education

1. Why do teachers’ use coloured
chalks and write in capital
letters?

2. What is this picture about?

3. Concept of Perception
•Involves higher order cognition in the
interpretation of sensory information
•Depends on some changes in
environment
•Perception process is well organised
•It depends on selection of the stimuli

4. Conditions of perception
•Intensity
•Novelty
•Repetition
•Intention
•motivation

5. Prerequisites of perception
•Things felt by the senses
•Things relating to prior knowledge and past
experiences
•Functioning of the brain
•Response of the individual

6. Principles of perceptual
organisation
•The Figure – Ground principle

7. Grouping – laws of perceptual
grouping
•The Law of Good form or Pragnanz

8. •The Law of Proximity-0bjects that are close
together are perceived as belonging together
or as a group

9. The Law of Similarity
•Objects that are similar to one another and
have similar characteristics are perceived as a
group

10. •The Law of Closure- filling the gaps and
perceiving the object as a whole rather than
their separate parts

11. •The Law of Continuity- perceiving the objects
as belonging together if they appear to form a
continuous pattern

12. •Law of simplicity- tendency to perceive the
complex pattern in terms of simpler shapes
•Law of smallness- smaller areas tend to be
seen as figures against a larger background
•Law of symmetry- symmetrical areas tend to be
seen as figures as against asymmetrical figures
•Law of surroundedness- the areas surrounded
by others tend to be perceived as figures

13. perceptual Constancies
•Size constancy-perceiving the size of an
object same even though the distance
varies
•Shape constancy- perceiving the shape
of the object unaltered
•Brightness constancy- perceiving the
objects as constant in brightness and
colour even in different variations

14. Perception of space-
•The visual field or surface in
which things exist, move or can be
placed is called space
•The images of objects projected in
our retina are flat and two
dimensional but we perceive three
dimensions in the space

15. viewing the world in three
dimensions is called depth or
distance perception
•Perception of depth depends on
cues
•Binocular cues- perceiving depth
through both the eyes
•Monocular cues- perceiving depth
through one eye

16. ILLUSION- False interpretation of sensory
information
Types- 1) Physical Processes- Illusions due to
distortions of physical conditions where we
perceive things which are not really exist
Ex- mirages

17. 2- Cognitive Processes
•Illusions of Size- Ponzo Illusion : The line in the
distant place appears larger though both lines
are actually the same

18. •Muller-Lyer Illusion : Lines of equal length
appear unequal, the line with wings
pointing outward looks larger than the line
with the wings pointing out inward

19. •Illusions of Area or Shape
Poggendorf Illusion- which of the three
lines continues he line on the left?
Are the horizontal lines straight or bent in
the middle
Moon Illusion- The moon appears larger
near the horizon as it is perceived at a very
far away

20. Causes of illusion
•Perceiving the whole by seeing the part
•Emotion or prior knowledge
•Incomplete or incorrect development of
perception
•Inability to follow all the things relating
to an object at a time
•Influence of other present object
•Perceiving various stimulis at a time

21. Requirement of accurate
perception
•Freedom from emotional upsurge
•Need of training in a specific
observation process
•Absence of other unrelated stimuli
during the process of perception
•Freedom from prejudices
•Perception of the whole pattern

22. Values of perception
•Basis of children’s learning through
observation and imitation
•Initiates as well as sustains activity in
reasoning and problem solving
•Memory and imagination not possible
without perception
•Related to attention and observation
Observation is regulated perception or
perception with a purpose

23. Perception and Education
Variables of Perception affecting Teaching
•Physical organism
•Effect of time
•Opportunities for perception
•The effect of need
•The phenomenal self
•The effects of goals and values
•The effect of restrictions on the
phenomenal self

24. The atmosphere for Learning
•Freedom from threat
•Acceptance
•Clear and Reasonable Limits

25. Provision of Information through
teaching
•Set the pace of teaching according to
the diverse needs of the learners
• Guiding exploration

26. Effectiveness of the teachers
depends on his own perception
about•What people are like
•The goals of education in the society
•Adequacy of teachers own
personality
•Effective methods of encouraging
learning