SlideShare una empresa de Scribd logo
1 de 182
Descargar para leer sin conexión
Planning for Region
Unit 1: Introduction to Region
Concept of regional planning: nature,
objectives, levels and aims
-Prajakta Sonar
2
Unit 1: Introduction to Region
Concept of regional planning: nature, aim & objectives, levels; Concept of a region, types, and regionalization
Unit 2: Interactions within a Region
Regional interaction: Rank Size Rule, Settlement patterns, Guttman scale, centrality function method, Central place
theory; Regional networks and linkages, hierarchy of rural connectivity
Unit 3: Regional Developments
Regional development; Balanced and unbalanced development; Under-development; Regional multiplier, input-output
model; spatial equilibrium model: basic concept of spatial equilibrium model, spatial inequality, theory of spatial
inequalities, theories of regional inequalities, theories of urban equalities; Core-periphery model; Growth poles theory.
Unit 4: Planning Processes
Regional planning processes: Identification of plan objectives; collection, classification and analysis of data; Norms and
standards for regional planning; Formulation of alternative plan proposals with respect to population distribution,
location of new regional economic activities, infrastructure, plan implementation, etc.
Unit 5: Case Studies
Selected case studies in regional development, National Capital Region, Mumbai Metropolitan Region, Bangalore regional
plan, PMR Region etc.
3
Introduction
Concept of Region has used by different people to mean different things.
It is generally linked with space and has spatial dimension.
Thus, sometimes part of district (or even village) is called a region
Sometimes district is taken as region
Sometimes states or group of states is regarded as region.
In international context, combination of countries is treated as region
Subjective
Objective
Source : Regional Planning in India by Mahesh Chand and V.K.Puri
4
Regional Planning deals with efficient placement of landuse activities,
infrastructure and settlement growth across a larger area of land than an
individual city of town.
Concept of Regional Development is based on development of specific regions.
It is generally undertaken where regional Differences exist and where
particular is to be developed.
Regional Development is carried through the regional planning which is a
technique to evaluate the potential of sub-natural areas and to develop them
to the best advantages of the nation as whole.
Introduction
Source : Regional Planning in India by Mahesh Chand and V.K.Puri
• For planned and sustainable development of the human settlements, the
regional planning approach needs to be promoted.
• Regional plan is to be a comprehensive plan at an appropriate scale
(district/inter-district, investment region or special area) for the integration of
urban nodes with the semi‐urban and rural areas.
• Regional Plan will have higher magnitude (in terms of its geographical area
coverage) and would encompass planning of larger area, and thus overcoming
the missing link in the present planning system.
• The detailed planning of the urban nodes will be addressed by the development
plans at the next stage of planning, while the requirements of the region will be
addressed by the regional plan to bring out policies for development and bringing
in harmony between the different types of human settlements.
Need for Regional Planning
Source : URDPFI Guidelines,2015
• Regional plan focuses on
• balanced development
• hierarchy of settlements, both urban and rural (in terms of its
geographical area coverage),
• hierarchy of connectivity network, road, rail, sea and airports and
intermodal transport hubs,
• land utilisation,
• resource mobilisation,
• environmental protection
• disaster risk management.
Need for Regional Planning
Source : URDPFI Guidelines,2015
7
Need for Region as a Planning Unit
Urbanisation has accelerated in the past few decades while planning in India has been
largely limited to urban settlements and the space between cities and their surroundings has
been growing in an unplanned haphazard manner.
Centrifugal forces attract huge volume of migrant population to urban centres, which has
rendered short the planning efforts of local bodies.
The resultant biases in demography have also had negative implications in the development
at the source of migration. Thus, urban centres & its surrounding settlements have two‐way
interrelationship in terms of cause and effect of many elements.
Accordingly, planning as an exercise should not be exclusively limited to urban settlements
but a region can be identified to have holistic development of growth promoting centres and
surrounding subsequent hierarchy of settlements.
This should facilitate optimal planning and development of infrastructure in cities along with
the adjoining rural areas and strengthen the economic links in the region.
Source : URDPFI Guidelines,2015
8
The paradigm of regional development has evolved through the years after
Independence.
Most important ones are district planning, metropolitan planning,
watershed management and special area development. The Planning
Commission has also developed methods for regionalisation and policy
guidance for preparation of development plans for regions.
A number of such case studies have been taken up by the State Governments
for development of special regions. Considering the importance of regional
planning at the district level and with the view to integrating the urban and
regional development, the DPC and MPC were created through the 73rd and
74th CAA.
Need for Region as a Planning Unit
Source : URDPFI Guidelines,2015
9
Hierarchy of Plans in India
Source : URDPFI Guidelines,2015
10
Hierarchy of Plans in India
Source : URDPFI Guidelines,2015
11
Multi-Level Planning in India
Level of Govt Tier Time Period Authority Resources
Central Tier 1 5 year plan Planning Commission
Now NITI Ayog
CFC
State
Tier 2
5 year plan State Planning Board SFC
District
( +
Metropolitan
Area)
20 Year
Vision Plan / Perspective
Plan
Followed by 5 year Plan
DPC
MPC
Local Tier 3 City Development Plan
20 year
Followed by 5 year Plan
Municipal Corporation /
Development Authority
/ Municipality
Area Sabha
Gram Sabha
Annual Plan
• Bombay Improvement Trust Act of 1898
• Objective: Improve some badly congested areas in the city which were threat
to Public Health and develop some open areas
• Process
1. Land Acquisition under LA Act 1894
2. Prepare Development Plan of the area
3. Carry out all the development work including : roads , drains , water supply
and electricity so as to render the plots ready for development.
4. Plots leased for development to private developers
History of Town Planning in India
• Bombay Improvement Trust
• Prepared 71 different schemes in different parts of Bombay
• Constructed cheap residential schemes for LIG
• Physical Development – of orderly nature
• Shortcomings
• Method of development is very expensive
• Finance is required for acquiring the land and also developing it
• Money is locked without any return for the considerable time thus increasing
the interest and loan service charges of government
• Schemes were planned individually without taking into consideration the need
of integrated development of whole city.
• Inadequate provision of services and amenities.
• Monotonous development
• Ultimately , improvement trust was abolished in 1973 and all its liabilities and
functions were transferred to Bombay Municipal Corporation
• Nagpur Improvement Trust was established in 1933 ( exists even today )
Shortcomings
15
Bombay Town Planning Act 1915
• First Town Planning legislation in India
• BTP Act was applicable to areas under Bombay Province, Bombay City was
excluded
• Inspiration from British Town Planning Act 1909.
• Advocated preparation of Town Planning Scheme
• BTP Act 1954 Introduced the concept of Development Plan
16
Maharashtra Regional and Town Planning Act 1966
• Introduced the concept of Regional Plan
• Regional Planning Board
• RP--- DP ---- TPS
• Creation of New Towns by means of Development Authorities
17
Model Regional and Town Planning and
Development Law, 1985
Town and Country Planning Organization (TCPO) formulated the Model Town and Country
Planning Law in the year 1960. This model Act was revised by TCPO in year 1985 as “Model
Regional and Town Planning and Development Law” to enact a comprehensive urban and
regional planning legislation in all the States and UT’s.
It provides for the following:
1. Constitution of State Regional and Town Planning Board by the State Government for the
purpose of advising on the delineation of the region for the planned development,
2. Directing the preparation of metropolitan, regional and area plans by the metropolitan,
regional and area planning and development authorities,
3. Setting up of metropolitan, regional and area planning and development authorities for
different urban and rural areas within the State to undertake preparation of development
plans and to enforce and implement them.
18
Implication of 73rd & 74th Constitution
Amendment Act, 1993
The 73rd Constitutional Amendment Act (73rd CAA) came in effect from 24th April, 1993 and
74th Constitution Amendment Act (74th CAA), in effect from 1st June 1993,
ushered a new era in the history of urban local government in the country.
1) Constitution of Panchayats and Municipalities:
Article 243 B of 73rd CAA, provides for the constitution of Panchayats at three levels in
a state:
1. Village,
2. Intermediate (may not be constituted in a State having a population not exceeding twenty
lakhs)
3. District.
Article 243 Q of 74th CAA, provides for constitution of Municipalities in every State as
given under:
1. Nagar Panchayat for transitional area, that is to say, an area in transition from rural to
urban in character.
2. Municipal Council for a smaller urban area, and
3. Municipal Corporation for a larger urban area.
19
2) Constitution of Ward Committees:
Article 243 S provides for constitution of ward committees, consisting of one or more wards,
within the territorial area of a Municipality having a population of 3, 00,000 or more.
3) Duration of Municipalities:
Article 243 E of 73rd CAA and 243 U of 74th CAA, provides a fixed term of 5 years of a
panchayat and municipality respectively, from the date appointed. Elections to constitute a
panchayat or municipality are required to be completed before the expiration of the
duration of the municipality.
4) Powers, authority and responsibilities of Panchayats and Municipalities:
Article 243G of 73rd and 243W of 74th CAA provides powers, authority and responsibilities
of Municipalities subject that legislature of the State by law endow:
Implication of 73rd & 74th Constitution
Amendment Act, 1993
9/24/2022 20
21
22
The DPCs and MPCs may be constituted as per the broad framework indicated in
the 74th CAA.
However, it is suggested that the DPC/MPC should not be unwieldy in size and
the total number of members, including the Chairperson and the nominated
members, should not exceed 30.
Subject matter experts (3 to 4), from the fields of spatial planning, agriculture,
climate issues, and finance should be nominated as members.
The members should be authorised to elect among themselves a Chairman, Vice
Chairmen and Chairmen of Subject Committees.
Wherever the District/Region include cantonment areas, the Head of the
Cantonment Board may also be made a member.
The State level Heads of relevant Central and State Government organisations
may be invited from time to time, as per felt need.
District and Metropolitan Planning Committee
Source : URDPFI Guidelines,2015
Introduction to Regional
Planning
Unit 1: Introduction to Region
Concept of Region and Types of Region
9/24/2022 24
Concept of Region
Any portion of the earth’s surface'where physical conditions are
homogeneous, is considered as region ( Jeorg).
• A geographical area or areas which a given civilization standard of a
people seems to require for the fulfilment of its aspirations through
material resources (Aronvici)
• A complex of land, water, air, plant,, animal, and man, regarded in
the spatial relationship as together constituting a definite portion of
the earth's surface ( Herbertson )
Concept of Region
• No matter which concept of region is considered for discussion in
general, one has to define a definite physical boundary in each case
• This task of determination of boundary in a given situation is called
regional delineation.
• A region is a part of the earth’s surface that is characterized by a
level of similarity based on certain features. They are defined by the
scale of physical characteristics and human characteristics. In
geography, regions are categorized into three: formal, functional and
vernacular.
9/24/2022 27
9/24/2022 28
9/24/2022 29
Formal
Region
Physiographic
Region
Economic
Region
Socio Cultural
Region
Functional
Region
Axial Region
Metropolitan
Region
Planning
Region
Regions in Regional Economics
Formal Region
Homogenous
• Formal regions are those that have official boundaries, such as
countries, states, and cities.
• Bouge and Beale (5) attempted to draw up homogeneous regions on
the basis of broad geographical areas of specialization. They have
conceived homogeneity of region primarily in terms of agriculture.
• Botkin (6) considered homogeneous regions on the basis of per
capita income levels.
• D.C. North (34) has suggested that unifying cohesive force behind a
region is dominance of its economy by an export base.
Formal Region
Homogenous
• Administrative Regions
This includes, all such administrative areas that has been decided by Indian
Union by the Act of legislature. The administrative regions refer to States,
Districts, Talukas, Blocks and Villages.
In the recent past area development authorities have been set up in case of
‘these administrative regions.
At state level, State Planning Boards are made operative -which take care of both
the spatial and economic planning.
At district level, district planning boards are set up, who have been entrusted
with the task of performing district level implementation of schemes that are
even related to land use plan.
At taluka level, area development authorities are established for promoting
talukas
9/24/2022 33
9/24/2022 34
Functional Region
Heterogeneous / Nodal / Polarized
• Nodal regions emphasise the interdependence of different components within the region
rather than inter-regional relationships between homogeneous regions.
• The nodal region is determined by the distance factor and time scale parameters
• In working out nodal regions, Nystuen J D and M F Daay* used telephone calls and shopping
trips, as basic data.
• Data on telephone calls and shopping trips indicate indirect linkages of flows, within a given
region.
• Functional regions are associated with its basic economic activity.
• The hand book of census categorises towns and cities into various functional regions. They
include service centres, industrial centres and commercial centres.
Functional Region
Heterogeneous / Nodal / Polarized
One approach to delineating functional regions is represented by the
work of Coats and Hunt (12), They mapped all journey to-work
interactions using arrows to indicate the strength and directions of
flows; then subjectively set functional region boundaries on the
criterion of minimizing interactions taking place across boundaries.
• Russett recommended (40) factor analysis to matrix containing
standardized measures of the flow on association between places,
functional groupings being indicated by the resulting factor loading
pattern.
Functional Region
Heterogeneous / Nodal / Polarized
A functional region is in place for the sole purpose of a specific entity.
For example, an electric company may set up regions throughout an
area that makes it easier for them to service that area. These regions
may change with time and often do not have physical barrier points.
The boundaries of functional regions change with time, depending on
the development of infrastructure and services in the area.
These regions use artificial boundaries that segregate areas based on
some property which is more common inside the boundary than that
outside it.
9/24/2022 38
9/24/2022 39
PR Notes.pptx
PR Notes.pptx
PR Notes.pptx
9/24/2022 43
Planning regions depend upon the type of multi-level planning in the
country.
A very small country will naturally have one level planning.
Markedly different geo-physical or agro-climate areas may be chosen as
planning region for special cases e.g., developing a mining or plantation or
power grid region.
A planning region in a multi-level setup requires regional plan, which is a
spatial plan for the systematic location of functions and facilities in relation to
human settlements so that people may use them to their maximum
advantages.
Infact more important than reducing the regional disparities is the task of
ensuring that backward region and rural areas have basic minimum needs.
Planning region for different activities can be different and a regional plan
will be locational in character for that activity/function.
Planning Regions
9/24/2022 44
For comprehensive planning, there has to be a national plan and then a
state plan and finally district/block plans.
Since a planning region is a sub-national area demarcated for the purpose
of translating national objectives into regional programs and policies, and
since plan formulation and implementation need administrative machinery,
administrative regions are generally accepted as planning regions.
This may not be wholly correct, as administrative boundaries may be
inconsistent with regional boundaries, derived from economic criteria.
However, in some cases a planning region can be small, say a city but a
village cannot be (and, probably not even a cluster of villages) a planning
region unless the objective is too limited.
Planning Regions
9/24/2022 45
The hierarchy of planning region would be
(I) national level
(II) macro level
(III) State level
(IV) meso level
(V) micro level.
A planning region is (or should be) large enough to enable substantial changes in the
distribution of population and employment to take place within its boundaries, yet small
enough for its planning problems to be tackled effectively.
It should have a viable resource base, a manpower base, and internal
homogeneity/cohesiveness.
It should be such that satisfactory levels of mutually satisfying levels of production,
exchange, and consumption levels obtained.
Planning Regions
9/24/2022 46
Boudeville defines a planning region in the following words “It is an area
displaying
some coherence or unit of economic decisions”.
Klassen defines it as follows-
A planning region must be large enough
1. to take investment decisions of an economic size,
2. must be able to apply its own industry with the necessary labor,
3. should have a homogeneous economic structure,
4. Contain at least one growth point and have a common approach to and
awareness of its problems.
In short, a planning region should be defined according to the purpose of
one’s analysis.
Planning Regions
9/24/2022 47
Ideally a planning region should have adequate resources to establish a satisfactory
pattern of savings, capital formation, investment, production, employment,
income
generation and consumption pattern.
It means that the area should be economically viable. This usually is not the case.
The States of East India are rich in natural resources and logistics/infrastructure
support.
Unless the aid comes from the centre, these states cannot be viable states as
planning regions.
As the things stand at present, these states are not capable of being self-sufficient at
higher levels of economic activity and are not able even to grow at a reasonable
growth rate of income, comparable to some of the developed states of the country.
Thus planning regions are spatial units of different sizes, (city, block, district or state)
depending upon the objectives in view and the problems to be tackled.
In rare cases only, a planning region extends beyond a state.
Planning Regions
9/24/2022 48
9/24/2022 49
Types of Multi-Level Planning
9/24/2022 50
Macro Regions
Macro region is naturally bigger. Macro region can be a state of even a group of
states, if
the states of a country are not big enough.
A Macro-major region can be a zone in a country, which may comprise of a few
States. For example, in India there are East, West, North, South and Central Zones
and ‘Zonal Councils’ of which function is mutual consultation, developing
cooperation and mutual counseling.
In a sense macro regions are second in hierarchy, next to the national level.
It is also possible that a physical macro region may comprise parts of different
states of a country for project planning purposes. (e.g., big river valley projects, an
electric grid of different states, and, for the purpose of a particular activity (facility)
planning) the macro region will be parts of different states.
State boundaries are not respected in the sense that the macro region may
transcend or cut-across administrative boundaries of the states of a country.
Types of Multi-Level Planning
9/24/2022 51
A macro region may not be uniform or homogeneous in all respects.
It may have homogeneity in one respect (physical complementarity) and may have
heterogeneity in other respect (administrative boundaries).
A macro region should have a common resource base and specialization in that
resource base, so that production activities can develop on the principle of
comparative advantage based on territorial division of labor.
(India has been divided into 11 to 20 macro regions-agro-climate or resource
regions).
The planning Commission of India would have just 5 zonal councils-Eastern,
Northern,
Central, Western and Southern comprising of certain states but beyond this there is
no
macro-regionalization in India.
These so-called macro regions of India have to have inter state cooperation in the
matter
of utilization of river water and electricity grids etc.
Types of Multi-Level Planning
9/24/2022 52
Meso Regions
Meso region can be identified with a ‘division’ of a state. Chattisgarh Region,
Bundelkhand Region, Baghelkahand Region, is usually a subdivision of a state,
