptx
liposomal gene delivery updated.pptxliposomal gene delivery updated.pptx
liposomal gene delivery updated.pptxSheetalSardhna
 
Stability Of Peptides And Proteins
Stability Of Peptides And ProteinsStability Of Peptides And Proteins
Stability Of Peptides And ProteinsThilak Chandra
 

Similar a Post-Translational Modifications (20)

Protein and peptides drug delivery systems
Protein and peptides drug delivery systemsProtein and peptides drug delivery systems
Protein and peptides drug delivery systems
 
Practical consideration of protien and peptides
Practical consideration of protien and peptidesPractical consideration of protien and peptides
Practical consideration of protien and peptides
 
Anhydrobiotic process and excipients for preservation of biomolecules
Anhydrobiotic process and excipients for preservation of biomoleculesAnhydrobiotic process and excipients for preservation of biomolecules
Anhydrobiotic process and excipients for preservation of biomolecules
 
Protein and peptide d d s
Protein and peptide d d sProtein and peptide d d s
Protein and peptide d d s
 
Protien and peptide drug delivery
Protien and peptide drug deliveryProtien and peptide drug delivery
Protien and peptide drug delivery
 
bs2510essay
bs2510essaybs2510essay
bs2510essay
 
Proteins and peptides dds
Proteins and peptides ddsProteins and peptides dds
Proteins and peptides dds
 
Insitu gel drug delivery system
Insitu gel drug delivery systemInsitu gel drug delivery system
Insitu gel drug delivery system
 
UNIQUE CARBOHYDRATE METABOLISM THE GLYCOLYSIS.ppt
UNIQUE CARBOHYDRATE METABOLISM THE GLYCOLYSIS.pptUNIQUE CARBOHYDRATE METABOLISM THE GLYCOLYSIS.ppt
UNIQUE CARBOHYDRATE METABOLISM THE GLYCOLYSIS.ppt
 
Biodegradable polymers
Biodegradable polymersBiodegradable polymers
Biodegradable polymers
 
Biochemical Energy Production.pdf
Biochemical Energy Production.pdfBiochemical Energy Production.pdf
Biochemical Energy Production.pdf
 
Biodegradable polymers as drug carriers
Biodegradable polymers as drug carriers Biodegradable polymers as drug carriers
Biodegradable polymers as drug carriers
 
Protein ( introduction, classification, properties, structure, importance and...
Protein ( introduction, classification, properties, structure, importance and...Protein ( introduction, classification, properties, structure, importance and...
Protein ( introduction, classification, properties, structure, importance and...
 
nutritional aspects of biotransformation
nutritional aspects of biotransformationnutritional aspects of biotransformation
nutritional aspects of biotransformation
 
5. Microbial transformation of recalcitrant chemicals.ppt
5. Microbial transformation of recalcitrant chemicals.ppt5. Microbial transformation of recalcitrant chemicals.ppt
5. Microbial transformation of recalcitrant chemicals.ppt
 
BIOCATALYST/SAGAR SHARMA/DEPARTMENT OF PHARMACEUTICAL SCIENCES KUK
BIOCATALYST/SAGAR SHARMA/DEPARTMENT OF PHARMACEUTICAL SCIENCES KUKBIOCATALYST/SAGAR SHARMA/DEPARTMENT OF PHARMACEUTICAL SCIENCES KUK
BIOCATALYST/SAGAR SHARMA/DEPARTMENT OF PHARMACEUTICAL SCIENCES KUK
 
Protein and Peptides .ppt
Protein and Peptides .pptProtein and Peptides .ppt
Protein and Peptides .ppt
 
Protein Denaturation & Protein Purification
Protein Denaturation & Protein PurificationProtein Denaturation & Protein Purification
Protein Denaturation & Protein Purification
 
liposomal gene delivery updated.pptx
liposomal gene delivery updated.pptxliposomal gene delivery updated.pptx
liposomal gene delivery updated.pptx
 
Stability Of Peptides And Proteins
Stability Of Peptides And ProteinsStability Of Peptides And Proteins
Stability Of Peptides And Proteins
 

