Violence on television in the U.S. Old problem, new consequences

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A. Stepińska, (2007), Violence on television in the U.S. Old problem, new consequences, (in:) The Modern Terrorism and Its Forms, edited by S. Wojciechowski, Poznań, pp. 129–148.

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The aim of this paper is to present the findings of a quantitative content analysis of the Polish print media. Sharing the codebook and procedures with an international team, we were able to gain a broad perspective on the media coverage of the first Polish EU presidency. In particular, we focused on: (1) the number of items covering events related to the presidency, (2) the prominence of the topic, (3) genres, (4) main topics, (5) authors of news, (6) authors of opinions, and (7) the way Polish journalists evaluated Poland’s performance during the EU presidency. The findings showed that although Polish print press reported the first Polish EU presidency, the topic’s prominence was not very high. Media organizations rather rarely presented the topic on the front page and they did not change their regular editorial policy. Most of the news items, as well as opinions and comments, were written by staff members. Furthermore, journalists seemed to be more interested in the opinions of national politicians, rather than experts. As a result, the framework of the coverage was predominantly domestic. Journalists working for daily newspapers focused mostly on providing news and their own interpretations of the reported events. On the contrary weekly magazines provided comments and interviews, but again, most of the opinions were expressed by their own journalists and editors.

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The present form of terrorism, which appeared in the late 60's, is called " mass media terrorism " . It seems to be a consequence of the mass media's need of " media events " which can be characterised as: " unusual, abnormal, dangerous, new, destructive? and violent " 1 . Nowadays, terrorist organisations not only actively seek mass media attention so as to use it to spread their message to public opinion, but they are also deeply aware of the mechanisms of mass media activity. Consequently, they try to use the mass media as a mouthpiece for their propaganda. As a result, terrorist organisations which try to achieve their political goals by acts of crime and violence, can be treated as the subject of a process of political communication and every act of terrorism can be regarded as an expression of that form of communication 2 . The aim of this paper is to analyse the terrorist attack on the USA on September 11, 2001 as a " media event " . What is crucial is the fact that this act of terrorism seems to fulfil all the conditions laid down by the mass media. Analysing this event is an opportunity to highlight the role of the mass media in modern internal and external political affairs. As we shall see later, in political communication the mass media can be treated not only as a subject (an independent element) but also as a channel or even an instrument for spreading messages held by other subjects. The terrorist attack on the USA immediately became breaking news almost all around the world and is now regarded as a turning point in mass media history, especially as far as American mass media are concerned. Previously there had been very few events that 1 A. Schmid, J. de Graaf, Violence as Communication, London 1982, s. 217. 2 B. Mc Nair, Wprowadzenie do komunikowania politycznego, Poznań 1998, p. 25 – 27. According to B. Mc Nair, the main characteristics of political communication is its intention. There are three main types of political communication: about politics, acts of communication created by subjects involved in politics and, last but not least, acts of communication created by non – politicians but addressed to them.

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A. Stepińska, (2007), Style autoprezentacyjne polskich kandydatów na eurodeputowanych. Wybory do Parlamentu Europejskiego w 2004 [Styles of self – presentation of Polish candidates for the European Parliament in 2004], (in:) Europejskie wybory Polaków. Referendum i wybory do ParlamentuEuropejskiego [European elections in Poland. Referendum and the European Parliament elections], edited by D. Piontek, Poznań, pp. 163–182.

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The paper intends to present the results of an analysis of the messages formulated by the two leading candidates in the presidential elections of 2010, Bronisław Komorowski and Jaros³aw Kaczyñski. The paper is interdisciplinary as it combines a politological analysis of the context of the presidential debates and a linguistic analysis of the content of the messages. The conclusions of the research corroborate the fact that both candidates referred to a different repertoire of values that evoked different axiological fields – a high one in Kaczyñski’s statements and a lower one in the case of Komorowski. The linguistic analysis also indicated that the linguistic image each candidate was building clearly specified the range of potential voters. Finally, both candidates used the debate to form their own image only in two dimensions: “I as a political leader” and “I as a president-to-be” while both Komorowski and Kaczyñski neglected the personal dimension of their image during the debates.

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Violence on television in the U.S. Old problem, new consequences

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