كيفية كتابة ورقة بحثية لطلبة البكالوريوس فى زمن كورونا:نحو بناء جيل جديد من العلماء والباحثين

1. ‫لط‬ ‫بحثية‬ ‫ورقة‬ ‫كتابة‬ ‫كيفية‬‫لبة‬
‫فى‬ ‫البكالوريوس‬‫كورونا‬ ‫زمن‬
‫والباحثين‬ ‫العلماء‬ ‫من‬ ‫جديد‬ ‫جيل‬ ‫بناء‬ ‫نحو‬
‫الدكتور‬ ‫االستاذ‬/‫حس‬ ‫عطيفى‬ ‫ابوالعال‬‫نين‬
‫المصرية‬ ‫البحثية‬ ‫العلمية‬ ‫المدرسة‬ ‫ورئيس‬ ‫مؤسس‬
‫المعلومات‬ ‫وتكنولوجيا‬ ‫االتصاالت‬ ‫مجلس‬ ‫مقرر‬–‫العلمى‬ ‫البحث‬ ‫أكاديمية‬-‫الحاسبات‬ ‫بكلية‬ ‫واألستاذ‬‫والذكاء‬
‫اإلصطناعى‬–‫القاهرة‬ ‫جامعة‬-‫العلمى‬ ‫للبحث‬ ‫العالمية‬ ‫سكوبس‬ ‫جائزة‬ ‫على‬ ‫الحاصل‬2019‫منظمة‬ ‫وجائزة‬
‫والثقافة‬ ‫للعلوم‬ ‫االسالمية‬ ‫الدول‬(‫اإليسيسكو‬)
How to write a research paper for
undergraduate students in Corona's
time: towards building a new generation of
scientists and researchers

2. Challenges

3. ‫السعادة‬‫وسلوك‬ ‫فعل‬ ‫كل‬ ‫هى‬
‫تحقي‬ ‫إلى‬ ‫يهدف‬ ‫اإلنسان‬ ‫به‬ ‫يقوم‬‫ق‬
‫األعظم‬ ‫الخير‬ ‫تعنى‬ ‫وأنها‬ ،‫ما‬ ‫خير‬
‫ترتب‬ ‫وهكذا‬ ،‫الكاملة‬ ‫والفضيلة‬‫ط‬
‫فع‬ ‫إنها‬ ‫حيث‬ ‫بالفضيلة‬ ‫السعادة‬‫ل‬
‫اإلنسان‬
‫ال‬ ‫التي‬ ‫األمور‬ ‫من‬ ‫السعادة‬ ‫عد‬ُ‫ت‬‫و‬
‫ي‬ ‫مما‬ ‫الفضيلة‬ ‫حين‬ ‫في‬ ‫مدح‬ُ‫ت‬‫مدح‬.

4. ‫الكاملة‬ ‫والفضيلة‬ ‫األعظم‬ ‫الخير‬

5. Scientific, Educational Strategies of Young Scientists
‫مهارات‬ ‫غياب‬
‫العلمي‬ ‫البحث‬
‫الصغر‬ ‫في‬
‫جيال‬ ‫سينتج‬
‫فقط‬ ‫ناسخا‬

6. ‫طالبة‬ ‫رأى‬:‫تخرجها‬ ‫بحث‬ ‫تقديمها‬ ‫بعد‬
«‫كت‬ ‫في‬ ‫كلي‬ ‫بشكل‬ ‫نفسي‬ ‫على‬ ‫اعتمدت‬‫ابة‬
‫عن‬ ‫البحث‬ ‫طرق‬ ‫معرفة‬ ‫ونقص‬ ‫البحث‬
‫بش‬ ‫أثر‬ ‫كطالب‬ ‫لدينا‬ ‫وترتيبها‬ ‫المعلومة‬‫كل‬
‫البح‬ ‫أدوات‬ ‫معرفة‬ ‫نقص‬ ‫جانب‬ ‫إلى‬ ،‫سلبي‬‫ث‬
‫مثل‬ ‫منها‬ ‫واالستفادة‬ ‫استخدامها‬ ‫وطرق‬
‫والمقابلة‬ ‫االستبيان‬».