Más de Aisha Kalsoom

Neural Network Based Brain Tumor Detection using MR Images
Neural Network Based Brain Tumor Detection using MR ImagesNeural Network Based Brain Tumor Detection using MR Images
Neural Network Based Brain Tumor Detection using MR ImagesAisha Kalsoom
 
Name Entity Recognition problems in biomedical literature
Name Entity Recognition problems in biomedical literatureName Entity Recognition problems in biomedical literature
Name Entity Recognition problems in biomedical literatureAisha Kalsoom
 
An Efficient Decentralized Load Balancing Algorithm in Cloud Computing
An Efficient Decentralized Load Balancing Algorithm in Cloud ComputingAn Efficient Decentralized Load Balancing Algorithm in Cloud Computing
An Efficient Decentralized Load Balancing Algorithm in Cloud ComputingAisha Kalsoom
 
Insilico comparative analysis of critical residues of CSN gene in 41 mammals:...
Insilico comparative analysis of critical residues of CSN gene in 41 mammals:...Insilico comparative analysis of critical residues of CSN gene in 41 mammals:...
Insilico comparative analysis of critical residues of CSN gene in 41 mammals:...Aisha Kalsoom
 
Medical implication of developmental biology
Medical implication of developmental biologyMedical implication of developmental biology
Medical implication of developmental biologyAisha Kalsoom
 
ADA programming language
ADA programming languageADA programming language
ADA programming languageAisha Kalsoom
 
Ugene Bioinformatics software
Ugene Bioinformatics softwareUgene Bioinformatics software
Ugene Bioinformatics softwareAisha Kalsoom
 
Bioinformatics and functional genomics
Bioinformatics and functional genomicsBioinformatics and functional genomics
Bioinformatics and functional genomicsAisha Kalsoom
 
Polymerase chain reaction
Polymerase chain reactionPolymerase chain reaction
Polymerase chain reactionAisha Kalsoom
 

Más de Aisha Kalsoom (12)

Neural Network Based Brain Tumor Detection using MR Images
Neural Network Based Brain Tumor Detection using MR ImagesNeural Network Based Brain Tumor Detection using MR Images
Neural Network Based Brain Tumor Detection using MR Images
 
Name Entity Recognition problems in biomedical literature
Name Entity Recognition problems in biomedical literatureName Entity Recognition problems in biomedical literature
Name Entity Recognition problems in biomedical literature
 
An Efficient Decentralized Load Balancing Algorithm in Cloud Computing
An Efficient Decentralized Load Balancing Algorithm in Cloud ComputingAn Efficient Decentralized Load Balancing Algorithm in Cloud Computing
An Efficient Decentralized Load Balancing Algorithm in Cloud Computing
 
Insilico comparative analysis of critical residues of CSN gene in 41 mammals:...
Insilico comparative analysis of critical residues of CSN gene in 41 mammals:...Insilico comparative analysis of critical residues of CSN gene in 41 mammals:...
Insilico comparative analysis of critical residues of CSN gene in 41 mammals:...
 
Protein
ProteinProtein
Protein
 
Medical implication of developmental biology
Medical implication of developmental biologyMedical implication of developmental biology
Medical implication of developmental biology
 
ADA programming language
ADA programming languageADA programming language
ADA programming language
 
Ugene Bioinformatics software
Ugene Bioinformatics softwareUgene Bioinformatics software
Ugene Bioinformatics software
 
Bioinformatics and functional genomics
Bioinformatics and functional genomicsBioinformatics and functional genomics
Bioinformatics and functional genomics
 
Employee Motivation
Employee MotivationEmployee Motivation
Employee Motivation
 
Polymerase chain reaction
Polymerase chain reactionPolymerase chain reaction
Polymerase chain reaction
 
Psychology
PsychologyPsychology
Psychology
 

Último

SOLIDE WASTE in Cameroon,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,.pptx
SOLIDE WASTE in Cameroon,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,.pptxSOLIDE WASTE in Cameroon,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,.pptx
SOLIDE WASTE in Cameroon,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,.pptxSyedNadeemGillANi
 
EBUS5423 Data Analytics and Reporting Bl
EBUS5423 Data Analytics and Reporting BlEBUS5423 Data Analytics and Reporting Bl
EBUS5423 Data Analytics and Reporting BlDr. Bruce A. Johnson
 