comprising of several districts.
There should be some identifiable affinity in the area which may even facilitate
planning.
It can be cultural or administrative region and it will be even better if it is a
homogeneous physical region (resource) region.
A meso region can also become a nodal region provided the combined micro
regions or parts thereof can be developed in a complementary manner. (NSS of
India has identified 58 meso regions of India but they are not shown on maps as
planning regions).
Types of Multi-Level Planning
9/24/2022 53
Micro Regions
In multi-level planning, district is the micro region.
It becomes the lowest territorial unit of planning in the hierarchy of planning
regions. The most important reason why district is the most viable micro region for
planning is the existence of database and compact administration.
This is the area, which is viable for plan formulation with administration for
plan implementation and monitoring.
A metropolitan area can be one micro region and the area of influence can be
another
micro region.
A nodal point is also a micro region, though in many cases micro regions are
basically rural areas, which may have a number of minor nodes without any
organizational hierarchy influencing the entire area.
The basic characteristic of a micro region is its smallness. There can be some
specific micro regions such as belts of extraction of mineral or a reclaimed area, or
a not-so-big command area of an irrigational project.
Types of Multi-Level Planning
9/24/2022 54
Micro – Minor Region:
This is the region which is associated with, what is called, the grass-root
planning.
A micro-minor region can be a block for which also data exists now and for
which there
may be a plan. (So far as the quality of data is concerned, there is hardly any
activity, or
sector, or region or field for which data is not cooked by the vested interest groups:
but,
that is another story).
The block level plan is integrated with the national plan, through the district and
state
level plans. A block level plan is not surgically cut portion of the district plan, which
has its own logic and linkage.
At block level, most of the officers will be more concerned with the implementation
of
the plans than formulating the plans.
At block level, the main exercise will be to take into account of the physical and
Types of Multi-Level Planning
9/24/2022 55
Types of regions on the basis of
stages of economic
development
9/24/2022 56
Developed regions are naturally those which are having a high rate of growth in
goods and services i.e., their share in the GDP of the country is relatively higher.
This may be with or without rich natural resources by most certainly because of
the use of upgraded technology by highly skilled and motivated persons.
The locus of infrastructure facilities in abundance will put a region in the state of
“nothing succeeds like success” and the region may continue to forge ahead of the
backward regions at a higher rate.
A developed region may become ‘overdeveloped’ in certain respects e.g., it may
suffer from the diseconomies of congestion.
Infrastructure costs become very high and people can face problems due to
pollution and stresses of various types.
1. Developed / Development Regions
9/24/2022 57
A developed region is the counterpart of the backward region: the ‘positive’ side is
emphasized in case of the developed region while ‘negative’ aspects are emphasized
in case of the backward region.
A developed region is one, which has exploited its potentialities fully, which has
removed the bottlenecks and speed breakers of development.
Developed regions emerge of their own because of the comparative advantage or
may emerge as a result of the diversion of funds by the government.
In many cases imbalances emerge between developed and backward regions and
these imbalances can be the creation of planners also.
Many times disproportionately high amounts of investment are made in the
constituencies of the influential politicians and some regions become far more
developed than the neighboring regions.
In a resource short economy such a development may be at the cost of denying
legitimate share of investment to some other regions. Those regions where quick
maximization is possible i.e., high outputs are obtained with relatively lower levels of
inputs, get further attention and become even more developed.
1. Developed / Development Regions
9/24/2022 58
There can be ‘backward or depressed’ regions in the developing as well as the
developed economies. Backward economies are thoroughly depressed regions.
Regions, in which the economy is largely subsistence one, have in the most co-
existed with the modern sector regions since long.
There is development even in these regions but these regions have not come out of
the low level equilibrium trap. There can be region, which may not be at subsistence
level but may be relatively backward.
Causes and consequences of backwardness.
1. Lack of infrastructure facilities,
2. adverse geo-climate conditions,
3. low investment rate,
4. high rare of growth of population,
5. low levels of urbanization and industrialization
2. Backward Regions
9/24/2022 59
In less developed countries, even the most ancient occupation (agriculture) is backward and
unless it is made progressive with massive real and financial input support, the region
cannot come out of backwardness.
It will be imperative that for the overall development of the backward regions, those industries
should be developed on priority basis which supply vital inputs to agriculture as also those
industries which take outputs of agriculture as their inputs.
Thus, depressed regions can be very poor under-developed regions, which failed to
modernize.
Some vestigial regions (as the regions inhabited by the red Indians in USA/ or tribals in
India) can remain backward and may even remain near the subsistence level.
The inhibitions may have ancient traditions and may be smug in their surroundings, but the
per capita income may be much lower than in the neighboring regions.
2. Backward Regions
9/24/2022 60
A region can be backward because of the high population density or even without
it.
If we take some selected indicators of development
(e.g. road length per sq.km,
literacy rate,
beds per thousand population,
percentage of villages electrified,
percentage of cultivated land under irrigation,
longevity,
availability of low, intermediate and high order functions and facilities)
a low total will suggest backwardness.
Depressed regions have rudimentary type of industrial activity; major centres of
industrial and economic activity are not in the region and/or are at a distance from the
region.
Compared to the developed regions, wide chasms exist in most of the economic
activities leading to wide differentials in the per capita income and intensity of
productive and well paying employment.
2. Backward Regions
9/24/2022 61
New towns and satellite belts are designated as ‘neutral’ regions and they
promise good
prospects of further development because here further employment generation and
income propagation is possible without congestion.
Such regions can be demarcated around urban centers.
Intermediate regions are those regions, which are ‘islands of development around a
sea
of stagnation’.
It should be the task of the planners to develop linkage activities that the hinterland of
such
intermediate regions also develops.
3. Neutral Regions/ Intermediate Regions
9/24/2022 62
Types of regions based on activity
status analysis
9/24/2022 63
Many mineral regions promise high growth rates for the region as well as for the
prosperity of the country
If mineral based industries can be developed in the region itself, then industrial
development will be less costly because much of the load shedding will be done in the
region at low cost.
The iron ore deposits of Bailadeela (Bastar District of Madhya Pradesh) are exported
abroad: if, however, a plant could be established near the ore deposits, it would have
brought tremendous development for the region.
1. Mineral Regions
9/24/2022 64
As the mines continue to yield sufficient minerals and the costs are also not
prohibitive,
not only the mineral-producing region develops but it helps other regions also to
develop.
After the minerals exhaust, the region will bear degraded look; people will move away to
other areas and the erstwhile area will bear a deserted look.
Germany took great pains to rehabilitate such areas and vast pits and trenches were
suitably reclaimed for various purposes like water storage, eco-forestry and even
cultivation after enriching the soil.
If new deposits of minerals cannot be discovered, there can be several ways of
reclaiming wasteland and developing non-mineral based activities.
Regional planning will require a long-term plan for developing such regions after
extraction is no longer a profitable activity.
The Middle East countries have made adequate planning to diversify their economies so
1. Mineral Regions
9/24/2022 65
Some regions become big manufacturing regions not because they have natural
resources
but because of the infrastructure development, momentum of an early start, continued
government support etc.
Autonomous, imitative, supplementary, complementary, induced and speculative
investments keep in giving strength to the manufacturing regions.
It would be prudent not to develop narrow manufacturing base, otherwise territorial
specialization can become a problem if the crop supplying the raw materials fails or if
the minerals which are base for the industries, exhaust.
In such regions the internal and external economies are available in ever-greater
measure and such regions keep on developing.
When all the thresholds are crossed, such regions become too congested and
the diseconomies overwhelm the economies of production – High density,
increasing pollution, reduction in the quality of life result.
2. Manufacturing Regions and Congested Regions
9/24/2022 66
A cultural region can also be quite well demarcated. (French Canada and English
Canada
are such regions).
In India various states are demarcated on the basis of language and culture
primarily.
There are affinities of cultural origin in such region.
A rich cultured region should be rich in economic terms also.
3. Cultural Regions
Introduction to Regional
Planning
Unit 1: Introduction to Region
Regionalisation
Mrs. Prajakta Sonar Vispute
Assistant Professor,College of Engineering Pune
M.Plan Regional Planning,SPA Delhi ; B.Tech.Planning, CoEP
9/24/2022 68
Regionalization is the process of delineating regions, but each time
depending upon the purpose for which the region is to be delineated.
If the intention is to develop an arid region, the ‘region’ will be differently defined,
including only arid areas.
If the congestion is to be removed then the most congested and polluted areas
will be included in the ‘congested region’.
If the intention is substantially reduce poverty and unemployment, then a
‘depressed region’ is to be delineated.
The homogeneity of a region will differ with the purpose for which delineation is
being made.
Introduction
9/24/2022 69
Identification of formal regions:
Formal regions are localities possessing homogeneity. The criteria, which we
use, may relate to
Geography – soil, rainfall, climate
Economic – per capita income, no. of industries
Socio-cultural – language, political affiliation etc
Problems arise when we use multiple criteria. When we are using composite
criteria we have to assign weights
Methods of regional delimitation:
1) Fixed index method
2) Variable index method
3) Cluster method is used to assign weights
Delineation of Region
9/24/2022 70
Under the fixed index method, a number of characteristics common to regions are
chosen.
(E.g. population, density, per capita income, unemployment, rate of
industrialization)
An arbitrary weight is given to each index and a single weighted mean is
obtained for each region, then contiguous regions with similar indices are grouped
together in order to minimize the variance within the group.
Fixed Index Method
9/24/2022 71
9/24/2022 72
Under the variable index method, variable weights are assigned to highlight the
different
regions. The weight given to each activity, in each region is different, in
accordance with
the value or the volume regionally produced.
For e.g., if region A is the wheat region and the region B is the coal region, the weight
of
the wheat index will be the largest in the former, and the weight of the coal index will be
the largest in the latter.
This method is good when those criteria can be compared with each other.
However in those cases where compatibility is not possible (e.g., in case where one
feature is literacy and the other is steel production) it becomes necessary to employ
the cluster method
Variable Index Method
9/24/2022 73
Cluster means grouping together. This concept is used to implement IRDP.
This concept is used in the planning as a strategy to strengthen lateral links and to
dissipate growing vertical links in the settlement system.
Such a cluster while providing greater viability and threshold for development
efforts will also create for themselves a greater bargaining power in bringing about
reciprocity in exchange of goods and services.
Both at the macro and micro level clustering can be done by
(1) superimposing of maps and
(2) by developing a composite index of development
Cluster Method
9/24/2022 74
9/24/2022 75
9/24/2022 76
Attempts of Regionalization
9/24/2022 77
9/24/2022 78
Regionalization is an exercise of dividing regions of higher order into sub-
regions or
aggregating regions of lower order (small units) into those of higher order
(regions).
This is based on homogeneity in the selected characteristics or functional
interdependence between the nodal centre and its hinterland or between the
different functional centers of different hierarchic levels.
Application
1. Regionalization for Planning – A strategy for areal development.
2. Nodal Regionalization to create central places and functional intergration
Economic Regionalization
9/24/2022 79
9/24/2022 80
Delineation of natural or physiographic regions helps us to understand the basic
geography of the country.
It describes the existing situation only. But, for the purpose of planning it is necessary
to study the natural resources of regions in detail and also to find out areas of
potential development and to trace inter linkages among them (and within them) in
such a fashion as to promote maximum development of resources.
By combining physio geographical, economic and socio-cultural variables we can have
different homogeneous regions.
Following classifications are frequently quoted in the books
1) The regionalization scheme proposed by V.Nath
2) The regionalization scheme proposed by Bhat & Rao
3) The regionalization scheme proposed by Sen Gupta & Galina Sdasyak
4) The regionalization scheme proposed by S.R. Hashim
5) The regionalization scheme proposed by Gidadhubly & Bhat
6) The regionalization scheme proposed by Sen Gupta
7) The regionalization scheme proposed by Town & Country Planning Organization.
9/24/2022 81
1) The Scheme Proposed by V. Nath (1964)
Title: Resource Development Regions and Divisions of India
Objectives:
1) Providing a framework about the physical conditions & resource potential to planners both
at the central & state level.
2) Based on such identification helping the planners in planning the programmes, adjustments
in programmes, content & pattern.
3) Furnishing a scheme of homogeneous units within the state.
Variables Used: Physical – topography, soils, Geologic Formation and climate – Agricultural-
Land use & cropping pattern.
This study based on the earlier studies
1. Census 1951 2.Spate scheme 3. Indian Statistical Institute
Nath classified the country into 15 Resource Development Regions (RDRs).It is further
classified into 61 RDRs.
1. Western Himalayas 2.Eastern Himalayas
3. Lower Gangetic plain 3.Middle Gangetic Plain
4. Upper Gangetic plain 5. Trans Gangetic plane
6. Eastern plateaus & Hill regions 7. Central plateaus & Hill regions
8. Western plateaus & Hill regions 9. Southern plateaus & Hill regions
10. East coast plains & Hills 11.West coast plains & Hills
12. Gujarat plains & Hills 14.Western Dry regions
15. The Islands
9/24/2022 82
9/24/2022 83
9/24/2022 84
9/24/2022 85
9/24/2022 86
8.The Scheme Proposed by the Town & Country Planning Organization
C.S. Chandrasekhara’s Scheme.
Title: Balanced Regional Development and planning regions
Variables & Methodology Used:
1) Land,
2) Raw materials for industrial development,
3) Power.
These factors will enable each planning region to achieve a degree of self sufficiency
in food, an employment potential in the agricultural and non agricultural sectors to
meet.the needs of the region’s population and a power base which will serve the
developmental needs of both agriculture and industry.
Scheme: 13 Macro regions divided into 35 Meso regions.
9/24/2022 87
1) South Peninsula,
2) Central Peninsula,
3) Western Peninsula,
4) Central Deccan,
5) Eastern Peninsula,
6) Gujarat,
7) Western Rajasthan,
8) Aravalli Region,
9) Jammu & Kashmir,
10)Indo Gangetic Plain,
11)Ganga Yamuna Plains,
12)Lower Ganga Plains,
13)North Eastern Region.
Introduction to Regional
Planning
Unit 2: Interaction within a Region
Primate City
PRIMATE CITY
•The primate city is commonly at least twice as large as the next largest city and
more than twice as significant.
Mark Jefferson
Geographer Mark Jefferson developed the law of the primate city in 1939.
It explains the phenomenon of huge cities that capture a large proportion of a
country’s population as well as its economic activity.
A primate city is a major city that works as the financial, political, and population
centre of a country and is not matched in any of these aspects by any other city in
that country.
The degree of primacy refers to the dominance of the largest city over the rest of
the country.
PRIMATE CITY
The concept of Primate City is an empirical inductive model (based on experience and
observation) based on studies of 51 countries.
It was proposed by Mark Jefferson as a benchmark to analyze the socio-economic
conditions and stage of development of a country. The level of development is reflected
by the nature of urbanization.
A Primate City refers to the largest and most magnified urban settlement which has grown
disproportionately with respect to other settlements due to centripetally based on
economic opportunities, centralization of political power, industrial growth, the
concentration of factors of production, and moreover the agglomeration effect.
It is the largest economic magnet that attracts huge migrations and pulls of resources
from the surroundings. E.g. London, New York.
Source: https://lotusarise.com/concept-of-primate-city-and-rank-size-rule-upsc/
PRIMATE CITY
•It is the manifestation of people’s socio-economic aspirations and experience of national
sentiments.
•It signifies centripetal forces and the uniform ethnolinguistic character of a nation.
•It is the outburst of the strong national sentiment and the developing character of an
economy.
•Jefferson studied 51 countries of Europe and found that 41 of them have primate cities such
as London in Britain, Paris in France, Berlin in Germany (London is at least 5 times bigger than
the next largest city in Britain i.e. Birmingham).
•This is however not a norm for all the countries where in many countries there are more than
two comparable cities. E.g. 4 mega cities in case of India, Sydney, and Melbourne in Australia,
Toronto, and Montreal in Canada
Source: https://lotusarise.com/concept-of-primate-city-and-rank-size-rule-upsc/
PRIMATE CITY
Source: https://lotusarise.com/concept-of-primate-city-and-rank-size-rule-upsc/
PRIMATE CITY
These primate cities are often, but not always, the capital cities of a country.
The population size will be many times greater than that of the 2nd or 3rd city.
The presence of a primate city in a country usually indicates an imbalance in development —
usually a progressive core, and a lagging periphery, on which the primate city depends for
labour and other resources.
In a country having a primate city, the rest of the country depends on it for cultural,
economic, political, and major amenities.
Source: https://lotusarise.com/concept-of-primate-city-and-rank-size-rule-upsc/
Source: https://lotusarise.com/concept-of-primate-city-and-rank-size-rule-upsc/
•Jefferson himself did not determine the process of primate city development. It
was Linskey who suggested the following characteristics of countries that have primate cities:
• Large population base
• Small territorial extent
• High population pressure (density) and growth rate.
• Agro based economy
• Low per capita income
• Former colonial status.
•Linskey was perhaps referring to primate cities being an aspect of developing countries.
•However, not all countries that have primate cities are developing countries and there are
many developing countries that have primate cities (e.g. India)
•In case of India, due to large territorial extent, cultural and economic diversity, it is not
possible for a city to reflect and express itself in terms of entire country.
•Britain, Germany and France despite of being developed countries have primate cities.
Source: https://lotusarise.com/concept-of-primate-city-and-rank-size-rule-upsc/
Source: https://lotusarise.com/concept-of-primate-city-and-rank-size-rule-upsc/
PRIMATE CITY
Process of development
•Although not mentioned explicitly the process of development of primate city is better
explained by Gunnar-Myrdal in his theory of cumulative causation.
•According to Myrdal the economic development of a country is general process through 3
stages:
• 1st stage:
• In this stage there is uniformity in development but the level of development is
poor.
• 2nd stage:
• In this stage the geographical space which is central attracts the factors of
population like capital, labour, enterprises and begin to grow disproportionately by
incapacitating (decreasing other’s capacity) the surrounding and draining out their
resources.
• The process of backwash where one city act like a vacuum pump sucking out all
