The document provides an overview of the origins and evolution of democracy throughout history. It discusses early civilizations like Chinese River Valley, Indus Valley, Egyptian, and Mesopotamian civilizations. It then covers the rise of democracy in ancient Greece and its spread and adoption in other societies over time, including developments in democratic systems and principles in locations like India, England, and North America. The document traces democracy's progression from its origins to modern times.

1. SEMINAR # 1
_INTRODUCTION TO DEMOCRACY_
MISS TEENAT RAB

2. • Hajra Afzal Khan
• Syeda Hira Qaiser
• Irum Fazal
• Sana Khan
• Nosheena Safdar
• Hira Nasir
• Fehmida Jalil
• Afshan Ejaz

4.  The word ‘democracy’ has a Greek origin.
DEMOS – people , KRATOS – power or rule.
 It is the best form of government in which the
leaders are elected by the people and are
accountable to them.
 H.L. Mencken once said : Democracy is the
theory that the common people know what
they want.

6.  A social process by which societies achieve an
advanced stage of development and organization
Origin of civilization
 Man is a social animal. It is physically impossible for
him to survive alone. Consequently he made
alliances with other humans. They lived together ,
hunted together , ate together and thus the very first
civilization was born.

8.  Chinese River Valley civilization
 Indus Valley civilization
 Egyptian civilization
 Mesopotamian civilization
 Sumerian civilization
 Greek civilization
 Viking civilization
 Mayan civilization

9. Chinese River Valley Civilization
(around 400 BC)

10.  The Shang King ruled from the capital city of
Anyang. His kingdom was divided into different
territories that were ruled by aristocratic
warlords
 The Chinese believed in supernatural forces so
that they could talk to the Gods and receive
help when needed
 Family was the chief unit of the society
 Men and women enjoyed equal status and
women were asked when it came to some
critical decisions

12.  Bronze age civilization
 Spread over Afghanistan , Pakistan , north west ,
India
 Area of about 1.25 million sq km
 Population of approximately 5 million
 Famous for : handicrafts , drainage system , urbane
planning
 Records show nothing about political setup but
historians believe that every region was governed by
a separate ruler and both the genders enjoyed equal
status

14.  a civilization at the northeast of Africa concentrated
along the Nile
 It was most powerful under ramissis rule
 It was conquered many times and ended up as a
possession of Alexander , the great
 In 30 BC , it fell into the Roman Empire under
Cleopatra , later was captured by the Arabs
 Achievements include : surveying and construction ,
advancement in medicine and mathematics ,
improved agricultural techniques and the first peace
treaty ever
 Pharaoh had wielded complete control

15. Pharaoh is the
common title of
the kings of
ancient Egyptian
dynasties

16. Government of Egypt
 King was the supreme military commander and
head of government
 Second-in-command was the vizier who was
the king’s representative
 Bureaucrats managed the state affairs
 Country was divided into nomes governed by
nomarchs
 Law was same for everyone
 Men and women enjoyed equal civil rights but
there was severe punishment for criminals
 Legal punishments included fines to execution

17. Mesopotamian Civilization
(5000 BC-3000 BC)

18.  Mesopotamian is a Greek word meaning land
between two rivers i.e. TIGRIS and
EUPHRATES
 Kings were thought to be the descendants of
city of gods
 Head of province was a governor who
maintained lawful principles
 Hammurabi’s code
 Babylon became the central city under
Hammurabi's code
 Advancement in astronomy and medicine

19. Greek civilization
( 800 BC – 146 BC ) )

20.  Ancient Greek civilization was a period of
political , philosophical , artistic and scientific
achievements that formed a legacy
 Ancient Greece consisted of several hundred
more or less independent city states (poleis)
due to the geography of Greece- divided and
sub-divided by hills , mountains and rivers

21. Government and Law
 Various forms of rule , ultimately resulting
in Athenian Democracy , a form of ‘direct
democracy’ as opposed to representative
democracy
 An exclusive club, however , was
launched which contained only adult
males who could vote
 Women , slaves and foreigners couldn't
vote

23.  Viking is a term which refers to raiders
 They were a group of people who came from
different vivid territories of the word
 The Vikings can be pretty much described as
ravagers , despoilers , pagans and heathens
but the view abruptly skewed
 They were democrats who founded the world's
oldest surviving parliament while Britain was
still mired in feudalism.
 Even if they earned a brutal reputation , at
home they lived in a well-ordered society
based on laws and democracy

25.  The general assembly was responsible for
maintaining law and order
 Learned men quoted the laws and then lawsuits
were heard
 Women held a strong position in the Viking
society which was a trademark of equality

26. Mayan Civilization
( peaked around 800 AD )

27.  Mayan civilization is one of the greatest in the
world
 The earliest phase began around 3000 BC
 The Mayans developed a
hierarchical government ruled by kings and
priests
 They lived in independent city-states consisting
of rural communities and large urban
ceremonial centers
 There were no standing armies, but warfare
played an important role in religion, power and
prestige

28. The Roman Empire
( 27 BC – 393 AD )

29. The total area of the Roman Empire was
2,750,000 sq km
 In 25 BC , its population was roughly 56.8
million
 Initially , the form of government which
prevailed was Autocracy but then democracy
sprang