Easter in the USA presentation by Chloe.
Easter in the USA presentation by Chloe.Easter in the USA presentation by Chloe.
Easter in the USA presentation by Chloe.EnglishCEIPdeSigeiro
 
Ultra structure and life cycle of Plasmodium.pptx
Ultra structure and life cycle of Plasmodium.pptxUltra structure and life cycle of Plasmodium.pptx
Ultra structure and life cycle of Plasmodium.pptxDr. Asif Anas
 
What is the Future of QuickBooks DeskTop?
What is the Future of QuickBooks DeskTop?What is the Future of QuickBooks DeskTop?
What is the Future of QuickBooks DeskTop?TechSoup
 
How to Manage Cross-Selling in Odoo 17 Sales
How to Manage Cross-Selling in Odoo 17 SalesHow to Manage Cross-Selling in Odoo 17 Sales
How to Manage Cross-Selling in Odoo 17 SalesCeline George
 
Slides CapTechTalks Webinar March 2024 Joshua Sinai.pptx
Slides CapTechTalks Webinar March 2024 Joshua Sinai.pptxSlides CapTechTalks Webinar March 2024 Joshua Sinai.pptx
Slides CapTechTalks Webinar March 2024 Joshua Sinai.pptxCapitolTechU
 
Patient Counselling. Definition of patient counseling; steps involved in pati...
Patient Counselling. Definition of patient counseling; steps involved in pati...Patient Counselling. Definition of patient counseling; steps involved in pati...
Patient Counselling. Definition of patient counseling; steps involved in pati...raviapr7
 
Riddhi Kevadiya. WILLIAM SHAKESPEARE....
Riddhi Kevadiya. WILLIAM SHAKESPEARE....Riddhi Kevadiya. WILLIAM SHAKESPEARE....
Riddhi Kevadiya. WILLIAM SHAKESPEARE....Riddhi Kevadiya
 
The basics of sentences session 10pptx.pptx
The basics of sentences session 10pptx.pptxThe basics of sentences session 10pptx.pptx
The basics of sentences session 10pptx.pptxheathfieldcps1
 
Department of Health Compounder Question ‍Solution 2022.pdf
Department of Health Compounder Question ‍Solution 2022.pdfDepartment of Health Compounder Question ‍Solution 2022.pdf
Department of Health Compounder Question ‍Solution 2022.pdfMohonDas
 
Over the counter (OTC)- Sale, rational use.pptx
Over the counter (OTC)- Sale, rational use.pptxOver the counter (OTC)- Sale, rational use.pptx
Over the counter (OTC)- Sale, rational use.pptxraviapr7
 
5 charts on South Africa as a source country for international student recrui...
5 charts on South Africa as a source country for international student recrui...5 charts on South Africa as a source country for international student recrui...
5 charts on South Africa as a source country for international student recrui...CaraSkikne1
 
ARTICULAR DISC OF TEMPOROMANDIBULAR JOINT
ARTICULAR DISC OF TEMPOROMANDIBULAR JOINTARTICULAR DISC OF TEMPOROMANDIBULAR JOINT
ARTICULAR DISC OF TEMPOROMANDIBULAR JOINTDR. SNEHA NAIR
 
A gentle introduction to Artificial Intelligence
A gentle introduction to Artificial IntelligenceA gentle introduction to Artificial Intelligence
A gentle introduction to Artificial IntelligenceApostolos Syropoulos
 
3.26.24 Race, the Draft, and the Vietnam War.pptx
3.26.24 Race, the Draft, and the Vietnam War.pptx3.26.24 Race, the Draft, and the Vietnam War.pptx
3.26.24 Race, the Draft, and the Vietnam War.pptxmary850239
 
Education and training program in the hospital APR.pptx
Education and training program in the hospital APR.pptxEducation and training program in the hospital APR.pptx
Education and training program in the hospital APR.pptxraviapr7
 
How to Solve Singleton Error in the Odoo 17
How to Solve Singleton Error in the  Odoo 17How to Solve Singleton Error in the  Odoo 17
How to Solve Singleton Error in the Odoo 17Celine George
 
