Th5_Rural media, agricultural technology adoption and productivity: Evidence from smallholder rice farmers in Burkina Faso

Rural media, agricultural technology adoption and
productivity: Evidence from smallholder rice farmers in
Burkina Faso
Alia D., Nakelse T., Diagne A., Ouedraogo M., Guissou R.
Presenter :Tebila, Nakelse
Africa Rice Congress, 2013
Africa Rice Center (AfricaRice)

October, 2013

Alia D., Nakelse T., Diagne A., Ouedraogo RuralGuissou R. Presentertechnology adoption and Rice Congress, 2013 (Africasmallhold
M., media, agricultural :Tebila, Nakelse Africa productivity: Evidence from 1 / 18
October, 2013
Rice Cen

Introduction

Introduction
Agriculture accounts up to 40 percent to the total GPD and up to 60
percent to export revenue and remains a major source of income
Productivity increase rely mainly on area expansion which is getting
because of
The demographic pressure due to population and urbanization
Climate change

Thus, raising productivity through adoption of improved varieties
along with best crop management practices and mechanization could
be a sustainable option
However, the diﬀusion and the adoption of most of these technologies
are still incomplete and even low in Africa (Abdulai and Huﬀman,
2007)

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Rice Cen

Introduction

Introduction
Among the ICTs, radio is one the fastest for communicating
agricultural information. It has been used as extension tool since
several years (Bereh, 2002).
Radio have been quite successful in spreading agricultural information
in several countries such as Brazil and Cote d’Ivoire (Dimelu and
Anyawu, 2004 ; Wele 1991)
This paper proposes to contribute to the growing literature and
empirically examines the eﬀect of ICT use on the adoption of
improved rice varieties and productivity

October, 2013
Rice Cen

Theoretical framework and methods

Rural media and the Rubin Causal Model


Let denote decision variable by D and by D = 1 if the farmer adopt
and D = 0 if he do not adopt with following selection rule (See
Heckman , 2010 ; Heckman et al 2006 ) : D = 1(µD (Z ) > V )
µD (Z ) = Utility gain with adoption
V a random scalar variable with cumulative distribution function FV

Farmer also faces two hypothetical or potential outcomes
Y1 = µ1 (X ) + U1 under adoption
Y0 = µ0 (X ) + U0 without adoption with
X a subset of observed covariates and
UD an error term.

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How do Radio rice programs listening (W ) aﬀect adoption ?
First rural media aﬀects adoption and hence the outcome by
modifying the information set of the decision maker
Second, it could also increase the knowledge of an adopting or even a
non-adopting farmer about how to correctly use an existing improved
rice variety which has a complex input use requirement.

October, 2013
Rice Cen



Average Treatmnet Effect (ATE )

Individual level effect of adoption on outcome : Y1 − Y0 = β
¯
Population level effect : ATE (x ) = β(x ) = E (Y1 − Y0 |X = x ), ATT
and ATU
BUT
Farmer decision to adopt or not to adopt is likely to be endogenous ;
farmer with expected high gain may sort into adoption (Diagne et al,
2012 ; Ravaillon, 2012)

October, 2013
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Local Average Treatment Effect (LATE )
To consider the unobserved characteristics effect we use Marginal
Treatment Effect (MTE) version of LATE with listening rice radio
program (W ) as instrument .
MTE (u) = E (Y1 − Y0 |X = x , U = u)
LATE (p1 , p0 , X = x ) =

p
p

MTE (u)du/(p1 − p0 )

p1 is the probability of adoption when farmer listened rice radio
program(W = 1)
p0 is the probability of adoption when farmer not listened rice radio
program(W = 0)

Thus LATE is the mean effect on outcome (productivity) for farmer
who choose to adopt because of listening rice radio program.

October, 2013
Rice Cen

Data and descriptive statistics

Data

Data
The data set for this analysis is extracted from the rice statistics
survey for Burkina Faso collected in 2009-2010 by NARS in
collaboration with NASS and AfricaRice
Stratification at province level with villages randomly selected in each
stratum proportionally to the importance of the stratum and a fixed
number of rice farming households selected in each village
The size of sample drawn was originally 760 . The number of
households effectively surveyed was 650 in Burkina Faso.
Thus the final data used have 284 households.