7. Research Paper
A research paper is an expanded essay that
presents your own interpretation or
evaluation or argument

8. Types of scientific
research papers
• News Articles
– Provide a brief overview of scientific findings for a general audience
– Useful when you are searching for the latest scientific research
• Meeting Abstracts, Papers, and Proceedings
– Provide brief descriptions of original research presented at conferences
– Useful when you are looking for recent research in the scientific literature
• Research Articles (Original Research- Short reports or Letters, Review Articles,
Comment, Case Studies, Methods, letters to the editor,….
– Present new and original scientific findings
– Explain research methodology and provide data
• Review Articles (Research paper!)
– Provide an overview of a field or subject
– Useful when you need background information and additional references

9. How to write a research paper for
undergraduate students

11. Step 1: Get familiar with the assignment
Step 2: Pick a topic
Step 3: Research
Step 4: Organize research
Step 5: Form a thesis
Step 6: Create an outline
Step 7: Write
Step 8: Edit for content
Step 9: Edit for grammar
Step 10: Re-read and submit your paper
Main Steps to Write a
Research Paper

12. Step 1: Get familiar with the assignment
• it’s very important to understand
what your teacher is asking for before
you start writing your research paper.
• Many students skip this step, and
then wonder why they receive a low
grade on a paper they worked hard
on or were excited about.
• It’s often because they didn’t
read the instructions.
• Spend time going over the
assignment.
Know Your Assignment:
1. Topic: Have you been assigned a topic for you to write about or can
you choose a subject of interest to you, which fits into the guidelines
of the assignment.1.
2. Type of research: deen uoy oD ?dedeen si hcraeser fo epyt tahW
ot elba uoy era ro )tnemirepxe ro yevrus sa hcus( hcraeser lanigiro
ni dehsilbup hcraeser sa hcus( hcraeser yradnoces esu
)selcitra lanruoj/skoob? a
3. Scope: ro stniopweiv tnereffid morf cipot a ezylana ot deen uoy oD
ti dnefed dna noitisop eno ekat ot deen uoy od?
4. Sources: fo epyt ro/dna rebmun niatrec a esu ot deriuqer uoy erA
hcraeser ruoy ni secruoser?
5. Citation Style: Has the professor, specified a citation style for you to
use in citing your sources? If not, which style is appropriate for your
subject?
6. Format/Length: Is there a page limit for the completed assignment?
Has formatting guidelines, such as line spacing, numbering, or font
size been given?
7. Due date: When in your paper due ?

13. Step 2: Pick a Topic
• Write about something you’re
inter
– What makes a good topic?
A good topic is:
– Broad enough that you can find
enough information on the subject.
– Focused enough that you are not
overwhelmed with too much
information.
– Interesting to you
Keep in mind, good research takes time and
effort.

14. Step 3: Research
Several key things to
remember as you research
are: 1) skim, 2) find
reliable resources, and 3)
don’t ignore information.
Skimming: You don’t have to read in-full everything ever written
about your topic. Learn how to identify key points and arguments
without getting bogged down and reading every word.

15. Step 3: Research
Several key things to
remember as you research
are: 1) skim, 2) find
trusted resources, and 3)
don’t ignore information.
Reliable resources : you can use Wikipedia to write a research paper. But, you
cannot use that as a final source. You can use general sources like Wikipedia to
get familiar with a topic, find keywords that can further drive your research, and
quickly understand large amounts of information

16. Find source information
Find source information
Books provide you with a good general
overview of a topic, but are generally
not as up to date as the other sources
Journal articles from scholarly journals
and magazines tend to deal with more
specific topics than books, and are
usually more up to date.
Web pages - All kinds of information
can be found on the Internet. The
currency and quality of the
information varies greatly.