investments and technology at expense of other cities.
• 3rd stage:
• In third (last) phase there is development dispersion and diffusion from primate
city leading to the development of the whole landscape.
Source: https://lotusarise.com/concept-of-primate-city-and-rank-size-rule-upsc/
• Thus, primate city is merely a stage in development.
•Primate City offers better employment, high wage, improved infrastructure, hope and
perception of better life. It is possible by stream of migration, emerging commercial sector,
gravity centre for capital and human resources.
•Mark Jefferson studied 51 countries where he found that
• In 27 countries the population of largest city is more than twice than the 2nd
rating city.
• In 18 countries the population was more than three times.
•Thus, from above Mark Jefferson concluded that a primate city is one which has more
than twice the population of second ranking city.
•Thus, the primate city is based on the relationship between R1 and R2 and the ratio of
their population.
Source: https://lotusarise.com/concept-of-primate-city-and-rank-size-rule-upsc/
Applicability of theory
•Primate City is an inductive theory; it does not have universal application as
socioeconomic forces are dynamic.
•Any law in human geography that deals with human behavior can’t be objective and
therefore, it will lack universal validity.
•This is true for the primate city concept also. Its applicability has mixed relevance.
Source: https://lotusarise.com/concept-of-primate-city-and-rank-size-rule-upsc/
PRIMATE CITY
Primacy is the product of small size of the country, short history, urbanization, simple
economic and political organization, economy and export orientation of the
economy.
Most LDCs (Less Developed Countries) have a high degree of primacy while most
MDCs (More Developed Countries) have a low degree of primacy.
Factors that affect high primacy include
•Having an underdeveloped economy
•Having an agriculturally dominant economy
•A rapidly expanding population
•A recent colonial history
•Export orientation of the economy
•Simple economic and political organization
•Dual economy
PRIMATE CITY
Their sheer size and activity becomes a strong pull factor, bringing additional
residents to the city and causing the primate city to become even larger and more
disproportional to smaller cities in the country.
Not every country has a primate city.
Some scholars define a primate city as one that is larger than the combined
populations of the second and third ranked cities in a country.
For example, California's primate city is Los Angeles, with a metropolitan area
population of 16 million, which is more than double the San Francisco metropolitan
area of 7 million.
PRIMATE CITY
Examples of Countries With Primate Cities
Examples of primate cities are cities of London and Paris. Other major primate cities
include Athens, Baghdad, Bangkok, Mexico City, Seoul, Tehran, and Vienna.
Paris (9.6 million) is definitely the focus of France while Marseilles(2nd largest city
in France) has a population of 1.3 million.
Similarly, the United Kingdom has London as its primate city (7 million) while the
second largest city, Birmingham, is home to a mere one million people.
A huge dichotomy exists between Bangkok (7.5 million) and Thailand's second city,
Nanthaburi (481,000).
PRIMATE CITY
Examples of Countries that Lack Primate Cities
India's most populous city is Mumbai with more than 18.41 million; second is Delhi
with about 16.75 million.
China, Canada, Australia, and Brazil are additional examples of non-primate-city
countries.
Utilizing the metropolitan area population of urban areas in the United States, we
find Nthat the U.S. lacks a true primate city.
With the New York City metropolitan area population at approximately 21 million,
second ranked Los Angeles at 16 million, and even third ranked Chicago at 9 million,
America lacks a primate city.
PRIMATE CITY
BANGKOK – Example of a Primate City
The Bangkok Metropolitan Area represents
one of the World’s most extreme examples
of primacy. Its share of the national urban
population increased from 45% in 1945 to
63% in 1980.
•Approximately 70% of Thailand’s urban
population now live in Bangkok (and 10%
of the country’s total population).
•Bangkok has a disproportionate share of
other development indices:
–79% of all pharmacists
–45% of all doctors
–80% of the country’s telephones
–72% of all registered passenger cars
PRIMATE CITY
URBAN PROBLEMS IN BANGKOK
•Disorderly urban settlements, shanty towns
•Heavy demands on infrastructure, public utilities and public services.
•Bangkok has permanent traffic congestion
•Flooding
•Pressure for land use means few recreation areas, cramped, squalid
conditions
•Pollution
•Poor Planning
•Finance
•Conflicting demands
•Rapid urbanization
CONCLUSION
•The primacy of Bangkok has caused the city many problems.
•The diseconomies of scale have caused environmental, economic and social problems.
•The government has been attempting to alleviate these difficulties but a lack of central
planning has meant that there has not been any co-ordinated action.
•The urban area is spreading into the neighbouring provinces and the original site of the
capital, discarded as a location in the eighteenth century is now the fourth largest urban
area in Thailand.
•Bangkok exhibits all the challenges and opportunities for which a primate city is
renowned.
Case of India
•India does not have primate cities.
•In India instead of primacy, multiple primacy is found due to:
• Large geographical extent
• Multi-ethnic, multi-lingual country with regional consciousness.
• Growth of four different megalopoleis at four different quadrants.
• Distance decay factor.
• Four different cities have a history of development through colonization.
• Mumbai/Kolkata=1.1 (No Primacy)
• Constitutional right to settle anywhere
• Federal state.
•In India there is no primacy at the national level, it exists at the state level as a norm.
Source: https://lotusarise.com/concept-of-primate-city-and-rank-size-rule-upsc/
•State capitals invariably operate as primate cities, but again there are exceptions.
•E.g.
• In Uttar Pradesh despite its low development status, it has Varanasi, Allahabad,
Lucknow, and Kanpur which are large and comparable (this may be due to the size
of Uttar Pradesh)
• Tamil Nadu has Madurai, Coimbatore, Chennai, where Chennai is the largest but
not disproportionately very large (because Tamil Nadu has the better record in the
dispersal of development)
• Kerala– despite of being a relatively more developed state and also with a small
territorial size, it does not have a primate city (Thiruvananthpuram, Kochi, Calicut
are all comparable). This may be due to the fact that the entire area is the hilly
region with narrow coastal plain with no region having extra advantage or
disadvantage over other.
•Most of the other states have state capitals as their primate city. E.g. Jaipur in Rajasthan,
Bangalore in Karnataka, Gandhinagar/ Ahmadabad in Gujarat.
Source: https://lotusarise.com/concept-of-primate-city-and-rank-size-rule-upsc/
Source: https://lotusarise.com/concept-of-primate-city-and-rank-size-rule-upsc/
•Such theories are tested by two principles:
• Desirability
• Applicability
•Applicability: Humanistic model represents half truth, thus they are partially applicable,
even then desirable because they are yardsticks to measure reality and deviation from it
and causes from such deviation.
•Desirability:
• Presence of primacy is an example of disparity. Hence, in general planners might
be inclined to discourage primacy.
• However, in certain circumstances primacy may be desirable such as while
planning for small territorial region with limited resources and investment.
• It might result in duplication or wasteful, inefficient investment if development is
spread and is evenly distributed.
• In poor and developing countries initial primacy may be desirable (example of
deliberate imbalance based planning).
• So, in initial stage of development primacy may be used for efficient use of
resources and investment, but in long term, development should be spread to
discourage disparity.
Source: https://lotusarise.com/concept-of-primate-city-and-rank-size-rule-upsc/
Introduction to Regional
Planning
Unit 2: Interaction within a Region
Rank Size Rule
RANK SIZE RULE AND PRIMATE CITY
•The primate city is commonly at least twice as large as the next largest city and
more than twice as significant.
Mark Jefferson
•“If all the settlements of a country are ranked according to population size, the
sizes of the settlements will be inversely proportional to their rank”
Zipf
PRIMATE CITY
PRIMATE CITY
Geographer Mark Jefferson developed the law of the primate city in 1939.
It explains the phenomenon of huge cities that capture a large proportion
of a country’s population as well as its economic activity.
A primate city is a major city that works as the financial, political, and
population centre of a country and is not matched in any of these aspects
by any other city in that country.
The degree of primacy refers to the dominance of the largest city over the
rest of the country.
•The concept of Primate City is an empirical inductive model (based on experience and
observation) based on studies of 51 countries.
•It was proposed by Mark Jefferson as a yardstick to analyze the socio-economic
conditions and stage of development of a country. The level of development is reflected
by the nature of urbanization.
•A Primate City refers to the largest and most magnified urban settlement which has
grown disproportionately with respect to other settlements due to centripetally based on
economic opportunities, centralization of political power, industrial growth, the
concentration of factors of production, and moreover the agglomeration effect.
•It is the largest economic magnet that attracts huge migrations and pulls of resources
from the surroundings. E.g. London, New York.
•It is the manifestation of people’s socio-economic aspirations and experience of
national sentiments.
•It signifies centripetal forces and the uniform ethnolinguistic character of a nation.
•It is the outburst of the strong national sentiment and the developing character of an
economy.
•Jefferson studied 51 countries of Europe and found that 41 of them have primate
cities such as London in Britain, Paris in France, Berlin in Germany (London is at least 5
times bigger than the next largest city in Britain i.e. Birmingham).
•This is however not a norm for all the countries where in many countries there are more
than two comparable cities. E.g. 4 mega cities in case of India, Sydney, and Melbourne
in Australia, Toronto, and Montreal in Canada
PRIMATE CITY
These primate cities are often, but not always, the capital cities of a
country.
The population size will be many times greater than that of the 2nd or 3rd
city.
The presence of a primate city in a country usually indicates an imbalance
in development — usually a progressive core, and a lagging periphery, on
which the primate city depends for labour and other resources.
In a country having a primate city, the rest of the country depends on it for
cultural, economic, political, and major amenities.
•Jefferson himself did not determine the process of primate city
development. It was Linskey who suggested the following
characteristics of countries that have primate cities:
• Large population base
• Small territorial extent
• High population pressure (density) and growth rate.
• Agro based economy
• Low per capita income
• Former colonial status.
•Linskey was perhaps referring to primate cities being an aspect
of developing countries.
•However, not all countries that have primate cities are
developing countries and there are many developing countries
that have primate cities (e.g. India)
•In case of India, due to large territorial extent, cultural and
economic diversity, it is not possible for a city to reflect
and express itself in terms of entire country.
•Britain, Germany and France despite of being developed
countries have primate cities.
PRIMATE CITY
Primacy is the product of small size of the country, short history, urbanization,
simple economic and political organization, economy and export orientation of
the economy.
Most LDCs (Less Developed Countries) have a high degree of primacy while most
MDCs (More Developed Countries) have a low degree of primacy.
Factors that affect high primacy include
•Having an underdeveloped economy
•Having an agriculturally dominant economy
•A rapidly expanding population
•A recent colonial history
•Export orientation of the economy
•Simple economic and political organization
•Dual economy
PRIMATE CITY
Their sheer size and activity becomes a strong pull factor, bringing additional
residents to the city and causing the primate city to become even larger and more
disproportional to smaller cities in the country.
Not every country has a primate city.
Some scholars define a primate city as one that is larger than the combined
populations of the second and third ranked cities in a country.
For example, California's primate city is Los Angeles, with a metropolitan area
population of 16 million, which is more than double the San Francisco metropolitan
area of 7 million.
PRIMATE CITY
Examples of Countries With Primate Cities
Examples of primate cities are cities of London and Paris. Other major primate cities
include Athens, Baghdad, Bangkok, Mexico City, Seoul, Tehran, and Vienna.
Paris (9.6 million) is definitely the focus of France while Marseilles(2nd largest city
in France) has a population of 1.3 million.
Similarly, the United Kingdom has London as its primate city (7 million) while the
second largest city, Birmingham, is home to a mere one million people.
A huge dichotomy exists between Bangkok (7.5 million) and Thailand's second city,
Nanthaburi (481,000).
PRIMATE CITY
Examples of Countries that Lack Primate Cities
India's most populous city is Mumbai with more than 18.41 million; second is Delhi
with about 16.75 million.
China, Canada, Australia, and Brazil are additional examples of non-primate-city
countries.
Utilizing the metropolitan area population of urban areas in the United States, we
find Nthat the U.S. lacks a true primate city.
With the New York City metropolitan area population at approximately 21 million,
second ranked Los Angeles at 16 million, and even third ranked Chicago at 9 million,
America lacks a primate city.
PRIMATE CITY
BANGKOK – Example of a Primate City
The Bangkok Metropolitan Area represents
one of the World’s most extreme examples
of primacy. Its share of the national urban
population increased from 45% in 1945 to
63% in 1980.
•Approximately 70% of Thailand’s urban
population now live in Bangkok (and 10%
of the country’s total population).
•Bangkok has a disproportionate share of
other development indices:
–79% of all pharmacists
–45% of all doctors
–80% of the country’s telephones
–72% of all registered passenger cars
PRIMATE CITY
URBAN PROBLEMS IN BANGKOK
•Disorderly urban settlements, shanty towns
•Heavy demands on infrastructure, public utilities and public services.
•Bangkok has permanent traffic congestion
•Flooding
•Pressure for land use means few recreation areas, cramped, squalid
conditions
•Pollution
•Poor Planning
•Finance
•Conflicting demands
•Rapid urbanization
CONCLUSION
•The primacy of Bangkok has caused the city many problems.
•The diseconomies of scale have caused environmental, economic and social problems.
•The government has been attempting to alleviate these difficulties but a lack of central
planning has meant that there has not been any co-ordinated action.
•The urban area is spreading into the neighbouring provinces and the original site of the
capital, discarded as a location in the eighteenth century is now the fourth largest urban
area in Thailand.
•Bangkok exhibits all the challenges and opportunities for which a primate city is
renowned.
RANK SIZE RULE
RANK SIZE RULE
In 1949, George Zipf devised his theory of rank-size rule to
explain the size cities in a country.
This is an attempt to find a numerical relationship between
population size of settlements within an area such as a
country.
Settlements are ranked in descending order of population
size, with the largest city first
ASSUMPTIONS
The 2nd ranked city will have ½ the population of the 1st
The 3rd ranked city will have 1/3 population of the 1st
The 4th ranked city will have a ¼ population of the 1st ranked city
FORMULA
•This allows us to express the rank size rule as:
•Pn= Pl /n (or R)
Where
Pn= The population of the City
Pl= The population of the largest city
N (or R)= The rank size of the city
PR Notes.pptx
PROBLEMS
There is no universal definition of city sizes ; where to limit the city present
problems.
There are many areas where the built up area exceeds outside the administrative
boundaries.
And many city workers live beyond the edge of the building area.
To what area should the rank size rule be applied.
The inclusion and exclusion of a very large city will very much affect the analysis.
Rank size rule can be better used to comparative purposes it is more descriptive
rather than explanatory or predictive.
At national level rank size rule is absent in India.
At upper hierarchy India is dominated by three cities all of which have a
population very close to each other.
For example according to 2001 census Greater Mumbai has 16368,Kolkatta has
13216 and Delhi has 12791 thousand population.
At the second level Chennai has 6424,Bangalore 5686 and Hyderabad 5533 and
Ahmedabad 4519 thousand population.
Absence of rank size rule at the national level is because there is no integrated
system of settlements.
But by and large rank size relationships in India are an exception rather than a
rule
PR Notes.pptx
BINARY DISTRIBUTION
•Occurs where there are 2 very large cities of almost equal size within the same
country. One may be the capital and the other a major port or industrial/ trade
centre
Examples:
•India- Delhi and Mumbai
•Spain- Barcelona and Madrid
EXCEPTIONS TO THE RULE
Rank size rule is more likely to operate in a country that is developed or urbanised
for a long time
Large in size
Stable economic and political organisation
Primate distribution is likely to occur in countries that are small, less developed and
only recently urbanised
Introduction to
Regional Planning
Unit 2: Interaction within a Region
Settlement Hierarchy
Settlement Hierarchy
Settlements are differing in size and functions based upon physio-
historic and socio-economic conditions, but they can be graded and
grouped in the hierarchical order in any regional set up.
The spatial organisation of growth centres and their orders
distributed in geographic space is the main consideration
Hence, the gradation and re-grouping of the growth centres into of
size classes is termed as hierarchy (Mulimani, 2002).
Concept of Hierarchy
Basically, the concept of hierarchy was introduced by Walter
Christaller (1933), a German Economic Geographer in his well known
Central Place Theory.
The word “Hierarchy” is not a geographical term. Hierarchy is a
universal phenomenon due to variation in size and functions.
The gradation and grouping the settlement centres into the
size of classes is termed as hierarchy. The concept of hierarchy is
fundamental to the central place theory (Mulimani, 2006).
The Central Place Theory
►Settlements are places to which people
travel to buy things.
►People travel from a market area
►Each type of settlement is a central place,
but they will be offering different types of
services.
►Christaller came up with the Central Place
Theory- this is used to describe the sizing
and spacing of settlements according to the
services they offer.
A character of central places is to serve their respective surrounding,
territory in terms of cultural, commercial and administrative
requirements.
Over the past 50 years, location, allocation analyses have developed
a variety of models termed ‘hierarchical’ in that they incorporate
multiple levels of either goals or facilities.
Since the appearance of the central place models, a number of
studies have appeared in different parts of the world.
Most of the work consists simply of identification and investigations
of settlement hierarchy in various areas.
The basic idea of the ‘central place’ is that the major function of
urban centers or big villages is to act as centers for their rural
surroundings as well as mediators between local commerce and the
outside world.
Thus, villages, towns and cities serve in a structural relationship as
central places for their peripheral areas.
The central place model is related mainly with the patterns through
which tertiary services and market oriented manufacturing are
provided to consuming population of peripheral areas of respective
centers.
The hierarchy of rural or urban settlements denotes the ranking of
rural or urban centres into successive groups on the basis of size or
some other selected basis.
These groups of rural or urban centres are functionally organized in
a nesting pattern and are arranged in such a manner that lower
order centre occurs within the influence areas of higher order
centres at a greater distance than the lower order centre (Prasad,
1976).
What is a Settlement
Hierarchy ?
► A settlement
hierarchy is when
settlements are
ranked in order of
size or importance.
Village
City
Town
Hamlet
Geog.1 by Gallagher et al
This refers to the arrangement of settlements in an
‘order of importance’, usually from many isolated
dwellings or hamlets at the base of the hierarchy to one
major city, (usually the capital) at the top.
The order of importance is usually based on one of the
following:
the area and population of the settlement (size)
the range and number of services/functions within
each settlement
the relative sphere of influence of each settlement.
Settlement hierarchy
Settlement hierarchy
Isolated dwelling
Hamlet
Village
Town
City
Conurbation
1-10
11-100
101 – 2
2,001 –
100,001
Population
1,000,0
This is defined as the area served by a
particular settlement.
It is the area around a central place in
which it distributes services, recruits
labour and takes in school children.
Sphere of influence
Where would you go to buy the
things from these shopping lists…?
► List A