Clinical Pharmacy Introduction to Clinical Pharmacy, Concept of clinical pptx
Clinical Pharmacy  Introduction to Clinical Pharmacy, Concept of clinical pptxClinical Pharmacy  Introduction to Clinical Pharmacy, Concept of clinical pptx
Clinical Pharmacy Introduction to Clinical Pharmacy, Concept of clinical pptxraviapr7
 

Último (20)

SOLIDE WASTE in Cameroon,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,.pptx
SOLIDE WASTE in Cameroon,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,.pptxSOLIDE WASTE in Cameroon,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,.pptx
SOLIDE WASTE in Cameroon,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,.pptx
 
EBUS5423 Data Analytics and Reporting Bl
EBUS5423 Data Analytics and Reporting BlEBUS5423 Data Analytics and Reporting Bl
EBUS5423 Data Analytics and Reporting Bl
 
Easter in the USA presentation by Chloe.
Easter in the USA presentation by Chloe.Easter in the USA presentation by Chloe.
Easter in the USA presentation by Chloe.
 
Ultra structure and life cycle of Plasmodium.pptx
Ultra structure and life cycle of Plasmodium.pptxUltra structure and life cycle of Plasmodium.pptx
Ultra structure and life cycle of Plasmodium.pptx
 
What is the Future of QuickBooks DeskTop?
What is the Future of QuickBooks DeskTop?What is the Future of QuickBooks DeskTop?
What is the Future of QuickBooks DeskTop?
 
How to Manage Cross-Selling in Odoo 17 Sales
How to Manage Cross-Selling in Odoo 17 SalesHow to Manage Cross-Selling in Odoo 17 Sales
How to Manage Cross-Selling in Odoo 17 Sales
 
Slides CapTechTalks Webinar March 2024 Joshua Sinai.pptx
Slides CapTechTalks Webinar March 2024 Joshua Sinai.pptxSlides CapTechTalks Webinar March 2024 Joshua Sinai.pptx
Slides CapTechTalks Webinar March 2024 Joshua Sinai.pptx
 
Patient Counselling. Definition of patient counseling; steps involved in pati...
Patient Counselling. Definition of patient counseling; steps involved in pati...Patient Counselling. Definition of patient counseling; steps involved in pati...
Patient Counselling. Definition of patient counseling; steps involved in pati...
 
Riddhi Kevadiya. WILLIAM SHAKESPEARE....
Riddhi Kevadiya. WILLIAM SHAKESPEARE....Riddhi Kevadiya. WILLIAM SHAKESPEARE....
Riddhi Kevadiya. WILLIAM SHAKESPEARE....
 
The basics of sentences session 10pptx.pptx
The basics of sentences session 10pptx.pptxThe basics of sentences session 10pptx.pptx
The basics of sentences session 10pptx.pptx
 
Personal Resilience in Project Management 2 - TV Edit 1a.pdf
Personal Resilience in Project Management 2 - TV Edit 1a.pdfPersonal Resilience in Project Management 2 - TV Edit 1a.pdf
Personal Resilience in Project Management 2 - TV Edit 1a.pdf
 
Department of Health Compounder Question ‍Solution 2022.pdf
Department of Health Compounder Question ‍Solution 2022.pdfDepartment of Health Compounder Question ‍Solution 2022.pdf
Department of Health Compounder Question ‍Solution 2022.pdf
 
Over the counter (OTC)- Sale, rational use.pptx
Over the counter (OTC)- Sale, rational use.pptxOver the counter (OTC)- Sale, rational use.pptx
Over the counter (OTC)- Sale, rational use.pptx
 
5 charts on South Africa as a source country for international student recrui...
5 charts on South Africa as a source country for international student recrui...5 charts on South Africa as a source country for international student recrui...
5 charts on South Africa as a source country for international student recrui...
 