30. The Dark Ages or The Medieval Period
(1100 BC – 750 BC )

31.  The Dark Ages is generally considered as the
early medieval period of the European history
 After the fall of the Roman Empire , it was
subsequently replaced by various tyrants and
despots
 The class struggles of the Roman Empire
resulted in an unusual Democracy
 Roman laws were passed by the vote from the
Popular Assembly
 Likewise , candidates for public positions were
elected by the common people

32. Early Modern Period
a. Islamic Civilization
b. China
c. Japan
d. India
e. north America
f. England
Late Modern Period
a. Industrial Revolution
b. Age of Revolutions |
c. Age of Revolutions ||
d. Age of Imperialism

34. The Islamic Civilization
( 622 AD – 1258 AD )

35.  Islamic Civilization involves the history of the
Islamic faith as a religion and as a social
institution
 The history of Islam began in Arabia with
the Islamic Prophet Muhammad's first
recitations of the Quran in the 7th century in the
month of Ramadan
 Islamic empire under the KHULAFAYE-RASHEDEEN
CALIPHATE expanded rapidly

36.  Islamic civilization has deep imprints of
democracy
 The city-state of ‘MEDINA’ was formed by
Prophet Muhammad ( P.B.U.H )
 The Constitution of Medina (Arabic: دستور
المدينة ,Dastūr ul-Madīnah or صحيفة المدينة Ṣaḥīfat
ul-Madīnah), also known as the Charter of
Medina, was drafted by Prophet Muhammad
 It ensured the security of the community, the
religious freedoms , security of women , a tax
system and a judicial system

37. China
Emerged on the world map on : October
1st , 1949

38.  In China , urbanization increased as the
population grew and as the labor grew more
complex
 Historians often refer to the period from Qin
dynasty to the end of Qing dynasty as Imperial
China
 The doctrine of Legalism that guided the Qin
emphasized strict adherence to a legal code
and the absolute power of the emperor
 Democracy was a major concept introduced
to China in the late nineteenth century
 The Imperial Court organizes elections

39. Japanese Civilization and
Democracy

40.  Society of the Japanese was based on the
strict class hierarchy
 The politics of Japan is a framework of
a multiparty parliamentary representative
democratic Constitutional monarchy
 where the Emperor acts effectively as the
symbolic Head of state and the Prime Minister
acts as the Head of government and the head
of Cabinet which directs the executive branch
 Judiciary is independent in Japan- there are five
types of courts- Supreme Court, High Court,
District Court, Family Court and Summary Court

41. India
Independence date : August 15th , 1947

42.  The Government of India , officially known as
the Central Government, was established by
the Constitution of India, and is the governing
authority of the union of 29 states and seven
union territories
 The basic civil and criminal laws governing the
citizens of India are set down in major
parliamentary legislation
 India has a federal government, with elected
officials at the federal and local levels. All
members of the federal legislature,
the Parliament are directly elected. Elections in
India take place every five years.

43. North America

44.  Representative democracy
 6 essential ideals of democracy
 To implement these ideals , the US govt has
made four elements of govt
 Power vested within three distinct parts
 REVOLUTION OF NORTH AMERICA
 13 American colonies
 American War of Independence
 United States declaration of independence
 Independent United State of America
 50 states eventually emerged which had
separate governances

45. England

46.  England is considered as one of the best
democracies being practiced in the world
 England has a partial monarchy and a vast
democratic system
 The Prime Minister leads the government with
the help of cabinet and members
 Supreme power of the state vests with The
Queen , who can even declare a war and
dismiss the PM
 The Queen does not have direct
correspondence with the governmental affairs
 Fair Elections are held every 5 years

48. LATE
MODERN
PERIOD modern period

49. INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION AND
DEMOCRACY

50.  The Industrial Revolution marks a turning point
in history ; almost every aspect was influenced
in some way
 It began in the UK , and spread throughout
Western Europe , North America , Japan and
eventually the rest of world
 ‘LIBERAL DEMOCRACY’ was practiced which
was a form of government in which
representative democracy operates under the
principles of liberalism

51.  The 18th and 19th centuries were the origins of
modern thought and modern political life
 Two late 18th century events are recognized as
a benchmark in history :
 THE FRENCH REVOLUTION
 THE AMERICAN REVOLUTION
 There was a change in form of government from
absolute monarchies to constitutional states and
republics

52.  The mid – 19th century is marked by massive
changes in the global geo-political structure
 Empires established , Republics emerged ,
monarchs deposed
 Revolutionary terms such as liberty ,
constitutionalism , nationalism and equality had
spread throughout Europe and could not be
revoked
 All this led to the development of new political
ideologies

54. Age of imperialism

55.  It was a time period when modern , developed
nations were taking over less developed nations
, colonizing them or influencing them in order to
expand their power
 Some of the democratic norms were followed
but the cultural and social diffusion occurred
which led to its demise after the World War ||

56. Democracy has not attained its ultimate form , it
is still evolving and it will continue to do so , as it
is the worst form of government ; except , of
course , all of the others tried.
The notion of democracy is that under it THE
WEAKEST should have the same opportunity
as THE STRONGEST.