Newspaper
Cadburys chocolate
Milk
Stamps
► List B




New shoes
CDs/DVDs
Sports top
Christmas present for your friend
► List C



Presents for your family
Clothes for you
Visit the cinema/go out for dinner whilst you’re there
Low order goods
► These are convenience goods
► People use them regularly and do
not need to compare prices
► Shops selling these need a
smaller threshold population to
make money as people buy them
more frequently
► The shops therefore locate in
smaller settlements.
High order goods…
►These are comparison goods
►Before people buy them, they
compare prices and quality.
►People do not buy these goods
very often
►Therefore the shops have a
higher threshold population, and
will need to locate in a larger
settlement to make a profit.
High or low order goods?
Hamlet
Village
Town
City
Church
Cathedral
Railway station
Post Office
Secondary School
Corner Shop
Public House
Junior School
Theatre
The services may apply to more than one size of settlement.
Match the service to the settlement
Threshold Population – the minimum number of
people needed to support a settlement or service.
Range – the maximum distance that people are
prepared to travel to obtain a particular service.
Sphere of Influence is based upon two mainprinciples:
Put the following in order, with the one with the largest range first:
corner shop
regional shopping centre
department store
small
supermarket
Sphere of influence
Unit 2: Interaction within a Region
Settlements in India
Mrs. Prajakta Sonar Vispute
Assistant Professor,College of Engineering Pune
M.Plan Regional Planning,SPA Delhi ; B.Tech.Planning, CoEP
- HIGHLIGHTS FROM CENSUS OF INDIA 2011
 An urban settlement’s population size
and civic status are important
parameters considered by the
government for determining fund
support under various development
schemes
 Indian Census classifies settlements
as Statutory Towns and Census Towns
 All places with a municipality, corporation, cantonment
board or notified town area committee, etc. These
towns are known as Statutory Towns.
 All other places which satisfied the following criteria:
◦ A minimum population of 5,000;
◦ At least 75 per cent of the male working population
engaged in non-agricultural pursuits; and
◦ A density of population of at least 400 per sq. km.
◦ These towns, which in fact are villages, are known as
Census Towns.
• Urban Agglomerations (UAs):
• An Urban Agglomeration forms a continuous
urban spread and normally consists of a town
and its adjoining urban outgrowths (OGs), or two
or more physically contiguous towns together
with or without outgrowths of such towns . An
UA must consist of at least a statutory town and
its total population (i.e. all the constituents put
together) shouldn’t be less than 20,000 as per
2001 Census.
• Areas around a core city or town, such
well recognized places as, Railway
colony, university campus, port area,
etc., lying outside the limit of town, is
termed as Out Growths.
 Census Towns are in fact villages with
urban characteristics as defined by the
Census
 As a consequence they are not eligible for
development aids as like Statutory Towns
Number of Administrative Units in Census
2011
States/UTs 35
Districts 640
Sub-districts 5,924
Towns 7,936
Villages 0.64 million
Type of Urban Units
2011
Census
2001
Census
Addition in
2001-11
1. Towns: 7,935 5,161 2,774
(a) Statutory Towns 4,041 3,811 242
(b) Census Towns 3,894 1,350 2,532
2. Urban Agglomerations 475 384 91
3. Out Growths (OGs) 981 962 19
Number of UAs/Towns and OGs in India
Quick Estimates : Provisional
Type of Urban Units 2011 2001 Change
1. Statutory Towns (incl OGs):
(a) Number 4,041 3,809 232
(b) Population (in million) 319 265 58
( c) Proportion to total Urban 86% 93% - 7 PPT
2. Census Towns:
(a) Number 3,894 1,352 2,542
(b) Population (in million) 54 21 +33
( c) Proportion to total Urban 14% 7% 7 PPT
Number of Statutory and Census Towns
and Their Population in India
Quick Estimates : Provisional
Name of Census Towns
Population
(2011)
(In Million)
1. Noida (CT), Uttar Pradesh 0.64
2. Bokaro Steel City, Jharkhand 0.41
3. Kirari Suleman Nagar, NCT of Delhi 0.28
4. Karawal Nagar, NCT of Delhi 0.22
5. Nangloi Jat, NCT of Delhi 0.21
6. Bhalswa Jahangir Puri, NCT of Delhi 0.20
7. Navi Mumbai Panvel Raigad, Maharashtra 0.19
8. Khora, Uttar Pradesh 0.19
9. Sultan Pur Majra, NCT of Delhi 0.18
10. Hastsal, NCT of Delhi 0.18
Top 10 Census Towns – 2011
Quick Estimates : Provisional
Procedure for Identifying Urban Areas
 Prior to Census an elaborate exercise is
undertaken to identify Urban Areas
 Updated list of villages and towns prepared after
incorporating the jurisdictional changes that have
taken place after 2001 Census and up to 31st
December 2009
 Identification of Census Towns carried out by
applying the urban criteria to all villages
including Census Towns and Out Growths of
Census 2001
 The Census Towns are not declassified if they fail
to meet the criteria on the basis of Census 2011.
Digital Mapping - Using Latest Technology
A step towards
ensuring full coverage
Map prepared
from Satellite
Imagery
Similar maps
were used by
Enumerators in
33 capital cities
in Census 2011
Urban Areas –
International
Scenario
 The definition of urban areas varies from country to
country.
 Taking note of this UN (Principles and
Recommendations for Population and Housing
Censuses, Revision 2 (2008) had noted that:
“Because of national differences in the
characteristics that distinguish urban from rural
areas, the distinction between the urban and the
rural population is not yet amenable to a single
definition that would be applicable to all countries
or, for the most part, even to the countries within
a region..”
 According to the latest report on World Urbanization
Prospects prepared by the United Nations (2010),
the total population living in the urban areas in the
world is more than those living in rural areas.
 Out of 6,829 million persons inhabiting this planet
as per 2009 estimates, 3,421 million persons lived
in urban areas and 3,408 million persons in the rural
areas.
 The share of urban population in the total
population is estimated as 50.1%, just above the
half-way mark.
PR Notes.pptx
PR Notes.pptx
Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Urban_population_in_2005_world_map.PNG
INDIA
Population:
• 833 million persons in India live in Rural areas,
which is more than two-third of the total
population
• Rural – Urban distribution : 68.8% & 31.2%
• Out of total increase of 181.4 million persons
during 2001-11, contribution of Urban areas
(91.0 million) is higher than of Rural areas (90.5
million).
Growth in Population:
• The Growth in Urban population is significantly
higher at 31.8% than in Rural population
(12.18%) during 2001-11
• Growth in Rural Population in India is steadily
declining since 1991
• Growth in Female population is higher than in
Male population both in Rural and Urban areas
during the last decade.
175
Population by Rural Urban
Residence - India
• Total : 1,210,193,422
• Rural: 833,087,662
• Urban: 377,105,760
Persons:
• Total : 100.0 %
• Rural: 68.8 %
• Urban: 31.2 %
Rural Urban Distribution Persons
(in %):
Source: Census 2011 – Provisional Population Totals - India
Census
Year
Population
(in mn)
Variation over
past decade
(in %)
Rural Urban Rural Urban
1901 212.54 25.85
1921 223.23 28.09 -1.29 8.26
1931 245.51 33.46 9.98 19.12
1951 298.64 62.44 8.8 41.4
1961 360.30 78.94 20.64 26.41
1971 439.05 109.11 21.86 38.23
1981 523.87 159.46 19.32 46.14
1991 628.86 217.57 20.04 36.44
2001 742.62 286.12 18.09 31.51
2011 833.09 377.11 12.18 31.80
-10
0
10
20
30
40
50
Total Rural Urban
Maharashtra, 50.83
Uttar Pradesh, 44.47
Tamil Nadu, 34.95
West Bengal, 29.13
Andhra Pradesh,
28.35
Gujarat, 25.71
Karnataka, 23.58
Madhya Pradesh,
20.06
Rajasthan, 17.08
NCT of Delhi, 16.33
Kerala, 15.93
Bihar, 11.73 Punjab, 10.39
Progress of Urbanization in India
1901 – 2011 Census
– Case Studies
• India & States
• Chennai
• Bangalore
W est
Bengal
Chandigarh
P - Puducherry
Jammu & Kashmir
Him achal
Pradesh
Punjab
Haryana
Uttar Pradesh
Rajasthan
Arunachal
Pradesh
Assam
Sikkim
Nagaland
Bihar
Madhya Pradesh
Meghalaya
Manipur
Jharkhand
Gujarat
Tripura
Mizoram
Orissa
Maharashtra
Dam an & Diu
Dadra & Nagar Haveli
Andhra Pradesh
Karnataka
Goa
Tamil Nadu
P
Kerala
P
P
P
Chhattisgarh
NCT of Delhi
Uttarakhand
I
S
L
N
I
C
A
A
N
D
L
A
K
S
H
(
I
N
D
1901
% OF URBAN POPULATION
10.00 AND BELOW
10.01-20.00
20.01-30.00
30.01-40.00
40.01-50.00
50.01 AND ABOVE
DATA NOT AVAILABLE
Proportion of
Urban Population
- India/States
W est
Bengal
Chandigarh
P - Puducherry
Jammu & Kashmir
Him achal
Pradesh
Punjab
Haryana
Uttar Pradesh
Rajasthan
Arunachal
Pradesh
Assam
Sikkim
Nagaland
Bihar
Madhya Pradesh
Meghalaya
Manipur
Jharkhand
Gujarat
Tripura
Mizoram
Orissa
Maharashtra
Dam an & Diu
Dadra & Nagar Haveli
Andhra Pradesh
Karnataka
Goa
Tamil Nadu
P
Kerala
P
P
P
Chhattisgarh
NCT of Delhi
Uttarakhand
I
S
L
N
I
C
A
A
N
D
L
A
K
S
H
(
I
N
D
1901
% OF URBAN POPULATION
10.00 AND BELOW
10.01-20.00
20.01-30.00
30.01-40.00
40.01-50.00
50.01 AND ABOVE
DATA NOT AVAILABLE
W est
Bengal
Chandigarh
P - Puducherry
Jammu & Kashmir
Him achal
P radesh
Punjab
Haryana
Uttar Pradesh
Rajasthan
Arunachal
Pradesh
Assam
Sikkim
Nagaland
Bihar
Madhya Pradesh
Meghalaya
Manipur
Jharkhand
Gujarat
Tripura
Mizoram
Orissa
Maharashtra
Dam an & Diu
Dadra & Nagar Haveli
Andhra Pradesh
Karnataka
Goa
Tamil Nadu
P
Kerala
P
P
P
Chhattisgarh
NCT of Delhi
Uttarakhand
1921
% OF URBAN POPULATION
10.00 AND BELOW
10.01 - 20.00
20.01 - 30.00
30.01 - 40.00
40.01 - 50.00
50.01 AND ABOVE
DATA NOT AVAILABLE
W est
Bengal
Chandigarh
P - Puducherry
Jammu & Kashmir
Him achal
Pradesh
Punjab
Haryana
Uttar Pradesh
Rajasthan
Arunachal
Pradesh
Assam
Sikkim
Nagaland
Bihar
Madhya Pradesh
Meghalaya
Manipur
Jharkhand
Gujarat
Tripura
Mizoram
Orissa
Maharashtra
Dam an & Diu
Dadra & Nagar Haveli
Andhra Pradesh
Karnataka
Goa
Tamil Nadu
P
Kerala
P
P
P
Chhattisgarh
NCT of Delhi
Uttarakhand
1951
% OF URBAN POPULATION
10.00 AND BELOW
10.01 - 20.00
20.01 - 30.00
30.01 - 40.00
40.01 - 50.00
50.01 AND ABOVE
DATA NOT AVAILABLE
W est
Bengal
Chandigarh
P - Puducherry
Jammu & Kashmir
Him achal
P radesh
Punjab
Haryana
Uttar Pradesh
Rajasthan
Arunachal
Pradesh
Assam
Sikkim
Nagaland
Bihar
Madhya Pradesh
Meghalaya
Manipur
Jharkhand
Gujarat
Tripura
Mizoram
Orissa
Maharashtra
Dam an & Diu
Dadra & Nagar Haveli
Andhra Pradesh
Karnataka
Goa
Tamil Nadu
P
Kerala
P
P
P
Chhattisgarh
NCT of Delhi
Uttarakhand
1971
% OF URBAN POPULATION
10.00 AND BELOW
10.01 - 20.00
20.01 - 30.00
30.01 - 40.00
40.01 - 50.00
50.01 AND ABOVE
W est
Bengal
Chandigarh
P - Puducherry
Jammu & Kashmir
Him achal
P radesh
Punjab
Haryana
Uttar Pradesh
Rajasthan
Arunachal
Pradesh
Assam
Sikkim
Nagaland
Bihar
Madhya Pradesh
Meghalaya
Manipur
Jharkhand
Gujarat
Tripura
Mizoram
Orissa
Maharashtra
Dam an & Diu
Dadra & Nagar Haveli
Andhra Pradesh
Karnataka
Goa
Tamil Nadu
P
Kerala
P
P
P
Chhattisgarh
NCT of Delhi
Uttarakhand
1991
% OF URBAN POPULATION
10.00 AND BELOW
10.01 - 20.00
20.01 - 30.00
30.01 - 40.00
40.01 - 50.00
50.01 AND ABOVE
2011
Uttarakhand
NCT of Delhi
Chhattisgarh
P
P
P
Kerala
P
Tamil Nadu
Goa
Karnataka
Andhra Pradesh
Dadra & Nagar Haveli
Dam an & Diu
Maharashtra
Orissa
Mizoram
Tripura
Gujarat
Jharkhand
Manipur
Meghalaya
Madhya Pradesh
Bihar
Nagaland
Sikkim
Assam
Arunachal
Pradesh
Rajasthan Uttar Pradesh
Haryana
Punjab
Him achal
P radesh
Jammu & Kashmir
P - Puducherry
Chandigarh
W est
Bengal
% OF URBAN POPULATION
10.00 AND BELOW
10.01 - 20.00
20.01 - 30.00
30.01 - 40.00
40.01 - 50.00
50.01 AND ABOVE
Progress of Urbanization in India/States 1901-2011
Moderate
(31.16% to 50.0%)
West Bengal (31.89%)
Andhra Pradesh, Haryana
Andaman & Nicobar Is.
Punjab, Karnataka,
Gujarat (42.58%),
Maharashtra
Dadra & Nagar Haveli,
Kerala, Tamil Nadu
(48.45%)
High
(Above 50.0%)
Mizoram (51.51%)
Goa (62.17%),
Puducherry,
Daman & Diu
Lakshadweep
Chandigarh,
NCT of Delhi (97.5%)
Status of Urbanization in India States :
Census 2011
Tamil Nadu (48%), Kerala (47%),
Maharashtra (45%) and Gujarat
(42%) are likely to cross the 50%
mark in the near future.
Thank you.

Más contenido relacionado

La actualidad más candente

Growth foci concept
Growth foci conceptGrowth foci concept
Growth foci conceptkvn virinchi
 
NIOS Std X, Social Science Ch 18 local government and field administration
NIOS Std X, Social Science Ch 18 local government and field administrationNIOS Std X, Social Science Ch 18 local government and field administration
NIOS Std X, Social Science Ch 18 local government and field administrationSajina Nair
 
MULTI-LEVEL PLANNING IN INDIA
MULTI-LEVEL PLANNING IN INDIAMULTI-LEVEL PLANNING IN INDIA
MULTI-LEVEL PLANNING IN INDIARAJKUMARPOREL
 
Regional plan 2021 ncr
Regional plan 2021 ncrRegional plan 2021 ncr
Regional plan 2021 ncrkamnagill
 
Planning and Urban Management-issues & challenges
Planning and  Urban Management-issues & challenges Planning and  Urban Management-issues & challenges
Planning and Urban Management-issues & challenges Subodh Shankar
 
Roles Of A Planner-1.pptx by K.D.M
Roles Of A Planner-1.pptx by K.D.M Roles Of A Planner-1.pptx by K.D.M
Roles Of A Planner-1.pptx by K.D.M kumbi3
 
Demography in planning
Demography in planningDemography in planning
Demography in planningMANINANDANSAHU
 
Urban growth and urbanization
Urban growth and urbanizationUrban growth and urbanization
Urban growth and urbanizationMamathaNagaraju2
 
District planning in India
District planning in IndiaDistrict planning in India
District planning in IndiaSVKM'S IOT DHULE
 
Region and Urban-Periphery
Region and Urban-PeripheryRegion and Urban-Periphery
Region and Urban-PeripheryIram Aziz
 
Regional planning in Urban Development and Governance
Regional planning in Urban Development and GovernanceRegional planning in Urban Development and Governance
Regional planning in Urban Development and GovernanceVignesh Waran
 
Urban Management & Governance Structures in India
Urban Management & Governance Structures in IndiaUrban Management & Governance Structures in India
Urban Management & Governance Structures in IndiaRavikant Joshi
 
Rural Development and Planning of Bangladesh
Rural Development and Planning of BangladeshRural Development and Planning of Bangladesh
Rural Development and Planning of BangladeshMohammad Mohaiminul Islam
 

La actualidad más candente (20)

Growth foci concept
Growth foci conceptGrowth foci concept
Growth foci concept
 
NIOS Std X, Social Science Ch 18 local government and field administration
NIOS Std X, Social Science Ch 18 local government and field administrationNIOS Std X, Social Science Ch 18 local government and field administration
NIOS Std X, Social Science Ch 18 local government and field administration
 
REGIONAL PLANNING
REGIONAL PLANNINGREGIONAL PLANNING
REGIONAL PLANNING
 
MULTI-LEVEL PLANNING IN INDIA
MULTI-LEVEL PLANNING IN INDIAMULTI-LEVEL PLANNING IN INDIA
MULTI-LEVEL PLANNING IN INDIA
 
National urban information system
National urban information systemNational urban information system
National urban information system
 
Regional plan 2021 ncr
Regional plan 2021 ncrRegional plan 2021 ncr
Regional plan 2021 ncr
 
City region
City regionCity region
City region
 
Baan Rural Urban Linkages
Baan Rural Urban LinkagesBaan Rural Urban Linkages
Baan Rural Urban Linkages
 
Planning and Urban Management-issues & challenges
Planning and  Urban Management-issues & challenges Planning and  Urban Management-issues & challenges
Planning and Urban Management-issues & challenges
 
Roles Of A Planner-1.pptx by K.D.M
Roles Of A Planner-1.pptx by K.D.M Roles Of A Planner-1.pptx by K.D.M
Roles Of A Planner-1.pptx by K.D.M
 
Demography in planning
Demography in planningDemography in planning
Demography in planning
 
Urban growth and urbanization
Urban growth and urbanizationUrban growth and urbanization
Urban growth and urbanization
 
AMRUT MoUD
AMRUT MoUDAMRUT MoUD
AMRUT MoUD
 
District planning in India
District planning in IndiaDistrict planning in India
District planning in India
 
Region and Urban-Periphery
Region and Urban-PeripheryRegion and Urban-Periphery
Region and Urban-Periphery
 
Regional planning in Urban Development and Governance
Regional planning in Urban Development and GovernanceRegional planning in Urban Development and Governance
Regional planning in Urban Development and Governance
 
LAP Project Concept
LAP Project ConceptLAP Project Concept
LAP Project Concept
 
Urban Management & Governance Structures in India
Urban Management & Governance Structures in IndiaUrban Management & Governance Structures in India
Urban Management & Governance Structures in India
 
Rurban MISSION
Rurban MISSIONRurban MISSION
Rurban MISSION
 
Rural Development and Planning of Bangladesh
Rural Development and Planning of BangladeshRural Development and Planning of Bangladesh
Rural Development and Planning of Bangladesh
 

Similar a PR Notes.pptx

Town planning - A Tool to Promote Holistic Development of Human settlements
Town planning - A Tool to Promote Holistic Development of Human settlementsTown planning - A Tool to Promote Holistic Development of Human settlements
Town planning - A Tool to Promote Holistic Development of Human settlementsJIT KUMAR GUPTA
 
Town planning - A Tool to Promote Holistic Development of Human settlements
Town planning - A Tool to Promote Holistic Development of Human settlementsTown planning - A Tool to Promote Holistic Development of Human settlements
Town planning - A Tool to Promote Holistic Development of Human settlementsJIT KUMAR GUPTA
 
Master Plan & Delhi Master Plan
Master Plan & Delhi Master PlanMaster Plan & Delhi Master Plan
Master Plan & Delhi Master PlanSahil Kaundal
 
Presentation on developmental plan
Presentation on developmental  planPresentation on developmental  plan
Presentation on developmental planRajat Nainwal
 
Latur, Patna RP & PMAY, Rurban Scheme
Latur, Patna RP & PMAY, Rurban SchemeLatur, Patna RP & PMAY, Rurban Scheme
Latur, Patna RP & PMAY, Rurban SchemeHrishikesh Satpute
 
Maharashtra Regional Town Planning Act
Maharashtra Regional Town Planning ActMaharashtra Regional Town Planning Act
Maharashtra Regional Town Planning ActOmkar Parishwad
 
Detailed understanding of the master plan ar. m. senthil
Detailed understanding of the master plan  ar. m. senthilDetailed understanding of the master plan  ar. m. senthil
Detailed understanding of the master plan ar. m. senthilAr. M. Senthil [ senthilmani ]
 
City development plan guwahati
City development plan guwahatiCity development plan guwahati
City development plan guwahatiAnupama Krishnan
 
Town planning schemes
Town planning schemesTown planning schemes
Town planning schemesSakshiGadakh
 
Town Planning Act: Mahrashtra
Town Planning Act: MahrashtraTown Planning Act: Mahrashtra
Town Planning Act: MahrashtraMalvika Jaishal
 
Development plan case study (nagpur & lasvegas)
Development plan  case study (nagpur & lasvegas)Development plan  case study (nagpur & lasvegas)
Development plan case study (nagpur & lasvegas)ABHI PATEL
 
Defreezing master plans to create better master plans
Defreezing master plans to create better master plansDefreezing master plans to create better master plans
Defreezing master plans to create better master plansJIT KUMAR GUPTA
 

Similar a PR Notes.pptx (20)

Presentation2
Presentation2Presentation2
Presentation2
 
NOTES I.docx
NOTES I.docxNOTES I.docx
NOTES I.docx
 
Town planning - A Tool to Promote Holistic Development of Human settlements
Town planning - A Tool to Promote Holistic Development of Human settlementsTown planning - A Tool to Promote Holistic Development of Human settlements
Town planning - A Tool to Promote Holistic Development of Human settlements
 
Town planning - A Tool to Promote Holistic Development of Human settlements
Town planning - A Tool to Promote Holistic Development of Human settlementsTown planning - A Tool to Promote Holistic Development of Human settlements
Town planning - A Tool to Promote Holistic Development of Human settlements
 