ARTICULAR DISC OF TEMPOROMANDIBULAR JOINT
ARTICULAR DISC OF TEMPOROMANDIBULAR JOINTARTICULAR DISC OF TEMPOROMANDIBULAR JOINT
ARTICULAR DISC OF TEMPOROMANDIBULAR JOINT
 
A gentle introduction to Artificial Intelligence
A gentle introduction to Artificial IntelligenceA gentle introduction to Artificial Intelligence
A gentle introduction to Artificial Intelligence
 
3.26.24 Race, the Draft, and the Vietnam War.pptx
3.26.24 Race, the Draft, and the Vietnam War.pptx3.26.24 Race, the Draft, and the Vietnam War.pptx
3.26.24 Race, the Draft, and the Vietnam War.pptx
 
Education and training program in the hospital APR.pptx
Education and training program in the hospital APR.pptxEducation and training program in the hospital APR.pptx
Education and training program in the hospital APR.pptx
 
How to Solve Singleton Error in the Odoo 17
How to Solve Singleton Error in the  Odoo 17How to Solve Singleton Error in the  Odoo 17
How to Solve Singleton Error in the Odoo 17
 
Clinical Pharmacy Introduction to Clinical Pharmacy, Concept of clinical pptx
Clinical Pharmacy  Introduction to Clinical Pharmacy, Concept of clinical pptxClinical Pharmacy  Introduction to Clinical Pharmacy, Concept of clinical pptx
Clinical Pharmacy Introduction to Clinical Pharmacy, Concept of clinical pptx
 

