Introduction to Pharmaceutical Biotechnology

Introduction to Biotechnology
6 June 2021 Abhijit Debnath BP605T and Biotech Unit-1 1
CO1.1
Noida Institute of Engineering and Technology
(Pharmacy Institute) Greater Noida

Introduction to
Biotechnology
 What is Biotechnology ?
 Historical Background of Biotechnology
 Applications of Biotechnology
 What's the difference between biotech
and pharma?
 Top Pharma Companies
 Top Biotech Companies
CO1.1
Noida Institute of Engineering and Technology
(Pharmacy Institute) Greater Noida

 ‘Biotechnology’ means any scientific application that uses biological systems, living
organisms or derivatives thereof, to produce or alter products or processes for particular
use’ . The utilization of living organisms, systems or processes constitutes biotechnology’ .
 Based on the Collins English Dictionary definition,
Biotechnology is the employment of living organisms, their parts or processes, to develop
active and useful products and to provide services e.g. waste treatment. The term
signifies a broad range of processes, from the use of earthworms as a source of protein to
the genetic modification of bacteria to offer human gene products, e.g. growth
hormones.
 According to the Golden Treasury of Science and Technology ,
Biotechnology is a discipline based on the harnessing of life processes which are
controlled for the bulk production of valuable substances
WHAT IS BIOTECHNOLOGY ? (CO1.1)

 Based on the The Universities Press Dictionary of Biology defines
Biotechnology as ‘the application of technology to biological processes
for industrial, agricultural and medical purposes.
 According to the Oxford Dictionary of Biology,
Biotechnology as ‘the development of techniques for the application of
biological processes to the production of materials of use in medicine and
industry.’
 Biotechnology is ‘the integrated use of microbiology, biochemistry and engineering sciences in production or as
service operation’

In India
 India is among the top 12 destinations for biotechnology worldwide.
 The industry comprises >2,700 biotech start-ups and >2,500 biotech companies in the country.
 India has 665 FDA-approved plants the US; 44% of the global abbreviated new drug
applications (ANDA) and >1400 manufacturing plants, which are compliant with WHO.
 The country is also the world’s third-largest producer of recombinant Hepatitis B vaccine and
second-largest producer of BT cotton (genetically modified pest resistant plant cotton).
 The Indian biotechnology industry amounted to US$ 63 billion in 2019 and is forecast to reach
US$ 102 billion by 2025
 Biopharmaceutical is the largest segment that contributed ~58% to the Indian biotechnology
market in 2019

Indian Vaccines
 Serum Institute of India Pvt. Ltd. is the
world's largest vaccine manufacturer by
number of doses produced and sold
globally (more than 1.5 billion doses) which
includes Polio vaccine as well as Diphtheria,
Tetanus, Pertussis, Hib, BCG, r-Hepatitis B,
Measles, Mumps and Rubella vaccines.
 It is estimated that about 65% of the
children in the world receive at least one
vaccine manufactured by Serum Institute.

Indian Government Initiatives
As on 4th April 2021

 7000 BCE – Chinese discover fermentation through beer making.
 6000 BCE – Yogurt and cheese made with lactic acid-producing bacteria by various people.
 4000 BCE – Egyptians bake leavened bread using yeast.
 500 BCE – Moldy soybean curds used as an antibiotic.
 300 BCE – The Greeks practice crop rotation for maximum soil fertility.
 100 CE – Chinese use chrysanthemum as a natural insecticide.
 1663 CE – First recorded description of living cells by Robert Hooke.
 1677 – Antonie van Leeuwenhoek discovers and describes bacteria and protozoa.
 1798 – Edward Jenner uses first viral vaccine to inoculate a child from smallpox.
 1802 – The first recorded use of the word biology.
HISTORICAL BACKGROUND OF BIOTECHNOLOGY (CO1.1)

 1824 – Henri Dutrochet discovers that tissues are composed of living cells.
 1838 – Protein discovered, named and recorded by Gerardus Johannes Mulder and Jöns Jacob Berzelius.
 1862 – Louis Pasteur discovers the bacterial origin of fermentation.
 1863 – Gregor Mendel discovers the laws of inheritance.
 1864 – Antonin Prandtl invents first centrifuge to separate cream from milk.
 1869 – Friedrich Miescher identifies DNA in the sperm of a trout.
 1871 – Ernst Hoppe-Seyler discovers invertase, which is still used for making artificial sweeteners.
 1877 – Robert Koch develops a technique for staining bacteria for identification.
 1878 – Walther Flemming discovers chromatin leading to the discovery of chromosomes.
 1881 – Louis Pasteur develops vaccines against bacteria that cause cholera and anthrax in chickens.
 1885 – Louis Pasteur and Emile Roux develop the first rabies vaccine and use it on Joseph Meister.