Tcpo
TcpoTcpo
Tcpo
 
K02067582
K02067582K02067582
K02067582
 
Master Plan & Delhi Master Plan
Master Plan & Delhi Master PlanMaster Plan & Delhi Master Plan
Master Plan & Delhi Master Plan
 
Presentation on developmental plan
Presentation on developmental  planPresentation on developmental  plan
Presentation on developmental plan
 
Latur, Patna RP & PMAY, Rurban Scheme
Latur, Patna RP & PMAY, Rurban SchemeLatur, Patna RP & PMAY, Rurban Scheme
Latur, Patna RP & PMAY, Rurban Scheme
 
Urban & Regional Planning - Issues & Challenges
Urban & Regional Planning - Issues & ChallengesUrban & Regional Planning - Issues & Challenges
Urban & Regional Planning - Issues & Challenges
 
Maharashtra Regional Town Planning Act
Maharashtra Regional Town Planning ActMaharashtra Regional Town Planning Act
Maharashtra Regional Town Planning Act
 
Unit 1.pptx
Unit 1.pptxUnit 1.pptx
Unit 1.pptx
 
Detailed understanding of the master plan ar. m. senthil
Detailed understanding of the master plan  ar. m. senthilDetailed understanding of the master plan  ar. m. senthil
Detailed understanding of the master plan ar. m. senthil
 
City development plan guwahati
City development plan guwahatiCity development plan guwahati
City development plan guwahati
 
Town planning schemes
Town planning schemesTown planning schemes
Town planning schemes
 
Town Planning Act: Mahrashtra
Town Planning Act: MahrashtraTown Planning Act: Mahrashtra
Town Planning Act: Mahrashtra
 
TOWN PLANNING
TOWN PLANNINGTOWN PLANNING
TOWN PLANNING
 
Development plan case study (nagpur & lasvegas)
Development plan  case study (nagpur & lasvegas)Development plan  case study (nagpur & lasvegas)
Development plan case study (nagpur & lasvegas)
 
Lecture 2.pptx
Lecture 2.pptxLecture 2.pptx
Lecture 2.pptx
 
Defreezing master plans to create better master plans
Defreezing master plans to create better master plansDefreezing master plans to create better master plans
Defreezing master plans to create better master plans
 

Último

Alex Matus - Professional Best Photographer
Alex Matus - Professional Best PhotographerAlex Matus - Professional Best Photographer
Alex Matus - Professional Best PhotographerAlex Matus Photography
 
I know You're Strong Enough Test Storyboard
I know You're Strong Enough Test StoryboardI know You're Strong Enough Test Storyboard
I know You're Strong Enough Test StoryboardNatalieSpada
 
Flowering lilacs for celebrate spring 17
Flowering lilacs for celebrate spring 17Flowering lilacs for celebrate spring 17
Flowering lilacs for celebrate spring 17sandamichaela *
 
Flowering lilacs for celebrate spring 16
Flowering lilacs for celebrate spring 16Flowering lilacs for celebrate spring 16
Flowering lilacs for celebrate spring 16sandamichaela *
 
04. MEMORY CARE: DEALING WITH DEMENTIA WHAT IS DEMENTIA?
04. MEMORY CARE: DEALING WITH DEMENTIA WHAT IS DEMENTIA?04. MEMORY CARE: DEALING WITH DEMENTIA WHAT IS DEMENTIA?
04. MEMORY CARE: DEALING WITH DEMENTIA WHAT IS DEMENTIA?bilalpakweb
 
Ghostectives Storyboard (Work in Progress)
Ghostectives Storyboard (Work in Progress)Ghostectives Storyboard (Work in Progress)
Ghostectives Storyboard (Work in Progress)RyanLovett5
 
April LinkedIn Newsletter Image Slideshow.pdf with captions
April LinkedIn Newsletter Image Slideshow.pdf with captionsApril LinkedIn Newsletter Image Slideshow.pdf with captions
April LinkedIn Newsletter Image Slideshow.pdf with captionsmarissa753990
 
Music Magazine contents page inspiration
Music Magazine contents page inspirationMusic Magazine contents page inspiration
Music Magazine contents page inspirationLydiaAittayeb
 
HSBC Indonesia 140th Anniversary storyboard
HSBC Indonesia 140th Anniversary storyboardHSBC Indonesia 140th Anniversary storyboard
HSBC Indonesia 140th Anniversary storyboardJauzaaRidzkiF
 
Miss Illusion- beginning boards yayyyyyy
Miss Illusion- beginning boards yayyyyyyMiss Illusion- beginning boards yayyyyyy
Miss Illusion- beginning boards yayyyyyycwang48
 
Smudge Animated Short Storyboards Sequence C
Smudge Animated Short Storyboards Sequence CSmudge Animated Short Storyboards Sequence C
Smudge Animated Short Storyboards Sequence Cmicahhansonart
 
One Meal at a Time storyboards yippee hooray
One Meal at a Time storyboards yippee hoorayOne Meal at a Time storyboards yippee hooray
One Meal at a Time storyboards yippee hooraycwang48
 
HOSPICE CARE DECISIONS—AND WHAT TO EXPECT
HOSPICE CARE DECISIONS—AND WHAT TO EXPECTHOSPICE CARE DECISIONS—AND WHAT TO EXPECT
HOSPICE CARE DECISIONS—AND WHAT TO EXPECTbilalpakweb
 
When a sudden medical emergency occurs—say, a spouse has a stroke
When a sudden medical emergency occurs—say, a spouse has a strokeWhen a sudden medical emergency occurs—say, a spouse has a stroke
When a sudden medical emergency occurs—say, a spouse has a strokebilalpakweb
 
ppppppppppttttttttttttttby Slidesgo.pptx
ppppppppppttttttttttttttby Slidesgo.pptxppppppppppttttttttttttttby Slidesgo.pptx
ppppppppppttttttttttttttby Slidesgo.pptxFitria52
 
Bunavestire (33) The Annunciation in Art
Bunavestire (33) The Annunciation in ArtBunavestire (33) The Annunciation in Art
Bunavestire (33) The Annunciation in Artsandamichaela *
 
WILLS AND TRUSTS DIFFERENTIATING BETWEEN WILLS AND TRUSTS
WILLS AND TRUSTS DIFFERENTIATING BETWEEN WILLS AND TRUSTSWILLS AND TRUSTS DIFFERENTIATING BETWEEN WILLS AND TRUSTS
WILLS AND TRUSTS DIFFERENTIATING BETWEEN WILLS AND TRUSTSbilalpakweb
 
The Art of Rain_The beauty of rain in paintings..ppsx
The Art of Rain_The beauty of rain in paintings..ppsxThe Art of Rain_The beauty of rain in paintings..ppsx
The Art of Rain_The beauty of rain in paintings..ppsxguimera
 
Fishy - a short comic by Petra van Berkum
Fishy - a short comic by Petra van BerkumFishy - a short comic by Petra van Berkum
Fishy - a short comic by Petra van Berkumberkumpje1
 

Último (20)

Alex Matus - Professional Best Photographer
Alex Matus - Professional Best PhotographerAlex Matus - Professional Best Photographer
Alex Matus - Professional Best Photographer
 
I know You're Strong Enough Test Storyboard
I know You're Strong Enough Test StoryboardI know You're Strong Enough Test Storyboard
I know You're Strong Enough Test Storyboard
 
Flowering lilacs for celebrate spring 17
Flowering lilacs for celebrate spring 17Flowering lilacs for celebrate spring 17
Flowering lilacs for celebrate spring 17
 
Flowering lilacs for celebrate spring 16
Flowering lilacs for celebrate spring 16Flowering lilacs for celebrate spring 16
Flowering lilacs for celebrate spring 16
 
04. MEMORY CARE: DEALING WITH DEMENTIA WHAT IS DEMENTIA?
04. MEMORY CARE: DEALING WITH DEMENTIA WHAT IS DEMENTIA?04. MEMORY CARE: DEALING WITH DEMENTIA WHAT IS DEMENTIA?
04. MEMORY CARE: DEALING WITH DEMENTIA WHAT IS DEMENTIA?
 
BELSOSI
BELSOSIBELSOSI
BELSOSI
 
Ghostectives Storyboard (Work in Progress)
Ghostectives Storyboard (Work in Progress)Ghostectives Storyboard (Work in Progress)
Ghostectives Storyboard (Work in Progress)
 
April LinkedIn Newsletter Image Slideshow.pdf with captions
April LinkedIn Newsletter Image Slideshow.pdf with captionsApril LinkedIn Newsletter Image Slideshow.pdf with captions
April LinkedIn Newsletter Image Slideshow.pdf with captions
 
Music Magazine contents page inspiration
Music Magazine contents page inspirationMusic Magazine contents page inspiration
Music Magazine contents page inspiration
 
HSBC Indonesia 140th Anniversary storyboard
HSBC Indonesia 140th Anniversary storyboardHSBC Indonesia 140th Anniversary storyboard
HSBC Indonesia 140th Anniversary storyboard
 
Miss Illusion- beginning boards yayyyyyy
Miss Illusion- beginning boards yayyyyyyMiss Illusion- beginning boards yayyyyyy
Miss Illusion- beginning boards yayyyyyy
 
Smudge Animated Short Storyboards Sequence C
Smudge Animated Short Storyboards Sequence CSmudge Animated Short Storyboards Sequence C
Smudge Animated Short Storyboards Sequence C
 
One Meal at a Time storyboards yippee hooray
One Meal at a Time storyboards yippee hoorayOne Meal at a Time storyboards yippee hooray
One Meal at a Time storyboards yippee hooray
 
HOSPICE CARE DECISIONS—AND WHAT TO EXPECT
HOSPICE CARE DECISIONS—AND WHAT TO EXPECTHOSPICE CARE DECISIONS—AND WHAT TO EXPECT
HOSPICE CARE DECISIONS—AND WHAT TO EXPECT
 
When a sudden medical emergency occurs—say, a spouse has a stroke
When a sudden medical emergency occurs—say, a spouse has a strokeWhen a sudden medical emergency occurs—say, a spouse has a stroke
When a sudden medical emergency occurs—say, a spouse has a stroke
 
ppppppppppttttttttttttttby Slidesgo.pptx
ppppppppppttttttttttttttby Slidesgo.pptxppppppppppttttttttttttttby Slidesgo.pptx
ppppppppppttttttttttttttby Slidesgo.pptx
 
Bunavestire (33) The Annunciation in Art
Bunavestire (33) The Annunciation in ArtBunavestire (33) The Annunciation in Art
Bunavestire (33) The Annunciation in Art
 
WILLS AND TRUSTS DIFFERENTIATING BETWEEN WILLS AND TRUSTS
WILLS AND TRUSTS DIFFERENTIATING BETWEEN WILLS AND TRUSTSWILLS AND TRUSTS DIFFERENTIATING BETWEEN WILLS AND TRUSTS
WILLS AND TRUSTS DIFFERENTIATING BETWEEN WILLS AND TRUSTS
 
The Art of Rain_The beauty of rain in paintings..ppsx
The Art of Rain_The beauty of rain in paintings..ppsxThe Art of Rain_The beauty of rain in paintings..ppsx
The Art of Rain_The beauty of rain in paintings..ppsx
 
Fishy - a short comic by Petra van Berkum
Fishy - a short comic by Petra van BerkumFishy - a short comic by Petra van Berkum
Fishy - a short comic by Petra van Berkum
 