Post-Translational Modifications

  • 1. 11/13/2012 MOLECUAR BIOLOGY 1
  • 2. Translation is the synthesis of protein from an mRNA template.  This process involves several key molecules including: 1. mRNA 2. Ribosome 3. tRNA 4. Release Factor 11/13/2012 MOLECUAR BIOLOGY 2
  • 3. Initiation  Elongation  Termination 11/13/2012 MOLECUAR BIOLOGY 3
  • 4. Peptide chain undergoes folding  Some amino acids might be changed  Carbohydrates or lipids can be added  Peptide can be activated by addition or removal of some residue (acetate, phosphate, methyl etc.) 11/13/2012 MOLECUAR BIOLOGY 4
  • 5. Changes in the Hydrogen bond proclivity which results in secondary and tertiary structures  Some of the proteins might remain in cytosol while others are transported across the membrane or even imported into cellular organelles (mitochondria or chloroplasts) to accomplish their functions 11/13/2012 MOLECUAR BIOLOGY 5
  • 6. The chemical modification of a protein after its translation is known as Post-Translational Modification. 11/13/2012 MOLECUAR BIOLOGY 6
  • 7.  Play a crucial role in generating the heterogeneity in proteins.  Help in utilizing identical proteins for different cellular functions in different cell types.  Regulation of particular protein sequence behavior in most of the eukaryotic organisms. 11/13/2012 MOLECUAR BIOLOGY 7
  • 8.  Play an important part in modifying the end product of expression.  Contribute towards biological processes and diseased conditions.  Translocation of proteins across biological membranes. 11/13/2012 MOLECUAR BIOLOGY 8
  • 9. Trimming  Covalent Modification  Ubiquitination 11/13/2012 MOLECUAR BIOLOGY 9
  • 10. Removal of a part of the translated sequence.  Proteases Protein activation. 11/13/2012 MOLECUAR BIOLOGY 10
  • 11. Phosphorylation  Glycosylation  Hydroxylation  Carboxylation  Biotinylation  Acetylation 11/13/2012 MOLECUAR BIOLOGY 11
  • 12. Methylation  Alkylation  Glutamylation  Lipoylation  Sulfation 11/13/2012 MOLECUAR BIOLOGY 12
  • 13. Phosphorylation  The addition of a phosphate (PO4) group to a protein or a small molecule.  Can occur on Serine, Threonine, Tyrosine. 11/13/2012 MOLECUAR BIOLOGY 13
  • 14. Glycosylation  The addition of saccharide to a protein or a lipid molecule.  N-Linked Glycosylation • Amide nitrogen of Asparagine  O-Linked Glycosylation • Hydroxyl oxygen of Serine and Therionine. 11/13/2012 MOLECUAR BIOLOGY 14
  • 15. Hydroxylation  The addition of hydroxyl group to proline of protein.  Carboxylation  The addition of carboxyl group to glutamate. 11/13/2012 MOLECUAR BIOLOGY 15
  • 16. Biotinylation  The addition of biotin to protein or nucleic acid.  Acetylation  The addition of an acetyl group, usually at the N- terminus of the protein. 11/13/2012 MOLECUAR BIOLOGY 16
  • 17. Methylation  The addition of a methyl group, usually at lysine or arginine residues.  Alkylation  The addition of an alkyl group (e.g. methyl, ethyl). 11/13/2012 MOLECUAR BIOLOGY 17
  • 18. Glutamylation  Covalent linkage of glutamic acid residues to tubulin and some other  Lipoylation  The attachment of a lipoate functionality  Sulfation  The addition of a sulfate group to a tyrosine. 11/13/2012 MOLECUAR BIOLOGY 18
  • 19. Highly specific degradation of protein can be achieved through the addition of one to several ubiquitin molecules to a target protein. The process is called Ubiquitination. 11/13/2012 MOLECUAR BIOLOGY 19
  • 20.  These are particularly important for the study of heart disease, cancer, neurodegenerative diseases and diabetes.  These are key mechanisms to increase proteomic diversity. 11/13/2012 MOLECUAR BIOLOGY 20
  • 21. 11/13/2012 MOLECUAR BIOLOGY 21
  • 22. 11/13/2012 MOLECUAR BIOLOGY 22
  • 23. A protein synthesis inhibitor is a substance that stops or slows the growth or proliferation of cells by disrupting the processes that lead directly to the generation of new protein. 11/13/2012 MOLECUAR BIOLOGY 23
  • 24. In general, antibiotics are biochemically or fungally produced substances that inhibit the growth of other organisms. Most antibiotics, like many pharmaceuticals, block translation in protein synthesis. 11/13/2012 MOLECUAR BIOLOGY 24
  • 25. These substances are effective because they take advantage of the tremendous complexity involved in the synthesis of proteins. 11/13/2012 MOLECUAR BIOLOGY 25
  • 26. Puromycin  Streptomycin  Erythromycin  Tetracyclin  Penicillin  Chloramphenicol  Rifampin  Fusidic Acid  Thiostrepton 11/13/2012 MOLECUAR BIOLOGY 26
  • 27. Puromycin  Inhibits protein synthesis at translation by prematurely terminating a peptide chain.  In simple terms, the part of puromycin that resembles an aminoacyl end of tRNA can bind to the A site of a ribosome. 11/13/2012 MOLECUAR BIOLOGY 27
  • 28. Streptomycin Depending on its concentration, streptomycin can affect bacterial cells in two ways. Low concentration At low concentrations, it induces mRNA misreading, so that improper amino acids are incorporated into the polypeptide. 11/13/2012 MOLECUAR BIOLOGY 28
  • 29. High concentration  At high concentrations, 70s nonproductive ribosome: mRNA complexes accumulate, preventing formation of active initiation complexes with new mRNA. 11/13/2012 MOLECUAR BIOLOGY 29
  • 30. Once a polypeptide chain is assembled, it still requires two major "finishing steps" before it becomes functional.  Chemical modification  Folding 11/13/2012 MOLECUAR BIOLOGY 30
  • 31. Chemical modification involves three steps:  modification of amino acid residues into other types,  addition of organic units (such as sugars or lipids) to specific amino acids,  enzymatic cleavage of one or more amino acids from a region of the polypeptide chain. 11/13/2012 MOLECUAR BIOLOGY 31
  • 32. The abundance of collagen in the extracellular structures of humans and other mammals makes disorders of collagen deposition.  Atherosclerosis  Fibrosis  Progressive Systemic Sclerosis (Scleroderma) 11/13/2012 MOLECUAR BIOLOGY 32
  • 33. Atherosclerosis  a disease involving stiffening of the arteries, is related to an over-deposition of collagen  Fibrosis  A disease involving hardening of the tissues, is related to excessive collagen synthesis. 11/13/2012 MOLECUAR BIOLOGY 33
  • 34. Progressive Systemic Sclerosis (Scleroderma)  A disease of the vascular and immune systems, and a severe connective tissue disorder. 11/13/2012 MOLECUAR BIOLOGY 34
  • 35. 11/13/2012 MOLECUAR BIOLOGY 35