 1919 – Károly Ereky, a Hungarian agricultural engineer, first uses the word biotechnology.
 1928 – Alexander Fleming notices that a certain mould could stop the duplication of bacteria, leading to the first
antibiotic: penicillin.
 1933 – Hybrid corn is commercialized.
 1942 – Penicillin is mass-produced in microbes for the first time.
 1950 – The first synthetic antibiotic is created.
 1951 – Artificial insemination of livestock is accomplished using frozen semen.
 1953 – James D. Watson and Francis Crick describe the structure of DNA.
 1958 – The term bionics is coined by Jack E. Steele.

 1964 – The first commercial myoelectric arm is developed by the Central Prosthetic Research Institute of the
USSR, and distributed by the Hangar Limb Factory of the UK.
 In the year of 1972, first ever recombinant molecule was fabricated by utilizing restriction enzyme digestion to
produce fragments of DNA and further ligatition of fragments by enzyme ligase.
 1972 – The DNA composition of chimpanzees and gorillas is discovered to be 99% similar to that of humans.
 1973 – Stanley Norman Cohen and Herbert Boyer perform the first successful recombinant DNA experiment, using
bacterial genes.
 1974 – Scientist invent the first biocement for industrial applications.
 1975 – Method for producing monoclonal antibodies developed by Köhler and César Milstein.
 1978 –scientists shown it is possible to introduce specific mutations at specific sites in a DNA molecule.

 1980 – The U.S. patent for gene cloning is awarded to Cohen and Boyer.
 1982 – Humulin, Genentech's human insulin drug produced by genetically engineered bacteria for the treatment
of diabetes, is the first biotech drug to be approved by the Food and Drug Administration.
 1983 – The Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) technique is conceived.
 1990 – First federally approved gene therapy treatment is performed successfully on a young girl who suffered
from an immune disorder.
 1994 – The United States Food and Drug Administration approves the first GM food: the "Flavr Savr" tomato.
 1997 – British scientists, led by Ian Wilmut from the Roslin Institute, report cloning Dolly the sheep using DNA
from two adult sheep cells.
 1999 – Discovery of the gene responsible for developing cystic fibrosis.
 2000 – Completion of a "rough draft" of the human genome in the Human Genome Project.

 2001 – Celera Genomics and the Human Genome Project create a draft of the
human genome sequence. It is published by Science and Nature Magazine.
 2002 – Rice becomes the first crop to have its genome decoded.
 2003 – The Human Genome Project is completed, providing information on the
locations and sequence of human genes on all 46 chromosomes.
 2008 – Japanese astronomers launch the first Medical Experiment Module called
"Kibo", to be used on the International Space Station.
 2009 – Cedars-Sinai Heart Institute uses modified SAN heart genes to create the
first viral pacemaker in guinea pigs, now known as iSANs.
 2012 – Thirty-one-year-old Zac Vawter successfully uses a nervous system-
controlled bionic leg to climb the Chicago Willis Tower.

 2019 – Scientists report, for the first time, the use of the CRISPR
technology to edit human genes to treat cancer patients with whom
standard treatments were not successful.
 2019 – In a study researchers describe a new method of genetic
engineering superior to previous methods like CRISPR they call
"prime editing".
 2019- For the first time successfully engineered and 3D printed an
entire heart suitable for human transplants and also patches which
can regenerate replete with cells blood vessels ventricles and
chambers.

 2016 –Researchers first discovered plastic-eating bacteria in 2016 at a bottle-recycling facility in Japan. The organisms
produce two enzymes that help them break down PET within weeks. Scientists dubbed the enzymes PETase and
MHETase.
 2019 – Scientists report, for the first time, the use of the CRISPR technology to edit human genes to treat cancer
patients with whom standard treatments were not successful.
 2019 – In a study researchers describe a new method of genetic engineering
superior to previous methods like CRISPR they call "prime editing".
 2019- For the first time successfully engineered and 3D printed an entire
heart suitable for human transplants and also patches which can regenerate
replete with cells blood vessels ventricles and chambers.