PR Notes.pptx

  • 1. Planning for Region Unit 1: Introduction to Region Concept of regional planning: nature, objectives, levels and aims -Prajakta Sonar
  • 2. 2 Unit 1: Introduction to Region Concept of regional planning: nature, aim & objectives, levels; Concept of a region, types, and regionalization Unit 2: Interactions within a Region Regional interaction: Rank Size Rule, Settlement patterns, Guttman scale, centrality function method, Central place theory; Regional networks and linkages, hierarchy of rural connectivity Unit 3: Regional Developments Regional development; Balanced and unbalanced development; Under-development; Regional multiplier, input-output model; spatial equilibrium model: basic concept of spatial equilibrium model, spatial inequality, theory of spatial inequalities, theories of regional inequalities, theories of urban equalities; Core-periphery model; Growth poles theory. Unit 4: Planning Processes Regional planning processes: Identification of plan objectives; collection, classification and analysis of data; Norms and standards for regional planning; Formulation of alternative plan proposals with respect to population distribution, location of new regional economic activities, infrastructure, plan implementation, etc. Unit 5: Case Studies Selected case studies in regional development, National Capital Region, Mumbai Metropolitan Region, Bangalore regional plan, PMR Region etc.
  • 3. 3 Introduction Concept of Region has used by different people to mean different things. It is generally linked with space and has spatial dimension. Thus, sometimes part of district (or even village) is called a region Sometimes district is taken as region Sometimes states or group of states is regarded as region. In international context, combination of countries is treated as region Subjective Objective Source : Regional Planning in India by Mahesh Chand and V.K.Puri
  • 4. 4 Regional Planning deals with efficient placement of landuse activities, infrastructure and settlement growth across a larger area of land than an individual city of town. Concept of Regional Development is based on development of specific regions. It is generally undertaken where regional Differences exist and where particular is to be developed. Regional Development is carried through the regional planning which is a technique to evaluate the potential of sub-natural areas and to develop them to the best advantages of the nation as whole. Introduction Source : Regional Planning in India by Mahesh Chand and V.K.Puri
  • 5. • For planned and sustainable development of the human settlements, the regional planning approach needs to be promoted. • Regional plan is to be a comprehensive plan at an appropriate scale (district/inter-district, investment region or special area) for the integration of urban nodes with the semi‐urban and rural areas. • Regional Plan will have higher magnitude (in terms of its geographical area coverage) and would encompass planning of larger area, and thus overcoming the missing link in the present planning system. • The detailed planning of the urban nodes will be addressed by the development plans at the next stage of planning, while the requirements of the region will be addressed by the regional plan to bring out policies for development and bringing in harmony between the different types of human settlements. Need for Regional Planning Source : URDPFI Guidelines,2015
  • 6. • Regional plan focuses on • balanced development • hierarchy of settlements, both urban and rural (in terms of its geographical area coverage), • hierarchy of connectivity network, road, rail, sea and airports and intermodal transport hubs, • land utilisation, • resource mobilisation, • environmental protection • disaster risk management. Need for Regional Planning Source : URDPFI Guidelines,2015
  • 7. 7 Need for Region as a Planning Unit Urbanisation has accelerated in the past few decades while planning in India has been largely limited to urban settlements and the space between cities and their surroundings has been growing in an unplanned haphazard manner. Centrifugal forces attract huge volume of migrant population to urban centres, which has rendered short the planning efforts of local bodies. The resultant biases in demography have also had negative implications in the development at the source of migration. Thus, urban centres & its surrounding settlements have two‐way interrelationship in terms of cause and effect of many elements. Accordingly, planning as an exercise should not be exclusively limited to urban settlements but a region can be identified to have holistic development of growth promoting centres and surrounding subsequent hierarchy of settlements. This should facilitate optimal planning and development of infrastructure in cities along with the adjoining rural areas and strengthen the economic links in the region. Source : URDPFI Guidelines,2015
  • 8. 8 The paradigm of regional development has evolved through the years after Independence. Most important ones are district planning, metropolitan planning, watershed management and special area development. The Planning Commission has also developed methods for regionalisation and policy guidance for preparation of development plans for regions. A number of such case studies have been taken up by the State Governments for development of special regions. Considering the importance of regional planning at the district level and with the view to integrating the urban and regional development, the DPC and MPC were created through the 73rd and 74th CAA. Need for Region as a Planning Unit Source : URDPFI Guidelines,2015
  • 9. 9 Hierarchy of Plans in India Source : URDPFI Guidelines,2015
  • 10. 10 Hierarchy of Plans in India Source : URDPFI Guidelines,2015
  • 11. 11 Multi-Level Planning in India Level of Govt Tier Time Period Authority Resources Central Tier 1 5 year plan Planning Commission Now NITI Ayog CFC State Tier 2 5 year plan State Planning Board SFC District ( + Metropolitan Area) 20 Year Vision Plan / Perspective Plan Followed by 5 year Plan DPC MPC Local Tier 3 City Development Plan 20 year Followed by 5 year Plan Municipal Corporation / Development Authority / Municipality Area Sabha Gram Sabha Annual Plan
  • 12. • Bombay Improvement Trust Act of 1898 • Objective: Improve some badly congested areas in the city which were threat to Public Health and develop some open areas • Process 1. Land Acquisition under LA Act 1894 2. Prepare Development Plan of the area 3. Carry out all the development work including : roads , drains , water supply and electricity so as to render the plots ready for development. 4. Plots leased for development to private developers History of Town Planning in India
  • 13. • Bombay Improvement Trust • Prepared 71 different schemes in different parts of Bombay • Constructed cheap residential schemes for LIG • Physical Development – of orderly nature • Shortcomings • Method of development is very expensive • Finance is required for acquiring the land and also developing it • Money is locked without any return for the considerable time thus increasing the interest and loan service charges of government
  • 14. • Schemes were planned individually without taking into consideration the need of integrated development of whole city. • Inadequate provision of services and amenities. • Monotonous development • Ultimately , improvement trust was abolished in 1973 and all its liabilities and functions were transferred to Bombay Municipal Corporation • Nagpur Improvement Trust was established in 1933 ( exists even today ) Shortcomings
  • 15. 15 Bombay Town Planning Act 1915 • First Town Planning legislation in India • BTP Act was applicable to areas under Bombay Province, Bombay City was excluded • Inspiration from British Town Planning Act 1909. • Advocated preparation of Town Planning Scheme • BTP Act 1954 Introduced the concept of Development Plan
  • 16. 16 Maharashtra Regional and Town Planning Act 1966 • Introduced the concept of Regional Plan • Regional Planning Board • RP--- DP ---- TPS • Creation of New Towns by means of Development Authorities
  • 17. 17 Model Regional and Town Planning and Development Law, 1985 Town and Country Planning Organization (TCPO) formulated the Model Town and Country Planning Law in the year 1960. This model Act was revised by TCPO in year 1985 as “Model Regional and Town Planning and Development Law” to enact a comprehensive urban and regional planning legislation in all the States and UT’s. It provides for the following: 1. Constitution of State Regional and Town Planning Board by the State Government for the purpose of advising on the delineation of the region for the planned development, 2. Directing the preparation of metropolitan, regional and area plans by the metropolitan, regional and area planning and development authorities, 3. Setting up of metropolitan, regional and area planning and development authorities for different urban and rural areas within the State to undertake preparation of development plans and to enforce and implement them.
  • 18. 18 Implication of 73rd & 74th Constitution Amendment Act, 1993 The 73rd Constitutional Amendment Act (73rd CAA) came in effect from 24th April, 1993 and 74th Constitution Amendment Act (74th CAA), in effect from 1st June 1993, ushered a new era in the history of urban local government in the country. 1) Constitution of Panchayats and Municipalities: Article 243 B of 73rd CAA, provides for the constitution of Panchayats at three levels in a state: 1. Village, 2. Intermediate (may not be constituted in a State having a population not exceeding twenty lakhs) 3. District. Article 243 Q of 74th CAA, provides for constitution of Municipalities in every State as given under: 1. Nagar Panchayat for transitional area, that is to say, an area in transition from rural to urban in character. 2. Municipal Council for a smaller urban area, and 3. Municipal Corporation for a larger urban area.
  • 19. 19 2) Constitution of Ward Committees: Article 243 S provides for constitution of ward committees, consisting of one or more wards, within the territorial area of a Municipality having a population of 3, 00,000 or more. 3) Duration of Municipalities: Article 243 E of 73rd CAA and 243 U of 74th CAA, provides a fixed term of 5 years of a panchayat and municipality respectively, from the date appointed. Elections to constitute a panchayat or municipality are required to be completed before the expiration of the duration of the municipality. 4) Powers, authority and responsibilities of Panchayats and Municipalities: Article 243G of 73rd and 243W of 74th CAA provides powers, authority and responsibilities of Municipalities subject that legislature of the State by law endow: Implication of 73rd & 74th Constitution Amendment Act, 1993
  • 21. 21
  • 22. 22 The DPCs and MPCs may be constituted as per the broad framework indicated in the 74th CAA. However, it is suggested that the DPC/MPC should not be unwieldy in size and the total number of members, including the Chairperson and the nominated members, should not exceed 30. Subject matter experts (3 to 4), from the fields of spatial planning, agriculture, climate issues, and finance should be nominated as members. The members should be authorised to elect among themselves a Chairman, Vice Chairmen and Chairmen of Subject Committees. Wherever the District/Region include cantonment areas, the Head of the Cantonment Board may also be made a member. The State level Heads of relevant Central and State Government organisations may be invited from time to time, as per felt need. District and Metropolitan Planning Committee Source : URDPFI Guidelines,2015
  • 23. Introduction to Regional Planning Unit 1: Introduction to Region Concept of Region and Types of Region
  • 25. Concept of Region Any portion of the earth’s surface'where physical conditions are homogeneous, is considered as region ( Jeorg). • A geographical area or areas which a given civilization standard of a people seems to require for the fulfilment of its aspirations through material resources (Aronvici) • A complex of land, water, air, plant,, animal, and man, regarded in the spatial relationship as together constituting a definite portion of the earth's surface ( Herbertson )
  • 26. Concept of Region • No matter which concept of region is considered for discussion in general, one has to define a definite physical boundary in each case • This task of determination of boundary in a given situation is called regional delineation. • A region is a part of the earth’s surface that is characterized by a level of similarity based on certain features. They are defined by the scale of physical characteristics and human characteristics. In geography, regions are categorized into three: formal, functional and vernacular.
  • 31. Formal Region Homogenous • Formal regions are those that have official boundaries, such as countries, states, and cities. • Bouge and Beale (5) attempted to draw up homogeneous regions on the basis of broad geographical areas of specialization. They have conceived homogeneity of region primarily in terms of agriculture. • Botkin (6) considered homogeneous regions on the basis of per capita income levels. • D.C. North (34) has suggested that unifying cohesive force behind a region is dominance of its economy by an export base.
  • 32. Formal Region Homogenous • Administrative Regions This includes, all such administrative areas that has been decided by Indian Union by the Act of legislature. The administrative regions refer to States, Districts, Talukas, Blocks and Villages. In the recent past area development authorities have been set up in case of ‘these administrative regions. At state level, State Planning Boards are made operative -which take care of both the spatial and economic planning. At district level, district planning boards are set up, who have been entrusted with the task of performing district level implementation of schemes that are even related to land use plan. At taluka level, area development authorities are established for promoting talukas
  • 35. Functional Region Heterogeneous / Nodal / Polarized • Nodal regions emphasise the interdependence of different components within the region rather than inter-regional relationships between homogeneous regions. • The nodal region is determined by the distance factor and time scale parameters • In working out nodal regions, Nystuen J D and M F Daay* used telephone calls and shopping trips, as basic data. • Data on telephone calls and shopping trips indicate indirect linkages of flows, within a given region. • Functional regions are associated with its basic economic activity. • The hand book of census categorises towns and cities into various functional regions. They include service centres, industrial centres and commercial centres.
  • 36. Functional Region Heterogeneous / Nodal / Polarized One approach to delineating functional regions is represented by the work of Coats and Hunt (12), They mapped all journey to-work interactions using arrows to indicate the strength and directions of flows; then subjectively set functional region boundaries on the criterion of minimizing interactions taking place across boundaries. • Russett recommended (40) factor analysis to matrix containing standardized measures of the flow on association between places, functional groupings being indicated by the resulting factor loading pattern.
  • 37. Functional Region Heterogeneous / Nodal / Polarized A functional region is in place for the sole purpose of a specific entity. For example, an electric company may set up regions throughout an area that makes it easier for them to service that area. These regions may change with time and often do not have physical barrier points. The boundaries of functional regions change with time, depending on the development of infrastructure and services in the area. These regions use artificial boundaries that segregate areas based on some property which is more common inside the boundary than that outside it.
  • 43. 9/24/2022 43 Planning regions depend upon the type of multi-level planning in the country. A very small country will naturally have one level planning. Markedly different geo-physical or agro-climate areas may be chosen as planning region for special cases e.g., developing a mining or plantation or power grid region. A planning region in a multi-level setup requires regional plan, which is a spatial plan for the systematic location of functions and facilities in relation to human settlements so that people may use them to their maximum advantages. Infact more important than reducing the regional disparities is the task of ensuring that backward region and rural areas have basic minimum needs. Planning region for different activities can be different and a regional plan will be locational in character for that activity/function. Planning Regions
  • 44. 9/24/2022 44 For comprehensive planning, there has to be a national plan and then a state plan and finally district/block plans. Since a planning region is a sub-national area demarcated for the purpose of translating national objectives into regional programs and policies, and since plan formulation and implementation need administrative machinery, administrative regions are generally accepted as planning regions. This may not be wholly correct, as administrative boundaries may be inconsistent with regional boundaries, derived from economic criteria. However, in some cases a planning region can be small, say a city but a village cannot be (and, probably not even a cluster of villages) a planning region unless the objective is too limited. Planning Regions
  • 45. 9/24/2022 45 The hierarchy of planning region would be (I) national level (II) macro level (III) State level (IV) meso level (V) micro level. A planning region is (or should be) large enough to enable substantial changes in the distribution of population and employment to take place within its boundaries, yet small enough for its planning problems to be tackled effectively. It should have a viable resource base, a manpower base, and internal homogeneity/cohesiveness. It should be such that satisfactory levels of mutually satisfying levels of production, exchange, and consumption levels obtained. Planning Regions
  • 46. 9/24/2022 46 Boudeville defines a planning region in the following words “It is an area displaying some coherence or unit of economic decisions”. Klassen defines it as follows- A planning region must be large enough 1. to take investment decisions of an economic size, 2. must be able to apply its own industry with the necessary labor, 3. should have a homogeneous economic structure, 4. Contain at least one growth point and have a common approach to and awareness of its problems. In short, a planning region should be defined according to the purpose of one’s analysis. Planning Regions
  • 47. 9/24/2022 47 Ideally a planning region should have adequate resources to establish a satisfactory pattern of savings, capital formation, investment, production, employment, income generation and consumption pattern. It means that the area should be economically viable. This usually is not the case. The States of East India are rich in natural resources and logistics/infrastructure support. Unless the aid comes from the centre, these states cannot be viable states as planning regions. As the things stand at present, these states are not capable of being self-sufficient at higher levels of economic activity and are not able even to grow at a reasonable growth rate of income, comparable to some of the developed states of the country. Thus planning regions are spatial units of different sizes, (city, block, district or state) depending upon the objectives in view and the problems to be tackled. In rare cases only, a planning region extends beyond a state. Planning Regions
  • 49. 9/24/2022 49 Types of Multi-Level Planning
  • 50. 9/24/2022 50 Macro Regions Macro region is naturally bigger. Macro region can be a state of even a group of states, if the states of a country are not big enough. A Macro-major region can be a zone in a country, which may comprise of a few States. For example, in India there are East, West, North, South and Central Zones and ‘Zonal Councils’ of which function is mutual consultation, developing cooperation and mutual counseling. In a sense macro regions are second in hierarchy, next to the national level. It is also possible that a physical macro region may comprise parts of different states of a country for project planning purposes. (e.g., big river valley projects, an electric grid of different states, and, for the purpose of a particular activity (facility) planning) the macro region will be parts of different states. State boundaries are not respected in the sense that the macro region may transcend or cut-across administrative boundaries of the states of a country. Types of Multi-Level Planning
  • 51. 9/24/2022 51 A macro region may not be uniform or homogeneous in all respects. It may have homogeneity in one respect (physical complementarity) and may have heterogeneity in other respect (administrative boundaries). A macro region should have a common resource base and specialization in that resource base, so that production activities can develop on the principle of comparative advantage based on territorial division of labor. (India has been divided into 11 to 20 macro regions-agro-climate or resource regions). The planning Commission of India would have just 5 zonal councils-Eastern, Northern, Central, Western and Southern comprising of certain states but beyond this there is no macro-regionalization in India. These so-called macro regions of India have to have inter state cooperation in the matter of utilization of river water and electricity grids etc. Types of Multi-Level Planning
  • 52. 9/24/2022 52 Meso Regions Meso region can be identified with a ‘division’ of a state. Chattisgarh Region, Bundelkhand Region, Baghelkahand Region, is usually a subdivision of a state, comprising of several districts. There should be some identifiable affinity in the area which may even facilitate planning. It can be cultural or administrative region and it will be even better if it is a homogeneous physical region (resource) region. A meso region can also become a nodal region provided the combined micro regions or parts thereof can be developed in a complementary manner. (NSS of India has identified 58 meso regions of India but they are not shown on maps as planning regions). Types of Multi-Level Planning
  • 53. 9/24/2022 53 Micro Regions In multi-level planning, district is the micro region. It becomes the lowest territorial unit of planning in the hierarchy of planning regions. The most important reason why district is the most viable micro region for planning is the existence of database and compact administration. This is the area, which is viable for plan formulation with administration for plan implementation and monitoring. A metropolitan area can be one micro region and the area of influence can be another micro region. A nodal point is also a micro region, though in many cases micro regions are basically rural areas, which may have a number of minor nodes without any organizational hierarchy influencing the entire area. The basic characteristic of a micro region is its smallness. There can be some specific micro regions such as belts of extraction of mineral or a reclaimed area, or a not-so-big command area of an irrigational project. Types of Multi-Level Planning
  • 54. 9/24/2022 54 Micro – Minor Region: This is the region which is associated with, what is called, the grass-root planning. A micro-minor region can be a block for which also data exists now and for which there may be a plan. (So far as the quality of data is concerned, there is hardly any activity, or sector, or region or field for which data is not cooked by the vested interest groups: but, that is another story). The block level plan is integrated with the national plan, through the district and state level plans. A block level plan is not surgically cut portion of the district plan, which has its own logic and linkage. At block level, most of the officers will be more concerned with the implementation of the plans than formulating the plans. At block level, the main exercise will be to take into account of the physical and Types of Multi-Level Planning
  • 55. 9/24/2022 55 Types of regions on the basis of stages of economic development
  • 56. 9/24/2022 56 Developed regions are naturally those which are having a high rate of growth in goods and services i.e., their share in the GDP of the country is relatively higher. This may be with or without rich natural resources by most certainly because of the use of upgraded technology by highly skilled and motivated persons. The locus of infrastructure facilities in abundance will put a region in the state of “nothing succeeds like success” and the region may continue to forge ahead of the backward regions at a higher rate. A developed region may become ‘overdeveloped’ in certain respects e.g., it may suffer from the diseconomies of congestion. Infrastructure costs become very high and people can face problems due to pollution and stresses of various types. 1. Developed / Development Regions
  • 57. 9/24/2022 57 A developed region is the counterpart of the backward region: the ‘positive’ side is emphasized in case of the developed region while ‘negative’ aspects are emphasized in case of the backward region. A developed region is one, which has exploited its potentialities fully, which has removed the bottlenecks and speed breakers of development. Developed regions emerge of their own because of the comparative advantage or may emerge as a result of the diversion of funds by the government. In many cases imbalances emerge between developed and backward regions and these imbalances can be the creation of planners also. Many times disproportionately high amounts of investment are made in the constituencies of the influential politicians and some regions become far more developed than the neighboring regions. In a resource short economy such a development may be at the cost of denying legitimate share of investment to some other regions. Those regions where quick maximization is possible i.e., high outputs are obtained with relatively lower levels of inputs, get further attention and become even more developed. 1. Developed / Development Regions
