Chem

1. CARBON AND HYDROCARBONS
• ABUNDANCE AND IMPORTANCE OF CARBON
• ORGANIC COMPOUNDS
• SATURATED HYDROCARBONS
• UNSATURATED HYDROCARBONS
DANNY O. ALFONSO
SUBJECT INSTRUCTOR

2. STRUCTURE AND BONDING OF CARBON
• CARBON, the first member of group 14, has mostly
nonmetallic properties. carbon atoms tend to form
four single bonds. this bonding results in a tetrahedral
shape.

3. ALLOTROPES OF CARBON
• Carbon occurs in several solid allotropic
forms that have dramatically different
properties.
• Diamond – Colorless, crystalline, solid form
of carbon
• Graphite – soft, black, crystalline form of
carbon that is a fair conductor of electricity.
• Fullerenes – dark colored solids made of
spherically networked carbon atom cages

4. ALLOTROPES OF CARBON - DIAMOND
• the hardest material
known to man
• carbon atoms are
bonded covalently in a
network fashion
• conducts heat 5x better
than silver or copper
• does not conduct
electricity

5. ALLOTROPES OF CARBON - GRAPHITE
• Soft, crumbles easily and
feels greasy
• Used as a lubricant and as
lead
• Good conductor of
electricity
• Stronger and lighter than
steel

6. ALLOTROPES OF CARBON - FULLERENES
• Discovered in the 1980s
(N.P. 1996)
• Structure consists of
near spherical cages
• Scientists are currently
trying to find practical
uses for these
substances

7. ORGANIC COMPOUNDS
• Covalently bonded compounds containing carbon,
excluding carbonates and oxides
• The diversity of organic compounds results from the
uniqueness of carbon’s structure and bonding
• Catenation – Carbon atoms are unique in their ability to
form long chains and rings of covalently bonded atoms.
• Hydrocarbons – composed of only carbon and hydrogen;
they are the simplest organic compounds.
• Most contain hydrocarbon backbones and have other
elements added on (O, S, and N)

8. ARRANGEMENT OF ATOMS
• Isomer – Compounds that have the same molecular
formula but different structures
• As the number of carbons increases so does the
number of possible isomers

9. STRUCTURAL FORMULA
• Indicates the number and types of atoms present in a molecule and
also shows the bonding arrangement of the atoms
• Structural formulas do not accurately represent the three
dimensional shape of the molecule.
• Structural Isomers – isomers in which the atoms are bonded
together in different orders

10. ISOMERS - GEOMETRIC
• Isomers in which the order of atom bonding is the same
but the arrangement of atoms in space is different
• In order for geometric isomers to exist, there must be a
rigid structure in the molecule to prevent free rotation
around a bond

11. CIS AND TRANS

13. HYDROCARBONS
• depending upon the types of
carbon-carbon bonds present.
they can be classified into
three main categories:
• 1. Saturated hydrocarbons
• 2. unsaturated hydrocarbons
• 3. Aromatic Hydrocarbons

14. SATURATED HYDROCARBONS
• Hydrocarbons in which each carbon atom in the molecule form
four single covalent bonds with other atoms

15. SATURATED HYDROCARBONS
• Hydrocarbons that contain only carbon-carbon
single bond
• Includes open chain and closed chain
hydrocarbons
• Called saturated because they have maximum
number of bonded hydrogen

16. ALKANES CNH2N+2
• Hydrocarbons that contain only single bonds
• Homologous series – one in which adjacent members
differ by a constant unit.
• Alkyl groups- groups of atoms that are formed when
one hydrogen atom is removed from an alkane molecule

17. CYCLOALKANES
• Alkanes in which the carbon atoms are arranged
in a ring, or cyclic, structure

18. ALKANE NOMENCLATURE
Unbranched Chain
• Count the longest continuous chain.
• Use greek prefix (at right)
• End with -ane

19. ALKANE NOMENCLATURE
Branched Chain
• Name the longest chain (See previous)
• Add the name of the alkyl group
• Insert position numbers
• Punctuate

22. CYCLOALKANE NOMENCLATURE
• Name the longest chain
• Add Cyclo-
• Add names of alkyl groups
• Number the carbons (lowest numbers)
• Inset position numbers
• Punctuate

23. EXAMPLE
• Give the name of the following molecule
• 6 carbons = hexane
• CH3 = methyl
• Number around the circle
• 1,3 - dimethlycyclohexane

24. UNSATURATED HYDROCARBONS
• Hydrocarbons in which not all carbon atoms have four
single covalent bonds

25. • Hydrocarbons which contain carbon-carbon
multiple bond (double bonds or triple bond) are
called unsaturated hydrocarbon
• Depending upon multiple bond they are further
classified as alkenes and alkynes
UNSATURATED HYDROCARBONS

26. ALKENES CNH2N
• Hydrocarbons that contain at least one carbon-
carbon double covalent bonds

27. ALKENE NOMENCLATURE
• Name the same as Alkane
• Locate the longest continuous chain that contains
the double bond(s).
• Double bond should have lowest number

28. EXAMPLE

29. ALKYNES CNH2N-2
• Hydrocarbons with triple covalent bonds
• Named the same as others
• Find the longest chain containing a triple bond
• Number so triple bond has lowest number
• Example. Name the equation.

30. AROMATIC HYDROCARBONS
• Hydrocarbons with six membered carbon rings and delocalized
electrons
• Benzene – the primary aromatic hydrocarbon
• Hydrocarbons which contain at least one special type of hexagonal
ring of carbon atoms with three double bond in the alternate
positions are called aromatic hydrocarbon. The ring is called
aromatic ring.
• Aromatic compounds may also contain more than one
benzene rings.

31. AROMATIC NOMENCLATURE
• Name the parent Hydrocarbon (Usually benzene)
• Name the Alkyl groups
• Number the carbon atoms
• Insert position numbers
• Add Punctuation
• Example: Name the equation.