All the activities and actions required to manage waste
from its inception to its final disposal.

Introduction
 Waste quantities are generally growing in all countries
all around the world.
 Every year billions of tons of waste are generated.
 These wastes are result of activities in our homes,
businesses and industries and disposal of all this large
amount is an enormous environmental problem with
many dimensions.

 The treatment and disposal of wastes, which are
mainly of organic origin, is one of the most important
problem and greatest challenge facing mankind.
 Environmental degradation is often caused by
mismanagement of wastes.

Aims

1. Landfilling
2. Recycling
3. Aerobic composting
4. Anaerobic digestion
5. Thermal treatment techniques
6. Compost reactor

Landfilling
 Sanitary landfilling is an acceptable and recommended method
for ultimate disposal of MSW. It is a necessary component of
MSWM
 In Europe quantities of waste increasing in most western Europe
(WE) countries and to a lesser extent in most countries in central
and eastern Europe (CEE) and Twelve countries of eastern
Europe, Caucasus and central Asia (EECCA).
 Landfilling remains the dominant waste disposal method in
Europe. There are more than 3.000 million tones of waste
generated in Europe every year.
 This equals 3,8 tones per capita in western Europe, 4,4 tones per
capita in CEE and 6,3 tones per capita in EECCA.
 The collection of municipal waste varies considerably among
countries, from 685 kg/capita (Iceland) to 105 kg/capita
(Uzbekistan)

•If the organic waste is left unattended, it will tend to
decompose by natural process giving rise to odors,
hosting and feeding a variety of insects and pests, which
in turn, form the carriers of disease creating severe health
problems.
•The segregation, decomposition and stabilization of the
organic waste by biological action forms the basis of
recycling through different natural cycles.

Aerobic composting
 The bacterial conversion of the organics present in
MSW in the presence of air under hot and moist
conditions is called composting, and the final
product obtained after bacterial activity is called
compost (humus), which has very high agricultural
value.
 It is used as fertilizer, and it is nonodorous and free of
pathogens.
 As a result of the composting process, the waste
volume can be reduced to 50–85%.

Anaerobic digestion
 If the organic waste is buried in pits under partially
anaerobic conditions, it will be acted upon by
anaerobic microorganisms with the release of methane
and carbon dioxide; the organic residue left is good
manure.
 This process is slower than aerobic composting and
occurs in fact naturally in landfills.

Thermal treatment techniques
 The destruction of MSW using heat energy is called
thermal treatment. Although there are many thermal
processes
1. Incineration
2. Gasification technology

Incineration
 Incineration is the process of control and complete
combustion, for burning solid wastes. It leads to
energy recovery and destruction of toxic wastes, for
example, waste from hospitals. The temperature in the
incinerators varies between 980 and 2000 C. One of
the most attractive features of the incineration process
is that it can be used to reduce the original volume of
combustible solid waste by 80–90%.

Gasification technology
 Incineration of solid waste under oxygen deficient
conditions is called gasification.
 The objective of gasification has generally been to
produce fuel gas, which would be stored and used
when required.
 Gasification can also be used for MSW treatment after
drying, removing the inerts and shredding for size
reduction.
 Gasification–combustion seems to be promising as it
can reduce pollution and increase heat recovery.

Compost reactor

Electronic waste
 A public-private participatory forum of decision making
and problem resolution in waste management must be
developed.
 The system design needs to be such that there are checks
and balances, especially to prevent free riders. The goals of
the product designer could include reducing toxicity,
reducing energy use, streamlining product weight and
materials, identifying opportunities for easier reuse, and
more.
 The old electronic product should then be sent back to be
carefully dismantled for its parts to be either recycled or re-
used, either in a separate recycling division at the
manufacturing unit or in a common facility.

Electronic waste management

 The regulations should prohibit the disposal of e-wastes in municipal landfills
and encourage owners and generators of e-wastes to properly recycle the
wastes.
 Manufactures of products must be made financially, physically and legally
responsible for their products.
 Policies and better management of restricted substances may be implemented
through measures such as
→ • specific product take-back obligations for industry
→ • financial responsibility for actions and schemes
→ • greater attention to the role of new product design
→ • material and/or substance bans including stringent restrictions on certain
substances
→ • greater scrutiny of cross-border movements of Electrical and Electronic
Products and e-waste
→ • Increasing public awareness by labeling products as 'environmental
hazard’.