17. Step 4: Organize Your
Research
Organize by “subheading”
• Write a working outline
• Ignore the interesting-but-not-useful stuff
• Colour code (assign a different colour to each
subheading).
• Create different folders on your
computer or different Word files for each
subheading.
Save your research.
You won’t find it again.
• Email your search results to yourself, print
them, write them down by hand, use
Zotero/Mendeley/EndNote anything but
having to replicate your searches!
• Create a working bibliography: add
resources that you want to use to this
bibliograph
Zotero/Mendeley/EndNote are a free and open-source reference management
software to manage bibliographic data and related research materials

18. Forms of Note taking
• Use index cards to keep notes and track sources used in your paper.
• Create Work Cited cards for each source.
– Include the citation (i.e., author, title, publisher, date, page numbers,
etc.) in MLA format. It will be easier to organize the sources
alphabetically when creating the Work Cited page.
– Number the source cards.
• On each note card:
– Use only one side to record a single idea, fact or quote from one source.
It will be easier to rearrange them later when it comes time to organize
your paper.
– Include a heading or key words at the top of the card.
– Include the Work Cited source card number.
– Include the page number where you found the information.
• Taking notes:
– Write down only the information that answers your research questions.
– Use symbols, diagrams, charts or drawings to simplify and visualize ideas.
Use one of these note taking forms to
capture information:
Summarize: Capture the main ideas of
the source succinctly by restating them
in your own words.
Paraphrase: Restate the author's ideas
in your own words.
Quote: Copy the quotation exactly as it
appears in the original source. Put
quotation marks around the text and
note the name of the person you are
quoting.
Tips for Taking Notes
by Hand
Tips for Taking Notes Electronically

19. "Quotations" Paraphrasing &
Summarizing
Quotations
• A quote is the reproduction of the words
of the original author. To quote, follow
the steps below:
• Select the quote you'd like to use in your
paper.
• Record it exactly as it appears in the
original source.
– Use ellipses (...) to mark spots where
you have left out words from the
original text.
• Place quotation marks around the
complete text.
• Note the source and page number of the
quotation in a launch statement or in
parentheses.
Paraphrasing
• A paraphrase is the rewording of
something written or spoken by
someone else. To paraphrase, follow
these steps:
• Read the original text until you grasp its
meaning; then set it aside.
• Using your memory, write down the
main points or concepts.
• Change the structure of the text by
varying the opening, changing the order
of sentences, lengthening or shortening
sentences, etc.
• Replace keywords within the sentences
with synonyms or phrases with similar
meanings.
• Note the source and page number of
the paraphrase in a launch statement or
in parentheses.
According to Lennie, "[...] I got you to look
after me, and you got me to look after you,
and that's why" (Steinbeck 14).
Summarizing
A summary is a brief statement of the main points of a
source. To summarize, follow the steps below:
1. Select a passage of text, article, chapter or entire
book that supports your research.
2. Read the selection until you feel you have a good
understanding of its main points.
3. Write a sentence or two in your own words that
captures the main points.
4. Revise your summary so it reads clearly.
Note the source (and page number, if applicable) of
the summary in a launch statement or in
parentheses.

20. Step 5: Form a thesis
• What is a Thesis Statement? is
one sentence that expresses the main idea of a research
paper. It makes a claim, directly answering a question.
• A thesis statement includes 2 things:
• 1) Your main topic and
• 2) Your opinion about that topic.
• It’s important because it tells your reader what your
essay is about, and how you will prove or explain your
topic.
• A thesis statement is a roadmap guiding you through
your essay.
What is a Thesis Statement?

21. • This topic interests me because there are some
students who want to quote facts and ideas from
Wikipedia. But there are also teachers who do not
want students to use Wikipedia as part of their
research. As an academic writing tutor, I know both
sides of this topic.
• Here are 2 ideas I have about using Wikipedia in
academic research:
– It’s not good to cite Wikipedia articles in an essay or academic paper because the
articles can be written and edited by anyone. The author of a Wikipedia article
might not be a reliable source.
– But, Wikipedia articles can be useful because they give an overview of a
topic. Also, they have a bibliography at the end that can be used to find credible
sources of information.
Example Thesis Statement for an
Academic Paper
Using Wikipedia for Academic Research
I’ve combined my topic with my opinion based on these ideas into 1 sentence. “Students should not
cite Wikipedia articles in academic essays because it’s difficult to know if the authors of the articles are
trustworthy, but students can use Wikipedia to find reliable sources of information.”