 2019 – Scientists at Spain developed a new type of transgenic rice that
contains antifungal compounds .
 2019- Researchers at Tel Aviv University, Israel have developed an
artificial cell-on-a-chip that is capable of performing complex reactions
 2019 – Scientists of University of Wisconsin – Madison bacterium was
genetically modified to produce Biodegradable plastic from plant
material.
 2019 – Scientists at Durham University, UK developed A new type of
nano molecular nanodrills that can be activated by light against highly
resistant bacteria.

 2020 – Jennifer Doudna and Emmanuelle Charpentier have been awarded Nobel prize for their
breakthrough research on CRISPR-Cas9 Gene Editing Tool.
 2020 – Scientists engineered plastic-eating 'super-enzymes' that can break down bottles in days.
 2020- A US firm Eat Just was able to make lab-grown meat which was included in an eatery in
Singapore in 2020. The cultured meat tasted similar to the conventionally grown meat.
 2020- Scientists has identified that Wolbachia-infected mosquitoes help drive dengue out of
infected communities. Infecting mosquitoes with bacterium Wolbachia cuts dengue spread by 77%.
 2020- Dutch scientists fortuitously discovered a new tiny organ in the human body. While studying
tumor-like growths using PSMA PET/CET, they accidentally found the so-called tubarial glands that
are positioned in the upper region of the throat.

 2021 – Researchers at University of Minnesota, Lab-created heart valves can grow with the
recipient. This Groundbreaking discovery could potentially reduce multiple pediatric heart valve
replacement surgeries.
 2021- Scientists have solved a long-standing mystery of how living organisms distinguish RNA and
DNA building blocks during gene expression paving the way for the design of new antiviral drugs.
 2021- Scientists has solved The chicken-and-egg problem. A Ludwig-Maximilians-Universitaet
(LMU) in Munich team has shown that slight alterations in transfer-RNA molecules (tRNAs) allow
them to self-assemble into a functional unit that can replicate information exponentially. tRNAs are
key elements in the evolution of early life-forms.
 2021-Scientists identify more than 140,000 virus species in the human gut, more than half of which
have never been seen before.

 2021 – A new study from Florida Atlantic University suggests that the
conotoxins from a cone snail, may potentially treat malaria.
 2021- Scientists find antibody that blocks dengue virus
 2021- Double mutant' Covid variant found in India.
 2021- Scientists Develop New Blood Test That Could Diagnose Your Level of
Depression

 4000 BC – Ayurveda, Siddha, Yoga
India
China
Egypt
Greece
 2600 BC – Egyptian god of medicine
 400 BC – Traditional Chinese Medicine
 ~632 CE– Unani medicine or Unani
tibb, Arabian medicine, or Islamic
medicine
Germany
 1796 CE– Homeopathy
England
 19th Century – Modern Medicine

medicine
Since 12th century, India was rules by Muslim rulers and they introduced
Unani medicine or Unani tibb, Arabian medicine, or Islamic medicine
HISTORICAL BACKGROUND OF BIOTECHNOLOGY IN INDIA (CO1.1)

medicine
Since 1858 to 1947, India was rules by British East India Company who
introduced English Medicine or Modern Medicine

medicine
Since1947, after Independence India has given importance to all the
Traditional and Modern Medicine including Biotechnology

Genetic Testing, Diagnostic
testing is used to identify a disease
in a person having Genetic disease
in Family history.
Enzyme Technology used in
food production, food processing
and preservation.
Hybrid Antibiotics effective
against Drug Resistant
pathogenic microorganisms
Monoclonal Antibodies, engineered
to enhance or mimic the immune
system's attack on cancer cells.
Biosensors diagnosis sugar level
indiabetes mellitus
Gene Therapy uses genes to treat
or prevent disease
Drug Delivery, is used to
deliver the Drug at specific site of
Action
Diagnostic, performed for
detection of disease.
Applications
Vaccine Development
used to stimulate the production of antibodies and
provide immunity against diseases.
APPLICATIONS OF BIOTECHNOLOGY (CO1.1)

WHAT'S THE DIFFERENCE BETWEEN BIOTECH AND PHARMA? (CO1.1)

TOP PHARMA COMPANIES (CO1 .1)

TOP BIO-PHARMA COMPANIES (CO1 .1)

Introduction to Pharmaceutical Biotechnology

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