•Wet waste
•Mixed Solid Waste
•Waste Sludge and Human Fecal Matter
•Manures And Animal Wastes

Use recyclable products
 The best option for dealing with wastes is to reduce the
volume.
 Designers should ensure that the product is built for
re-use, repair and/or upgradeability.
 Stress should be laid on use of less toxic, easily
recoverable and recyclable materials which can be
taken back for refurbishment, remanufacturing and
reuse.

Role of government
 It is high time the manufactures, consumers,
regulators, municipal authorities, state governments,
and policy makers take up the matter seriously so that
the different critical elements depicted in an
integrated manner.
 Sustainability of waste management systems has to be
ensured by improving the effectiveness of collection
and recycling systems

Awareness Programmes
 The future of waste management depends not only on
the effectiveness of local government, the operator of
recycling services, but also on the attitude of citizens,
and on the key role of manufactures and bulk
consumers to shape and develop community
participation.
 Lack of civic sense and awareness among city residents
will be a major hurdle to keep waste minimum.

Environmental Hazards
 The treatment and disposal of wastes, which are
mainly of organic origin, is one of the most important
problem and greatest challenge facing mankind.
 Environmental degradation is often caused by
mismanagement of wastes. Human health relies on
environmental health, which can be measured as air,
water and food quality.
 The landfill method cause secondary environmental
problems such as pollution of ground and/or surface
water and offensive odours.

 Most of the MSW in India is dumped on land in an uncontrolled
manner. Such inadequate disposal practices lead to problems
that will impair human and animal health and result in
economic, environmental and biological losses.
 Comparing the biological, chemical and thermal treatment
options in the Indian scenario, perhaps the biological processing
options get the priority.
 Composting and vermicomposting are successful and quite
popular now in India instead of incineration. But, it is slow
process and requires a large space.
 Landfilling should be restricted to non-biodegradable, inert
waste and other waste that are not suitable either for recycling or
for biological processing

Environmental impacts of the
compost process
 Gases released from improperly maintained compost piles are a
negative effect associated with the composting process.
 When piles are not properly aerated, colonies of anaerobic
bacteria flourish and produce methane gas.
 The decomposition process also releases carbon dioxide, volatile
organic compounds, bacteria, and fungi.
 The release of methane and carbon dioxide contributes to the
problem of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere.
 Poorly operated composting facilities also cause unpleasant
odors.
 Other air emissions are generated by the combustion engines
used to power windrow turning machines and grinders.

 Leachate production is also common.
 Leachate from water runoff and condensation at compost
facilities occasionally contains levels of biological oxygen
demand (BOD) and phenols (a byproduct of the
decomposition of the lignin in leaves) that may exceed
acceptable discharge limits, but pose few problems if
absorbed into the ground or passed through a sand filter.
 High concentrations of BOD in runoff to surface water is a
bigger problem, as this can reduce the amount of dissolved
oxygen in lakes and streams that is available for aquatic life.
 Sound practice here is to avoid discharge to water and to
capture or direct all leachate to absorption in sand or soil.

Environmental effects of compost
use
 The most significant potential environmental problem
arising from compost use is its potential to convey
heavy metals to the soil. This is a serious concern, and
sound practice requires controlling impacts through:
 analysis of composts;
 development and enforcement of land application
standards; and
 research and development on pre-processing and
process control mechanisms to limit or reduce
contaminants.

WRAP
 The Waste Management and Recycling Association of
Pakistan (WRAP) is the National Voice for the solid
waste and recycling industry at the Federal, Provincial
and local levels, advocating on behalf of members by
advancing policies to make Pakistan safer on the
Planet of Earth.
 WRAP aims to bring recycling industry of Pakistan a
part of Global Economic activity which is generating
Billions of Dollars of Economic activity Worldwide.

References
 http://unpan1.un.org/intradoc/groups/public/docume
nts/apcity/unpan037140.pdf
 http://www.nswai.com/Waste_Portal2/Research_pape
rs/pdf/rp_may15/Municipal%20solid%20waste%20ma
nagement%20in%20Indian%20cities%20_%20A%20re
view.pdf
 http://www.ung.si/~mirjana/obvestila_03_04/podiplo
mci/jereb.pdf
 http://www.unep.or.jp/Ietc/ESTdir/Pub/MSW/SP/SP4
/SP4_3.asp
 Book chapter 5 COMPOSTING

Presented by
Waqar Waheed
Mobeen Younas
M.Furqan