  • 58. 9/24/2022 58 There can be ‘backward or depressed’ regions in the developing as well as the developed economies. Backward economies are thoroughly depressed regions. Regions, in which the economy is largely subsistence one, have in the most co- existed with the modern sector regions since long. There is development even in these regions but these regions have not come out of the low level equilibrium trap. There can be region, which may not be at subsistence level but may be relatively backward. Causes and consequences of backwardness. 1. Lack of infrastructure facilities, 2. adverse geo-climate conditions, 3. low investment rate, 4. high rare of growth of population, 5. low levels of urbanization and industrialization 2. Backward Regions
  • 59. 9/24/2022 59 In less developed countries, even the most ancient occupation (agriculture) is backward and unless it is made progressive with massive real and financial input support, the region cannot come out of backwardness. It will be imperative that for the overall development of the backward regions, those industries should be developed on priority basis which supply vital inputs to agriculture as also those industries which take outputs of agriculture as their inputs. Thus, depressed regions can be very poor under-developed regions, which failed to modernize. Some vestigial regions (as the regions inhabited by the red Indians in USA/ or tribals in India) can remain backward and may even remain near the subsistence level. The inhibitions may have ancient traditions and may be smug in their surroundings, but the per capita income may be much lower than in the neighboring regions. 2. Backward Regions
  • 60. 9/24/2022 60 A region can be backward because of the high population density or even without it. If we take some selected indicators of development (e.g. road length per sq.km, literacy rate, beds per thousand population, percentage of villages electrified, percentage of cultivated land under irrigation, longevity, availability of low, intermediate and high order functions and facilities) a low total will suggest backwardness. Depressed regions have rudimentary type of industrial activity; major centres of industrial and economic activity are not in the region and/or are at a distance from the region. Compared to the developed regions, wide chasms exist in most of the economic activities leading to wide differentials in the per capita income and intensity of productive and well paying employment. 2. Backward Regions
  • 61. 9/24/2022 61 New towns and satellite belts are designated as ‘neutral’ regions and they promise good prospects of further development because here further employment generation and income propagation is possible without congestion. Such regions can be demarcated around urban centers. Intermediate regions are those regions, which are ‘islands of development around a sea of stagnation’. It should be the task of the planners to develop linkage activities that the hinterland of such intermediate regions also develops. 3. Neutral Regions/ Intermediate Regions
  • 62. 9/24/2022 62 Types of regions based on activity status analysis
  • 63. 9/24/2022 63 Many mineral regions promise high growth rates for the region as well as for the prosperity of the country If mineral based industries can be developed in the region itself, then industrial development will be less costly because much of the load shedding will be done in the region at low cost. The iron ore deposits of Bailadeela (Bastar District of Madhya Pradesh) are exported abroad: if, however, a plant could be established near the ore deposits, it would have brought tremendous development for the region. 1. Mineral Regions
  • 64. 9/24/2022 64 As the mines continue to yield sufficient minerals and the costs are also not prohibitive, not only the mineral-producing region develops but it helps other regions also to develop. After the minerals exhaust, the region will bear degraded look; people will move away to other areas and the erstwhile area will bear a deserted look. Germany took great pains to rehabilitate such areas and vast pits and trenches were suitably reclaimed for various purposes like water storage, eco-forestry and even cultivation after enriching the soil. If new deposits of minerals cannot be discovered, there can be several ways of reclaiming wasteland and developing non-mineral based activities. Regional planning will require a long-term plan for developing such regions after extraction is no longer a profitable activity. The Middle East countries have made adequate planning to diversify their economies so 1. Mineral Regions
  • 65. 9/24/2022 65 Some regions become big manufacturing regions not because they have natural resources but because of the infrastructure development, momentum of an early start, continued government support etc. Autonomous, imitative, supplementary, complementary, induced and speculative investments keep in giving strength to the manufacturing regions. It would be prudent not to develop narrow manufacturing base, otherwise territorial specialization can become a problem if the crop supplying the raw materials fails or if the minerals which are base for the industries, exhaust. In such regions the internal and external economies are available in ever-greater measure and such regions keep on developing. When all the thresholds are crossed, such regions become too congested and the diseconomies overwhelm the economies of production – High density, increasing pollution, reduction in the quality of life result. 2. Manufacturing Regions and Congested Regions
  • 66. 9/24/2022 66 A cultural region can also be quite well demarcated. (French Canada and English Canada are such regions). In India various states are demarcated on the basis of language and culture primarily. There are affinities of cultural origin in such region. A rich cultured region should be rich in economic terms also. 3. Cultural Regions
  • 67. Introduction to Regional Planning Unit 1: Introduction to Region Regionalisation Mrs. Prajakta Sonar Vispute Assistant Professor,College of Engineering Pune M.Plan Regional Planning,SPA Delhi ; B.Tech.Planning, CoEP
  • 68. 9/24/2022 68 Regionalization is the process of delineating regions, but each time depending upon the purpose for which the region is to be delineated. If the intention is to develop an arid region, the ‘region’ will be differently defined, including only arid areas. If the congestion is to be removed then the most congested and polluted areas will be included in the ‘congested region’. If the intention is substantially reduce poverty and unemployment, then a ‘depressed region’ is to be delineated. The homogeneity of a region will differ with the purpose for which delineation is being made. Introduction
  • 69. 9/24/2022 69 Identification of formal regions: Formal regions are localities possessing homogeneity. The criteria, which we use, may relate to Geography – soil, rainfall, climate Economic – per capita income, no. of industries Socio-cultural – language, political affiliation etc Problems arise when we use multiple criteria. When we are using composite criteria we have to assign weights Methods of regional delimitation: 1) Fixed index method 2) Variable index method 3) Cluster method is used to assign weights Delineation of Region
  • 70. 9/24/2022 70 Under the fixed index method, a number of characteristics common to regions are chosen. (E.g. population, density, per capita income, unemployment, rate of industrialization) An arbitrary weight is given to each index and a single weighted mean is obtained for each region, then contiguous regions with similar indices are grouped together in order to minimize the variance within the group. Fixed Index Method
  • 72. 9/24/2022 72 Under the variable index method, variable weights are assigned to highlight the different regions. The weight given to each activity, in each region is different, in accordance with the value or the volume regionally produced. For e.g., if region A is the wheat region and the region B is the coal region, the weight of the wheat index will be the largest in the former, and the weight of the coal index will be the largest in the latter. This method is good when those criteria can be compared with each other. However in those cases where compatibility is not possible (e.g., in case where one feature is literacy and the other is steel production) it becomes necessary to employ the cluster method Variable Index Method
  • 73. 9/24/2022 73 Cluster means grouping together. This concept is used to implement IRDP. This concept is used in the planning as a strategy to strengthen lateral links and to dissipate growing vertical links in the settlement system. Such a cluster while providing greater viability and threshold for development efforts will also create for themselves a greater bargaining power in bringing about reciprocity in exchange of goods and services. Both at the macro and micro level clustering can be done by (1) superimposing of maps and (2) by developing a composite index of development Cluster Method
  • 76. 9/24/2022 76 Attempts of Regionalization
  • 78. 9/24/2022 78 Regionalization is an exercise of dividing regions of higher order into sub- regions or aggregating regions of lower order (small units) into those of higher order (regions). This is based on homogeneity in the selected characteristics or functional interdependence between the nodal centre and its hinterland or between the different functional centers of different hierarchic levels. Application 1. Regionalization for Planning – A strategy for areal development. 2. Nodal Regionalization to create central places and functional intergration Economic Regionalization
  • 80. 9/24/2022 80 Delineation of natural or physiographic regions helps us to understand the basic geography of the country. It describes the existing situation only. But, for the purpose of planning it is necessary to study the natural resources of regions in detail and also to find out areas of potential development and to trace inter linkages among them (and within them) in such a fashion as to promote maximum development of resources. By combining physio geographical, economic and socio-cultural variables we can have different homogeneous regions. Following classifications are frequently quoted in the books 1) The regionalization scheme proposed by V.Nath 2) The regionalization scheme proposed by Bhat & Rao 3) The regionalization scheme proposed by Sen Gupta & Galina Sdasyak 4) The regionalization scheme proposed by S.R. Hashim 5) The regionalization scheme proposed by Gidadhubly & Bhat 6) The regionalization scheme proposed by Sen Gupta 7) The regionalization scheme proposed by Town & Country Planning Organization.
  • 81. 9/24/2022 81 1) The Scheme Proposed by V. Nath (1964) Title: Resource Development Regions and Divisions of India Objectives: 1) Providing a framework about the physical conditions & resource potential to planners both at the central & state level. 2) Based on such identification helping the planners in planning the programmes, adjustments in programmes, content & pattern. 3) Furnishing a scheme of homogeneous units within the state. Variables Used: Physical – topography, soils, Geologic Formation and climate – Agricultural- Land use & cropping pattern. This study based on the earlier studies 1. Census 1951 2.Spate scheme 3. Indian Statistical Institute Nath classified the country into 15 Resource Development Regions (RDRs).It is further classified into 61 RDRs. 1. Western Himalayas 2.Eastern Himalayas 3. Lower Gangetic plain 3.Middle Gangetic Plain 4. Upper Gangetic plain 5. Trans Gangetic plane 6. Eastern plateaus & Hill regions 7. Central plateaus & Hill regions 8. Western plateaus & Hill regions 9. Southern plateaus & Hill regions 10. East coast plains & Hills 11.West coast plains & Hills 12. Gujarat plains & Hills 14.Western Dry regions 15. The Islands
  • 86. 9/24/2022 86 8.The Scheme Proposed by the Town & Country Planning Organization C.S. Chandrasekhara’s Scheme. Title: Balanced Regional Development and planning regions Variables & Methodology Used: 1) Land, 2) Raw materials for industrial development, 3) Power. These factors will enable each planning region to achieve a degree of self sufficiency in food, an employment potential in the agricultural and non agricultural sectors to meet.the needs of the region’s population and a power base which will serve the developmental needs of both agriculture and industry. Scheme: 13 Macro regions divided into 35 Meso regions.
  • 87. 9/24/2022 87 1) South Peninsula, 2) Central Peninsula, 3) Western Peninsula, 4) Central Deccan, 5) Eastern Peninsula, 6) Gujarat, 7) Western Rajasthan, 8) Aravalli Region, 9) Jammu & Kashmir, 10)Indo Gangetic Plain, 11)Ganga Yamuna Plains, 12)Lower Ganga Plains, 13)North Eastern Region.
  • 88. Introduction to Regional Planning Unit 2: Interaction within a Region Primate City
  • 89. PRIMATE CITY •The primate city is commonly at least twice as large as the next largest city and more than twice as significant. Mark Jefferson
  • 90. Geographer Mark Jefferson developed the law of the primate city in 1939. It explains the phenomenon of huge cities that capture a large proportion of a country’s population as well as its economic activity. A primate city is a major city that works as the financial, political, and population centre of a country and is not matched in any of these aspects by any other city in that country. The degree of primacy refers to the dominance of the largest city over the rest of the country. PRIMATE CITY
  • 91. The concept of Primate City is an empirical inductive model (based on experience and observation) based on studies of 51 countries. It was proposed by Mark Jefferson as a benchmark to analyze the socio-economic conditions and stage of development of a country. The level of development is reflected by the nature of urbanization. A Primate City refers to the largest and most magnified urban settlement which has grown disproportionately with respect to other settlements due to centripetally based on economic opportunities, centralization of political power, industrial growth, the concentration of factors of production, and moreover the agglomeration effect. It is the largest economic magnet that attracts huge migrations and pulls of resources from the surroundings. E.g. London, New York. Source: https://lotusarise.com/concept-of-primate-city-and-rank-size-rule-upsc/ PRIMATE CITY
  • 92. •It is the manifestation of people’s socio-economic aspirations and experience of national sentiments. •It signifies centripetal forces and the uniform ethnolinguistic character of a nation. •It is the outburst of the strong national sentiment and the developing character of an economy. •Jefferson studied 51 countries of Europe and found that 41 of them have primate cities such as London in Britain, Paris in France, Berlin in Germany (London is at least 5 times bigger than the next largest city in Britain i.e. Birmingham). •This is however not a norm for all the countries where in many countries there are more than two comparable cities. E.g. 4 mega cities in case of India, Sydney, and Melbourne in Australia, Toronto, and Montreal in Canada Source: https://lotusarise.com/concept-of-primate-city-and-rank-size-rule-upsc/ PRIMATE CITY Source: https://lotusarise.com/concept-of-primate-city-and-rank-size-rule-upsc/
  • 93. PRIMATE CITY These primate cities are often, but not always, the capital cities of a country. The population size will be many times greater than that of the 2nd or 3rd city. The presence of a primate city in a country usually indicates an imbalance in development — usually a progressive core, and a lagging periphery, on which the primate city depends for labour and other resources. In a country having a primate city, the rest of the country depends on it for cultural, economic, political, and major amenities. Source: https://lotusarise.com/concept-of-primate-city-and-rank-size-rule-upsc/ Source: https://lotusarise.com/concept-of-primate-city-and-rank-size-rule-upsc/
  • 94. •Jefferson himself did not determine the process of primate city development. It was Linskey who suggested the following characteristics of countries that have primate cities: • Large population base • Small territorial extent • High population pressure (density) and growth rate. • Agro based economy • Low per capita income • Former colonial status. •Linskey was perhaps referring to primate cities being an aspect of developing countries. •However, not all countries that have primate cities are developing countries and there are many developing countries that have primate cities (e.g. India) •In case of India, due to large territorial extent, cultural and economic diversity, it is not possible for a city to reflect and express itself in terms of entire country. •Britain, Germany and France despite of being developed countries have primate cities. Source: https://lotusarise.com/concept-of-primate-city-and-rank-size-rule-upsc/ Source: https://lotusarise.com/concept-of-primate-city-and-rank-size-rule-upsc/ PRIMATE CITY
  • 95. Process of development •Although not mentioned explicitly the process of development of primate city is better explained by Gunnar-Myrdal in his theory of cumulative causation. •According to Myrdal the economic development of a country is general process through 3 stages: • 1st stage: • In this stage there is uniformity in development but the level of development is poor. • 2nd stage: • In this stage the geographical space which is central attracts the factors of population like capital, labour, enterprises and begin to grow disproportionately by incapacitating (decreasing other’s capacity) the surrounding and draining out their resources. • The process of backwash where one city act like a vacuum pump sucking out all investments and technology at expense of other cities. • 3rd stage: • In third (last) phase there is development dispersion and diffusion from primate city leading to the development of the whole landscape. Source: https://lotusarise.com/concept-of-primate-city-and-rank-size-rule-upsc/
  • 96. • Thus, primate city is merely a stage in development. •Primate City offers better employment, high wage, improved infrastructure, hope and perception of better life. It is possible by stream of migration, emerging commercial sector, gravity centre for capital and human resources. •Mark Jefferson studied 51 countries where he found that • In 27 countries the population of largest city is more than twice than the 2nd rating city. • In 18 countries the population was more than three times. •Thus, from above Mark Jefferson concluded that a primate city is one which has more than twice the population of second ranking city. •Thus, the primate city is based on the relationship between R1 and R2 and the ratio of their population. Source: https://lotusarise.com/concept-of-primate-city-and-rank-size-rule-upsc/
  • 97. Applicability of theory •Primate City is an inductive theory; it does not have universal application as socioeconomic forces are dynamic. •Any law in human geography that deals with human behavior can’t be objective and therefore, it will lack universal validity. •This is true for the primate city concept also. Its applicability has mixed relevance. Source: https://lotusarise.com/concept-of-primate-city-and-rank-size-rule-upsc/
  • 98. PRIMATE CITY Primacy is the product of small size of the country, short history, urbanization, simple economic and political organization, economy and export orientation of the economy. Most LDCs (Less Developed Countries) have a high degree of primacy while most MDCs (More Developed Countries) have a low degree of primacy. Factors that affect high primacy include •Having an underdeveloped economy •Having an agriculturally dominant economy •A rapidly expanding population •A recent colonial history •Export orientation of the economy •Simple economic and political organization •Dual economy
  • 99. PRIMATE CITY Their sheer size and activity becomes a strong pull factor, bringing additional residents to the city and causing the primate city to become even larger and more disproportional to smaller cities in the country. Not every country has a primate city. Some scholars define a primate city as one that is larger than the combined populations of the second and third ranked cities in a country. For example, California's primate city is Los Angeles, with a metropolitan area population of 16 million, which is more than double the San Francisco metropolitan area of 7 million.
  • 100. PRIMATE CITY Examples of Countries With Primate Cities Examples of primate cities are cities of London and Paris. Other major primate cities include Athens, Baghdad, Bangkok, Mexico City, Seoul, Tehran, and Vienna. Paris (9.6 million) is definitely the focus of France while Marseilles(2nd largest city in France) has a population of 1.3 million. Similarly, the United Kingdom has London as its primate city (7 million) while the second largest city, Birmingham, is home to a mere one million people. A huge dichotomy exists between Bangkok (7.5 million) and Thailand's second city, Nanthaburi (481,000).
  • 101. PRIMATE CITY Examples of Countries that Lack Primate Cities India's most populous city is Mumbai with more than 18.41 million; second is Delhi with about 16.75 million. China, Canada, Australia, and Brazil are additional examples of non-primate-city countries. Utilizing the metropolitan area population of urban areas in the United States, we find Nthat the U.S. lacks a true primate city. With the New York City metropolitan area population at approximately 21 million, second ranked Los Angeles at 16 million, and even third ranked Chicago at 9 million, America lacks a primate city.
  • 102. PRIMATE CITY BANGKOK – Example of a Primate City The Bangkok Metropolitan Area represents one of the World’s most extreme examples of primacy. Its share of the national urban population increased from 45% in 1945 to 63% in 1980. •Approximately 70% of Thailand’s urban population now live in Bangkok (and 10% of the country’s total population). •Bangkok has a disproportionate share of other development indices: –79% of all pharmacists –45% of all doctors –80% of the country’s telephones –72% of all registered passenger cars
  • 103. PRIMATE CITY URBAN PROBLEMS IN BANGKOK •Disorderly urban settlements, shanty towns •Heavy demands on infrastructure, public utilities and public services. •Bangkok has permanent traffic congestion •Flooding •Pressure for land use means few recreation areas, cramped, squalid conditions •Pollution •Poor Planning •Finance •Conflicting demands •Rapid urbanization
  • 104. CONCLUSION •The primacy of Bangkok has caused the city many problems. •The diseconomies of scale have caused environmental, economic and social problems. •The government has been attempting to alleviate these difficulties but a lack of central planning has meant that there has not been any co-ordinated action. •The urban area is spreading into the neighbouring provinces and the original site of the capital, discarded as a location in the eighteenth century is now the fourth largest urban area in Thailand. •Bangkok exhibits all the challenges and opportunities for which a primate city is renowned.
  • 105. Case of India •India does not have primate cities. •In India instead of primacy, multiple primacy is found due to: • Large geographical extent • Multi-ethnic, multi-lingual country with regional consciousness. • Growth of four different megalopoleis at four different quadrants. • Distance decay factor. • Four different cities have a history of development through colonization. • Mumbai/Kolkata=1.1 (No Primacy) • Constitutional right to settle anywhere • Federal state. •In India there is no primacy at the national level, it exists at the state level as a norm. Source: https://lotusarise.com/concept-of-primate-city-and-rank-size-rule-upsc/
  • 106. •State capitals invariably operate as primate cities, but again there are exceptions. •E.g. • In Uttar Pradesh despite its low development status, it has Varanasi, Allahabad, Lucknow, and Kanpur which are large and comparable (this may be due to the size of Uttar Pradesh) • Tamil Nadu has Madurai, Coimbatore, Chennai, where Chennai is the largest but not disproportionately very large (because Tamil Nadu has the better record in the dispersal of development) • Kerala– despite of being a relatively more developed state and also with a small territorial size, it does not have a primate city (Thiruvananthpuram, Kochi, Calicut are all comparable). This may be due to the fact that the entire area is the hilly region with narrow coastal plain with no region having extra advantage or disadvantage over other. •Most of the other states have state capitals as their primate city. E.g. Jaipur in Rajasthan, Bangalore in Karnataka, Gandhinagar/ Ahmadabad in Gujarat. Source: https://lotusarise.com/concept-of-primate-city-and-rank-size-rule-upsc/
  • 108. •Such theories are tested by two principles: • Desirability • Applicability •Applicability: Humanistic model represents half truth, thus they are partially applicable, even then desirable because they are yardsticks to measure reality and deviation from it and causes from such deviation. •Desirability: • Presence of primacy is an example of disparity. Hence, in general planners might be inclined to discourage primacy. • However, in certain circumstances primacy may be desirable such as while planning for small territorial region with limited resources and investment. • It might result in duplication or wasteful, inefficient investment if development is spread and is evenly distributed. • In poor and developing countries initial primacy may be desirable (example of deliberate imbalance based planning). • So, in initial stage of development primacy may be used for efficient use of resources and investment, but in long term, development should be spread to discourage disparity. Source: https://lotusarise.com/concept-of-primate-city-and-rank-size-rule-upsc/