22. Step 6: Create an Outline
Why Outline?
• Outlines provide a means of organizing your
information in an hierarchical or logical order.
• For research papers, a formal outline can help
you keep track of large amounts of information.
How to Create an Outline
• Place your thesis statement at the beginning.
• List the major points that support your thesis. Label
them in Roman Numerals (I, II, III, etc.)
• List supporting ideas or arguments for each major point.
Label them in capital letters (A, B, C, etc.)
• If applicable, continue to sub-divide each supporting
idea until your outline is fully developed. Label them 1,
2, 3, etc and then a, b, c, etc.

23. Step 7: Write
As you write, don’t be a perfectionist.
Don’t worry about finding the perfect
words, using the perfect grammar, or
crafting the perfect title.
There is time to perfect your research
paper as you edit.
Right now, you just need to write.

24. Step 8: Edit for Content
Now that you’ve got a paper written, take a
moment to congratulate yourself. You have
done a lot of work to get to this point! And
then, get back to work. You still need to edit
your paper before it’s ready to turn in.
Remember how you weren’t supposed to
worry about being perfect? You still don’t need
to worry, but it is time to make your paper as
perfect as you possibly can.
Start by editing for content. This means
thinking about structure, organization,
wording, and length. You carefully organized
your paper when you created an outline
If your paper is too long or too short,
now is the time to cut it down or build it
up to an acceptable length. Don’t just
delete your conclusion because your
paper is too long. Don’t waste your time
playing with the font size and margins to
try to make your essay longer

25. Step 9: Edit for Grammar
It is also important to edit for
grammar. This might seem
daunting, but there are lots of
tools and resources that can help.

26. Grammarly
Grammarly is like a super-powered spell checker.
https://grammarly.com/

27. Step 10: Re-read and Submit your
Research Paper
Once you’ve finished Steps 1–9, it’s
definitely time to take a break.
Give your paper a day or two (or an
hour or two, if you are running short
on time) and give it a final read-
through. It can be helpful to print a
copy of your paper and read a hard-
copy if you have only read through it
on a screen thus far.

28. Citation and formatting requirements
APA style
• The American Psychological
Association
MLA style
• The Modern Language Association
style

29. CITATIONS

30. Book Citation Formats
MLA style

31. Journal Citation Formats
MLA style

32. Internet Sources/Website
Citation Formats
In Text Citations
One author------------------(Johnson 263)
(Hilltop and Phillips 32)-------- two authors
refsmore than 2---------------(Smith et al. 142)
two refs--(Johnson 263; Smith et al. 142)

33. Checklist
• Does your paper fulfill all of the requirements that the
assignment asked for?
• Did you stick to a topic that fits the assignment?
• Are your sources credible, reliable, and logical?
• Do you have a clear thesis statement?
• Is your paper organized in a logical way that is easy to
understand?
• Did you plagiarize?
• Did you proofread for content and grammar improvements
and errors?
• Is your paper properly formatted?
• Are you prepared to submit correctly?

34. Writing an Undergraduate
Research Paper: Keys to Success
• Research.
– Effective research will be your ticket to success, no matter how
good of a writer you are.
• Developing a research paper.
– Use your own curiosity to guide you when coming up with a
research paper.
• Outline.
– Outlines are very helpful when first starting out.
• Using quotes.
– Quotes will be the sails to your ship.
• Writing.
– Now is the time to write. All of the knowledge you have gained
by researching needs to come out naturally, so just start
writing. Don't think too hard, just write. Revising comes later.
• Revision.
– Revising is the final step in writing a research paper.

35. ‫االعظم‬ ‫الهدف‬
‫واالخرة‬ ‫الدنيا‬ ‫فى‬ ‫التكريم‬

36. Essay and Research Paper?
What is the difference

37. National
Strategy vs.
University
strategy