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Data

Descriptive Statistics
Descriptive Statistics by adoption status
No
Quantitative variables
Logarithm of Rice yield in 2008 (Kg/Ha)
Household size
Number of radio receptors
Categorical variables
Have listened rice programs on radio
Have acquired some knowledge
Have applied knowledge acquired
Gender of Head of household
Has secondary Activity
Has agriculture as main activity
Has at least some primary education
Sample size

Yes

Diﬀ

tstata

0.69
9.4
1.88

0.88
9.13
1.52

-0.19
0.28
0.36

-2.4**
0.3
2.0**

0.1
0.02
0.02
0.76
0.13
0.93
0.33
242

0.42
0.4
0.36
0.8
0.06
0.95
0.42
42

-0.33
-0.37
-0.34
-0.04
0.06
-0.02
-0.09

-4.0***
-4.7**
-4.3***
-0.5
1.4
-0.5
-1

October, 2013
Rice Cen


Data

Descriptive Statistics by listening status
No
Quantitative variables
Logarithm of Rice yield in 2008 (Kg/Ha)
Household size
Number of radio receptors
Categorical variables
Have listened rice programs on radio
Have acquired some knowledge
Have applied knowledge acquired
Gender of Head of household
Has secondary Activity
Has agriculture as main activity
Has at least some primary education
Sample size

Yes

Diﬀ

tstata

0.83
9.45
1.46

0.88
8.7
1.72

-0.05
0.75
-0.26

-0.9
1.2
-2.1**

0.01
0.01
0.77
0.07
0.95
0.34
106

0.91
0.82
0.83
0.08
0.93
0.51
178

-0.9
-0.82
-0.06
-0.01
0.02
-0.16

-15.5***
-14.4***
-1.2
-0.3
0.5
-2.7***

October, 2013
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Data

On average the yield is 19% higher for adopters

October, 2013
Rice Cen


Data

The percentage of household that have listened rice program on radio
is signiﬁcantly higher in the group of improved varieties adopter

October, 2013
Rice Cen


Data

Actual adoption rate is signiﬁcantly higher in the group of farmer that
have listened rice program on radio

October, 2013
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Data

This might suggest a positive association between having listened rice
program on radio and improved varieties adoption

October, 2013
Rice Cen


Data

This might suggest a positive association between having listened rice
program on radio and improved varieties adoption
In fact there is no signiﬁcant diﬀerence between the yield of farmer
that have listened rice program on radio and the farmers that have

October, 2013
Rice Cen

Results and discussion

Impact of media use on improved variety adoption


The propensity to adopt improved varieties is higher for a farmer that
have listen rice program on radio than for a farmer that have never
Most of the other control variables have the expected sign but were
found to be not signiﬁcant

October, 2013
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Marginal Treatment Eﬀect

October, 2013
Rice Cen


Impact of media use on rice productivity

The graph shows that the MTE is decreasing in the unobserved utility
and consequently in the propensity score
This is an evidence of diminishing marginal return with the likelihood
of a farmer to adopt a modern variety
Farmer with the highest return are more likely to adopt ( low ud )
while those that are less likely to adopt ( high ud ) have a much
smaller gross return
This arises the fact that farmers almost certainly base their choice to
adopt or not adopt on things they know but the analyst does not
know
This gives rise to what Heckman et al. (2006) call essential
heterogeneity

October, 2013
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Local Average Treatment Eﬀect

October, 2013
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The total gross return of adoption is positive and relatively high for
all potential adoption farmers
In the sub-group of farmers who listened rice program the average
impact of adoption (the LATE ) is statistically significant and
estimated to be an increase of about 39.2% of yield
This is the mean effect on yield for farmer who choose to adopt
because of listening rice radio program.
The LATE for the actual non-adopters is significantly positive which
suggests that if the actual non adopter were all exposed to rice
programs on radio and come to adopter improved varieties, their yield
gain will be positive and much higher than the average yield gain
across all adopting farmers

October, 2013
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Conclusion

Conclusion
We use household-level survey data and apply the Rubin Causal
Model that has emerged as the standard approach for evaluating
policy/program effect using observational data.
Adoption of modern varieties in 2008 was significantly higher for
farmers that had listened to the radio program on rice before 2008
than those who had not
Using of rural radio appears to significantly increase the propensity of
adopting modern varieties
We also estimate that the LATE of adoption of improved varieties
induced by listening to the rice radio program on rice yield was
significant and positive

October, 2013
Rice Cen


Conclusion

Thank you !

October, 2013
Rice Cen

Th5_Rural media, agricultural technology adoption and productivity: Evidence from smallholder rice farmers in Burkina Faso

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