  • 109. Introduction to Regional Planning Unit 2: Interaction within a Region Rank Size Rule
  • 110. RANK SIZE RULE AND PRIMATE CITY •The primate city is commonly at least twice as large as the next largest city and more than twice as significant. Mark Jefferson •“If all the settlements of a country are ranked according to population size, the sizes of the settlements will be inversely proportional to their rank” Zipf
  • 112. PRIMATE CITY Geographer Mark Jefferson developed the law of the primate city in 1939. It explains the phenomenon of huge cities that capture a large proportion of a country’s population as well as its economic activity. A primate city is a major city that works as the financial, political, and population centre of a country and is not matched in any of these aspects by any other city in that country. The degree of primacy refers to the dominance of the largest city over the rest of the country.
  • 113. •The concept of Primate City is an empirical inductive model (based on experience and observation) based on studies of 51 countries. •It was proposed by Mark Jefferson as a yardstick to analyze the socio-economic conditions and stage of development of a country. The level of development is reflected by the nature of urbanization. •A Primate City refers to the largest and most magnified urban settlement which has grown disproportionately with respect to other settlements due to centripetally based on economic opportunities, centralization of political power, industrial growth, the concentration of factors of production, and moreover the agglomeration effect. •It is the largest economic magnet that attracts huge migrations and pulls of resources from the surroundings. E.g. London, New York.
  • 114. •It is the manifestation of people’s socio-economic aspirations and experience of national sentiments. •It signifies centripetal forces and the uniform ethnolinguistic character of a nation. •It is the outburst of the strong national sentiment and the developing character of an economy. •Jefferson studied 51 countries of Europe and found that 41 of them have primate cities such as London in Britain, Paris in France, Berlin in Germany (London is at least 5 times bigger than the next largest city in Britain i.e. Birmingham). •This is however not a norm for all the countries where in many countries there are more than two comparable cities. E.g. 4 mega cities in case of India, Sydney, and Melbourne in Australia, Toronto, and Montreal in Canada
  • 115. PRIMATE CITY These primate cities are often, but not always, the capital cities of a country. The population size will be many times greater than that of the 2nd or 3rd city. The presence of a primate city in a country usually indicates an imbalance in development — usually a progressive core, and a lagging periphery, on which the primate city depends for labour and other resources. In a country having a primate city, the rest of the country depends on it for cultural, economic, political, and major amenities.
  • 116. •Jefferson himself did not determine the process of primate city development. It was Linskey who suggested the following characteristics of countries that have primate cities: • Large population base • Small territorial extent • High population pressure (density) and growth rate. • Agro based economy • Low per capita income • Former colonial status. •Linskey was perhaps referring to primate cities being an aspect of developing countries. •However, not all countries that have primate cities are developing countries and there are many developing countries that have primate cities (e.g. India) •In case of India, due to large territorial extent, cultural and economic diversity, it is not possible for a city to reflect and express itself in terms of entire country. •Britain, Germany and France despite of being developed countries have primate cities.
  • 117. PRIMATE CITY Primacy is the product of small size of the country, short history, urbanization, simple economic and political organization, economy and export orientation of the economy. Most LDCs (Less Developed Countries) have a high degree of primacy while most MDCs (More Developed Countries) have a low degree of primacy. Factors that affect high primacy include •Having an underdeveloped economy •Having an agriculturally dominant economy •A rapidly expanding population •A recent colonial history •Export orientation of the economy •Simple economic and political organization •Dual economy
  • 118. PRIMATE CITY Their sheer size and activity becomes a strong pull factor, bringing additional residents to the city and causing the primate city to become even larger and more disproportional to smaller cities in the country. Not every country has a primate city. Some scholars define a primate city as one that is larger than the combined populations of the second and third ranked cities in a country. For example, California's primate city is Los Angeles, with a metropolitan area population of 16 million, which is more than double the San Francisco metropolitan area of 7 million.
  • 119. PRIMATE CITY Examples of Countries With Primate Cities Examples of primate cities are cities of London and Paris. Other major primate cities include Athens, Baghdad, Bangkok, Mexico City, Seoul, Tehran, and Vienna. Paris (9.6 million) is definitely the focus of France while Marseilles(2nd largest city in France) has a population of 1.3 million. Similarly, the United Kingdom has London as its primate city (7 million) while the second largest city, Birmingham, is home to a mere one million people. A huge dichotomy exists between Bangkok (7.5 million) and Thailand's second city, Nanthaburi (481,000).
  • 120. PRIMATE CITY Examples of Countries that Lack Primate Cities India's most populous city is Mumbai with more than 18.41 million; second is Delhi with about 16.75 million. China, Canada, Australia, and Brazil are additional examples of non-primate-city countries. Utilizing the metropolitan area population of urban areas in the United States, we find Nthat the U.S. lacks a true primate city. With the New York City metropolitan area population at approximately 21 million, second ranked Los Angeles at 16 million, and even third ranked Chicago at 9 million, America lacks a primate city.
  • 121. PRIMATE CITY BANGKOK – Example of a Primate City The Bangkok Metropolitan Area represents one of the World’s most extreme examples of primacy. Its share of the national urban population increased from 45% in 1945 to 63% in 1980. •Approximately 70% of Thailand’s urban population now live in Bangkok (and 10% of the country’s total population). •Bangkok has a disproportionate share of other development indices: –79% of all pharmacists –45% of all doctors –80% of the country’s telephones –72% of all registered passenger cars
  • 122. PRIMATE CITY URBAN PROBLEMS IN BANGKOK •Disorderly urban settlements, shanty towns •Heavy demands on infrastructure, public utilities and public services. •Bangkok has permanent traffic congestion •Flooding •Pressure for land use means few recreation areas, cramped, squalid conditions •Pollution •Poor Planning •Finance •Conflicting demands •Rapid urbanization
  • 123. CONCLUSION •The primacy of Bangkok has caused the city many problems. •The diseconomies of scale have caused environmental, economic and social problems. •The government has been attempting to alleviate these difficulties but a lack of central planning has meant that there has not been any co-ordinated action. •The urban area is spreading into the neighbouring provinces and the original site of the capital, discarded as a location in the eighteenth century is now the fourth largest urban area in Thailand. •Bangkok exhibits all the challenges and opportunities for which a primate city is renowned.
  • 125. RANK SIZE RULE In 1949, George Zipf devised his theory of rank-size rule to explain the size cities in a country. This is an attempt to find a numerical relationship between population size of settlements within an area such as a country. Settlements are ranked in descending order of population size, with the largest city first
  • 126. ASSUMPTIONS The 2nd ranked city will have ½ the population of the 1st The 3rd ranked city will have 1/3 population of the 1st The 4th ranked city will have a ¼ population of the 1st ranked city
  • 127. FORMULA •This allows us to express the rank size rule as: •Pn= Pl /n (or R) Where Pn= The population of the City Pl= The population of the largest city N (or R)= The rank size of the city
  • 129. PROBLEMS There is no universal definition of city sizes ; where to limit the city present problems. There are many areas where the built up area exceeds outside the administrative boundaries. And many city workers live beyond the edge of the building area. To what area should the rank size rule be applied. The inclusion and exclusion of a very large city will very much affect the analysis. Rank size rule can be better used to comparative purposes it is more descriptive rather than explanatory or predictive.
  • 130. At national level rank size rule is absent in India. At upper hierarchy India is dominated by three cities all of which have a population very close to each other. For example according to 2001 census Greater Mumbai has 16368,Kolkatta has 13216 and Delhi has 12791 thousand population. At the second level Chennai has 6424,Bangalore 5686 and Hyderabad 5533 and Ahmedabad 4519 thousand population. Absence of rank size rule at the national level is because there is no integrated system of settlements. But by and large rank size relationships in India are an exception rather than a rule
  • 132. BINARY DISTRIBUTION •Occurs where there are 2 very large cities of almost equal size within the same country. One may be the capital and the other a major port or industrial/ trade centre Examples: •India- Delhi and Mumbai •Spain- Barcelona and Madrid
  • 133. EXCEPTIONS TO THE RULE Rank size rule is more likely to operate in a country that is developed or urbanised for a long time Large in size Stable economic and political organisation Primate distribution is likely to occur in countries that are small, less developed and only recently urbanised
  • 134. Introduction to Regional Planning Unit 2: Interaction within a Region Settlement Hierarchy
  • 135. Settlement Hierarchy Settlements are differing in size and functions based upon physio- historic and socio-economic conditions, but they can be graded and grouped in the hierarchical order in any regional set up. The spatial organisation of growth centres and their orders distributed in geographic space is the main consideration Hence, the gradation and re-grouping of the growth centres into of size classes is termed as hierarchy (Mulimani, 2002).
  • 136. Concept of Hierarchy Basically, the concept of hierarchy was introduced by Walter Christaller (1933), a German Economic Geographer in his well known Central Place Theory. The word “Hierarchy” is not a geographical term. Hierarchy is a universal phenomenon due to variation in size and functions. The gradation and grouping the settlement centres into the size of classes is termed as hierarchy. The concept of hierarchy is fundamental to the central place theory (Mulimani, 2006).
  • 137. The Central Place Theory ►Settlements are places to which people travel to buy things. ►People travel from a market area ►Each type of settlement is a central place, but they will be offering different types of services. ►Christaller came up with the Central Place Theory- this is used to describe the sizing and spacing of settlements according to the services they offer.
  • 138. A character of central places is to serve their respective surrounding, territory in terms of cultural, commercial and administrative requirements. Over the past 50 years, location, allocation analyses have developed a variety of models termed ‘hierarchical’ in that they incorporate multiple levels of either goals or facilities. Since the appearance of the central place models, a number of studies have appeared in different parts of the world. Most of the work consists simply of identification and investigations of settlement hierarchy in various areas.
  • 139. The basic idea of the ‘central place’ is that the major function of urban centers or big villages is to act as centers for their rural surroundings as well as mediators between local commerce and the outside world. Thus, villages, towns and cities serve in a structural relationship as central places for their peripheral areas. The central place model is related mainly with the patterns through which tertiary services and market oriented manufacturing are provided to consuming population of peripheral areas of respective centers.
  • 140. The hierarchy of rural or urban settlements denotes the ranking of rural or urban centres into successive groups on the basis of size or some other selected basis. These groups of rural or urban centres are functionally organized in a nesting pattern and are arranged in such a manner that lower order centre occurs within the influence areas of higher order centres at a greater distance than the lower order centre (Prasad, 1976).
  • 141. What is a Settlement Hierarchy ? ► A settlement hierarchy is when settlements are ranked in order of size or importance. Village City Town Hamlet
  • 143. This refers to the arrangement of settlements in an ‘order of importance’, usually from many isolated dwellings or hamlets at the base of the hierarchy to one major city, (usually the capital) at the top. The order of importance is usually based on one of the following: the area and population of the settlement (size) the range and number of services/functions within each settlement the relative sphere of influence of each settlement. Settlement hierarchy
  • 145. This is defined as the area served by a particular settlement. It is the area around a central place in which it distributes services, recruits labour and takes in school children. Sphere of influence
  • 146. Where would you go to buy the things from these shopping lists…? ► List A     Newspaper Cadburys chocolate Milk Stamps ► List B     New shoes CDs/DVDs Sports top Christmas present for your friend ► List C    Presents for your family Clothes for you Visit the cinema/go out for dinner whilst you’re there
  • 147. Low order goods ► These are convenience goods ► People use them regularly and do not need to compare prices ► Shops selling these need a smaller threshold population to make money as people buy them more frequently ► The shops therefore locate in smaller settlements.
  • 148. High order goods… ►These are comparison goods ►Before people buy them, they compare prices and quality. ►People do not buy these goods very often ►Therefore the shops have a higher threshold population, and will need to locate in a larger settlement to make a profit.
  • 149. High or low order goods?
  • 150. Hamlet Village Town City Church Cathedral Railway station Post Office Secondary School Corner Shop Public House Junior School Theatre The services may apply to more than one size of settlement. Match the service to the settlement
  • 151. Threshold Population – the minimum number of people needed to support a settlement or service. Range – the maximum distance that people are prepared to travel to obtain a particular service. Sphere of Influence is based upon two mainprinciples: Put the following in order, with the one with the largest range first: corner shop regional shopping centre department store small supermarket Sphere of influence
  • 152. Unit 2: Interaction within a Region Settlements in India Mrs. Prajakta Sonar Vispute Assistant Professor,College of Engineering Pune M.Plan Regional Planning,SPA Delhi ; B.Tech.Planning, CoEP
  • 153. - HIGHLIGHTS FROM CENSUS OF INDIA 2011
  • 154.  An urban settlement’s population size and civic status are important parameters considered by the government for determining fund support under various development schemes  Indian Census classifies settlements as Statutory Towns and Census Towns
  • 155.  All places with a municipality, corporation, cantonment board or notified town area committee, etc. These towns are known as Statutory Towns.  All other places which satisfied the following criteria: ◦ A minimum population of 5,000; ◦ At least 75 per cent of the male working population engaged in non-agricultural pursuits; and ◦ A density of population of at least 400 per sq. km. ◦ These towns, which in fact are villages, are known as Census Towns.
  • 156. • Urban Agglomerations (UAs): • An Urban Agglomeration forms a continuous urban spread and normally consists of a town and its adjoining urban outgrowths (OGs), or two or more physically contiguous towns together with or without outgrowths of such towns . An UA must consist of at least a statutory town and its total population (i.e. all the constituents put together) shouldn’t be less than 20,000 as per 2001 Census.
  • 157. • Areas around a core city or town, such well recognized places as, Railway colony, university campus, port area, etc., lying outside the limit of town, is termed as Out Growths.
  • 158.  Census Towns are in fact villages with urban characteristics as defined by the Census  As a consequence they are not eligible for development aids as like Statutory Towns
  • 159. Number of Administrative Units in Census 2011 States/UTs 35 Districts 640 Sub-districts 5,924 Towns 7,936 Villages 0.64 million
  • 160. Type of Urban Units 2011 Census 2001 Census Addition in 2001-11 1. Towns: 7,935 5,161 2,774 (a) Statutory Towns 4,041 3,811 242 (b) Census Towns 3,894 1,350 2,532 2. Urban Agglomerations 475 384 91 3. Out Growths (OGs) 981 962 19 Number of UAs/Towns and OGs in India Quick Estimates : Provisional
  • 161. Type of Urban Units 2011 2001 Change 1. Statutory Towns (incl OGs): (a) Number 4,041 3,809 232 (b) Population (in million) 319 265 58 ( c) Proportion to total Urban 86% 93% - 7 PPT 2. Census Towns: (a) Number 3,894 1,352 2,542 (b) Population (in million) 54 21 +33 ( c) Proportion to total Urban 14% 7% 7 PPT Number of Statutory and Census Towns and Their Population in India Quick Estimates : Provisional
  • 162. Name of Census Towns Population (2011) (In Million) 1. Noida (CT), Uttar Pradesh 0.64 2. Bokaro Steel City, Jharkhand 0.41 3. Kirari Suleman Nagar, NCT of Delhi 0.28 4. Karawal Nagar, NCT of Delhi 0.22 5. Nangloi Jat, NCT of Delhi 0.21 6. Bhalswa Jahangir Puri, NCT of Delhi 0.20 7. Navi Mumbai Panvel Raigad, Maharashtra 0.19 8. Khora, Uttar Pradesh 0.19 9. Sultan Pur Majra, NCT of Delhi 0.18 10. Hastsal, NCT of Delhi 0.18 Top 10 Census Towns – 2011 Quick Estimates : Provisional
  • 163. Procedure for Identifying Urban Areas  Prior to Census an elaborate exercise is undertaken to identify Urban Areas  Updated list of villages and towns prepared after incorporating the jurisdictional changes that have taken place after 2001 Census and up to 31st December 2009  Identification of Census Towns carried out by applying the urban criteria to all villages including Census Towns and Out Growths of Census 2001  The Census Towns are not declassified if they fail to meet the criteria on the basis of Census 2011.
  • 164. Digital Mapping - Using Latest Technology A step towards ensuring full coverage
  • 165. Map prepared from Satellite Imagery Similar maps were used by Enumerators in 33 capital cities in Census 2011
  • 167.  The definition of urban areas varies from country to country.  Taking note of this UN (Principles and Recommendations for Population and Housing Censuses, Revision 2 (2008) had noted that: “Because of national differences in the characteristics that distinguish urban from rural areas, the distinction between the urban and the rural population is not yet amenable to a single definition that would be applicable to all countries or, for the most part, even to the countries within a region..”
  • 168.  According to the latest report on World Urbanization Prospects prepared by the United Nations (2010), the total population living in the urban areas in the world is more than those living in rural areas.  Out of 6,829 million persons inhabiting this planet as per 2009 estimates, 3,421 million persons lived in urban areas and 3,408 million persons in the rural areas.  The share of urban population in the total population is estimated as 50.1%, just above the half-way mark.
  • 172. INDIA
  • 173. Population: • 833 million persons in India live in Rural areas, which is more than two-third of the total population • Rural – Urban distribution : 68.8% & 31.2% • Out of total increase of 181.4 million persons during 2001-11, contribution of Urban areas (91.0 million) is higher than of Rural areas (90.5 million).
  • 174. Growth in Population: • The Growth in Urban population is significantly higher at 31.8% than in Rural population (12.18%) during 2001-11 • Growth in Rural Population in India is steadily declining since 1991 • Growth in Female population is higher than in Male population both in Rural and Urban areas during the last decade.
  • 175. 175 Population by Rural Urban Residence - India • Total : 1,210,193,422 • Rural: 833,087,662 • Urban: 377,105,760 Persons: • Total : 100.0 % • Rural: 68.8 % • Urban: 31.2 % Rural Urban Distribution Persons (in %): Source: Census 2011 – Provisional Population Totals - India
  • 176. Census Year Population (in mn) Variation over past decade (in %) Rural Urban Rural Urban 1901 212.54 25.85 1921 223.23 28.09 -1.29 8.26 1931 245.51 33.46 9.98 19.12 1951 298.64 62.44 8.8 41.4 1961 360.30 78.94 20.64 26.41 1971 439.05 109.11 21.86 38.23 1981 523.87 159.46 19.32 46.14 1991 628.86 217.57 20.04 36.44 2001 742.62 286.12 18.09 31.51 2011 833.09 377.11 12.18 31.80 -10 0 10 20 30 40 50 Total Rural Urban
  • 177. Maharashtra, 50.83 Uttar Pradesh, 44.47 Tamil Nadu, 34.95 West Bengal, 29.13 Andhra Pradesh, 28.35 Gujarat, 25.71 Karnataka, 23.58 Madhya Pradesh, 20.06 Rajasthan, 17.08 NCT of Delhi, 16.33 Kerala, 15.93 Bihar, 11.73 Punjab, 10.39
  • 178. Progress of Urbanization in India 1901 – 2011 Census – Case Studies • India & States • Chennai • Bangalore
  • 179. W est Bengal Chandigarh P - Puducherry Jammu & Kashmir Him achal Pradesh Punjab Haryana Uttar Pradesh Rajasthan Arunachal Pradesh Assam Sikkim Nagaland Bihar Madhya Pradesh Meghalaya Manipur Jharkhand Gujarat Tripura Mizoram Orissa Maharashtra Dam an & Diu Dadra & Nagar Haveli Andhra Pradesh Karnataka Goa Tamil Nadu P Kerala P P P Chhattisgarh NCT of Delhi Uttarakhand I S L N I C A A N D L A K S H ( I N D 1901 % OF URBAN POPULATION 10.00 AND BELOW 10.01-20.00 20.01-30.00 30.01-40.00 40.01-50.00 50.01 AND ABOVE DATA NOT AVAILABLE Proportion of Urban Population - India/States
  • 180. W est Bengal Chandigarh P - Puducherry Jammu & Kashmir Him achal Pradesh Punjab Haryana Uttar Pradesh Rajasthan Arunachal Pradesh Assam Sikkim Nagaland Bihar Madhya Pradesh Meghalaya Manipur Jharkhand Gujarat Tripura Mizoram Orissa Maharashtra Dam an & Diu Dadra & Nagar Haveli Andhra Pradesh Karnataka Goa Tamil Nadu P Kerala P P P Chhattisgarh NCT of Delhi Uttarakhand I S L N I C A A N D L A K S H ( I N D 1901 % OF URBAN POPULATION 10.00 AND BELOW 10.01-20.00 20.01-30.00 30.01-40.00 40.01-50.00 50.01 AND ABOVE DATA NOT AVAILABLE W est Bengal Chandigarh P - Puducherry Jammu & Kashmir Him achal P radesh Punjab Haryana Uttar Pradesh Rajasthan Arunachal Pradesh Assam Sikkim Nagaland Bihar Madhya Pradesh Meghalaya Manipur Jharkhand Gujarat Tripura Mizoram Orissa Maharashtra Dam an & Diu Dadra & Nagar Haveli Andhra Pradesh Karnataka Goa Tamil Nadu P Kerala P P P Chhattisgarh NCT of Delhi Uttarakhand 1921 % OF URBAN POPULATION 10.00 AND BELOW 10.01 - 20.00 20.01 - 30.00 30.01 - 40.00 40.01 - 50.00 50.01 AND ABOVE DATA NOT AVAILABLE W est Bengal Chandigarh P - Puducherry Jammu & Kashmir Him achal Pradesh Punjab Haryana Uttar Pradesh Rajasthan Arunachal Pradesh Assam Sikkim Nagaland Bihar Madhya Pradesh Meghalaya Manipur Jharkhand Gujarat Tripura Mizoram Orissa Maharashtra Dam an & Diu Dadra & Nagar Haveli Andhra Pradesh Karnataka Goa Tamil Nadu P Kerala P P P Chhattisgarh NCT of Delhi Uttarakhand 1951 % OF URBAN POPULATION 10.00 AND BELOW 10.01 - 20.00 20.01 - 30.00 30.01 - 40.00 40.01 - 50.00 50.01 AND ABOVE DATA NOT AVAILABLE W est Bengal Chandigarh P - Puducherry Jammu & Kashmir Him achal P radesh Punjab Haryana Uttar Pradesh Rajasthan Arunachal Pradesh Assam Sikkim Nagaland Bihar Madhya Pradesh Meghalaya Manipur Jharkhand Gujarat Tripura Mizoram Orissa Maharashtra Dam an & Diu Dadra & Nagar Haveli Andhra Pradesh Karnataka Goa Tamil Nadu P Kerala P P P Chhattisgarh NCT of Delhi Uttarakhand 1971 % OF URBAN POPULATION 10.00 AND BELOW 10.01 - 20.00 20.01 - 30.00 30.01 - 40.00 40.01 - 50.00 50.01 AND ABOVE W est Bengal Chandigarh P - Puducherry Jammu & Kashmir Him achal P radesh Punjab Haryana Uttar Pradesh Rajasthan Arunachal Pradesh Assam Sikkim Nagaland Bihar Madhya Pradesh Meghalaya Manipur Jharkhand Gujarat Tripura Mizoram Orissa Maharashtra Dam an & Diu Dadra & Nagar Haveli Andhra Pradesh Karnataka Goa Tamil Nadu P Kerala P P P Chhattisgarh NCT of Delhi Uttarakhand 1991 % OF URBAN POPULATION 10.00 AND BELOW 10.01 - 20.00 20.01 - 30.00 30.01 - 40.00 40.01 - 50.00 50.01 AND ABOVE 2011 Uttarakhand NCT of Delhi Chhattisgarh P P P Kerala P Tamil Nadu Goa Karnataka Andhra Pradesh Dadra & Nagar Haveli Dam an & Diu Maharashtra Orissa Mizoram Tripura Gujarat Jharkhand Manipur Meghalaya Madhya Pradesh Bihar Nagaland Sikkim Assam Arunachal Pradesh Rajasthan Uttar Pradesh Haryana Punjab Him achal P radesh Jammu & Kashmir P - Puducherry Chandigarh W est Bengal % OF URBAN POPULATION 10.00 AND BELOW 10.01 - 20.00 20.01 - 30.00 30.01 - 40.00 40.01 - 50.00 50.01 AND ABOVE Progress of Urbanization in India/States 1901-2011
  • 181. Moderate (31.16% to 50.0%) West Bengal (31.89%) Andhra Pradesh, Haryana Andaman & Nicobar Is. Punjab, Karnataka, Gujarat (42.58%), Maharashtra Dadra & Nagar Haveli, Kerala, Tamil Nadu (48.45%) High (Above 50.0%) Mizoram (51.51%) Goa (62.17%), Puducherry, Daman & Diu Lakshadweep Chandigarh, NCT of Delhi (97.5%) Status of Urbanization in India States : Census 2011 Tamil Nadu (48%), Kerala (47%), Maharashtra (45%) and Gujarat (42%) are likely to cross the 50% mark in the near future.