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101 ways to make PA
work in Qld Vegetables
Sarah Limpus, Ian Layden & Julie O’Halloran
Department of Agriculture & Fisheries Queensland
101 ways to make precision agriculture work in Qld vegetables Sarah Limpus, Ian Layden DAAF
The Project
 “Adoption of variable rate technology in
Queensland’s intensive vegetable
productions systems”
 Commercial farm demonstration sites
across key Queensland vegetable producing
regions - 17 businesses
 Commercially available technologies
 Installation & optimisation
 Strategic management strategies
 Capacity building
Kalbar Carrots
 Shared harvester fitted with load-based yield monitor
 Proximal biomass imagery & EM soil survey
 VR spreader
 Data management software
Kalbar Carrots – Identify Variability
Biomass - NDVI Carrot Yield EM Soil Survey
Kalbar Carrots - Ground truthing variability
11
2
2
0
100
200
300
400
500
600
700
N P K
NUTRIENTANALYSIS(MG/KG)
Comparison of soil nutrient
analysis of zone 1 & 2
Growth
zone 1
Growth
zone 2
66%
50%
30%
NDVI (Greenseeker)
Kalbar Carrots – Identify Variability
(31%)
(62%)
(7%)
+50%
Carrot Yield – Raw data Carrot Yield – Cleaned &
Categorised
Zone 1
Zone 2
Kalbar Carrots – Treat Variability
Local Knowledge VRT Spreader
Kalbar Carrots – Data Mining
Yield
 Thousands of individual, geo-referenced data points
 Multiple spatial layers
96%
EM Soil Survey 89%
NDVIYIELD
NDVI (Greenseeker)
 How much of the field is
underperforming? By how much?
 Is there value in increasing yield
in poorer performing areas?
 Economic analyses of variability
vs management intervention
 Farming values
Yield
category
Area % area
0-40 t/ha 2.8 31
40-60 t/ha 5.6 62
60-100 t/ha 0.6 6
 high $/ha
 low $/ha
Kalbar Carrots - Decision making Profit-Loss Map
Atherton Potatoes
 250 ha fresh & processing
potato
 Mechanical harvester fitted
with load-based yield
monitor
 Satellite NDVI – cloud cover
 Retrofit planting box for VRT
fertiliser
Atherton Potatoes – Identify Variability
Potato yield map
30% higher yielding
variety
53%
NDVI Sat Image - 0.8m resolution
Irrigated
at capture
Pasture 4 yrs ago
Atherton Potatoes - Identify Variability
pH 4.5
pH 5.9
pH grid sampling
Conventional lime cost 60 t @ $9,600
VRT lime cost 35 t @ $5,600 strategic spread
40% lime savings
Atherton Potatoes – Treat Variability
Lime prescription to target pH 5.5
0 t/ha
1.5 t/ha
2.5 t/ha
4.5 t/ha
Atherton Potatoes – Treat Variability
 EM mapping and & moisture probes (telemetry)
 Low water holding capacity soils in the East
 VRT irrigation, automatically manual
30% higher yielding
variety
Atherton Potatoes – Data Mining
Zone Average (t/ha) % Area
1 79.30 4.98%
2 51.30 15.99%
3 38.44 50.04%
4 25.58 27.09%
5 14.58 1.89%
Average/total 38.59 100%
Bowen Capsicums
 BMS Soil Information Systems (EM mapping)
 32 ha mapped/sampled
Bowen Capsicums - Identify Variability
 53% with ESP >6%
 As high as 20% at 0.5m
 Yield consequences? Data doesn’t exist
 Up to 60% based on calculations derived
from Ayars & Westcott, 1994
 Not seen here = good water/nutrition
management
 Soil tests & local erosion show
considerable soil-structural effects
ESP %
Qld Globe Data > Bore station
Don River Delta
101 ways to make precision agriculture work in Qld vegetables Sarah Limpus, Ian Layden DAAF
 Keep an eye on water levels
 Leach in dry years only
 Gypsum application 0-5 t/ha banded
(traditional 1t/ha over 32 ha)
 VRT increases GM by $9/ha OR 0.002%
of the GM
Bowen Capsicums - Treat Variability
YES!
 0 t/ha
 1.75 t/ha
 3.25 t/ha
 5 t/ha
So why is PA in veg important?
 While not always straightforward, PA does help identify, quantify & treat variability
 Crop uniformity is critical – contract & mechanical harvesting, hand harvesting (reducing
multiple harvests)
 Current agronomy is very good – has been revised due to missing some important within block
factors affecting profitability (pests, irrigation, soil)
 More efficient & strategic utilisation of resources (inputs, labour) & land (environmental
advantages)
 Government investment has an important role in kick-starting/navigating adoption of new
technologies, particularly where market failure exists
Future
 Improved grower/agronomist readiness for emerging data challenges (storage, analysis, privacy,
mobile applications, robotics, automation)
 Traceability – becoming more important in the fresh sector (agronomic/chemical data on
demand, exact locations/harvest days, pack out, safety, quality ………)
Challenges
 Yield monitors are critical to adoption & understanding the cost
of variability – require significant optimisation & calibration to
determine “marketable” yield
 Data management, capacity building in utilising software,
‘cloud’ & mobile mapping applications e.g. Google Earth,
Dropbox
 Technology optimisation – not just plug & play technologies,
compatibilities
 Capacity building for ground truthing activities e.g.
strategic/zonal sampling
 Multiple layers & data mining to get the most out of the
investment
This work was supported by the Queensland Department of
Agriculture and Fisheries (DAF), Department of Environment and
Heritage Protection and the Australian Government’s National
Landcare Programme.
This work was made possible by the co-operation of producers and
commercial service providers.
Acknowledgements
Kengoon Farming ● Windhum Farms ● NorthQual ● Veejays ● Rieck Farming ● DJM Farming ●
Ben Poggioli ● AustChilli ● Kalfresh ● Windolf Farms ● Rugby Farms ● Phantom Farms
Precision Agriculture ● Precision Ag Solutions ● Vanderfields ● BGA Agri Services ● GT Ag Services ● SST
Software ● Bowen Crop Monitoring ● Tableland Fert ● Airborn Insight ●
BMS Laser Sat
Activities
Assess spatial variability
Crop Sensing
•Satellite images
•Proximal NDVI sensors
EMI Soil Mapping
•Soil moisture
•Clay content
•Salt
Gridded Soil Sampling
Yield Monitoring
•Retrofit existing harvesters
•3 x potato
•1 x sweet potato
•1 x carrot (750+ ha)
Ground-truthing activities
Strategic crop monitoring
Pest/disease identification &
mapping
Irrigation efficacy/moisture
monitoring
EMI Soil Mapping
Strategic/zonal soil sampling
Management interventions
Irrigation redesign/VR
Variable rate applications
•Lime
•Fertiliser
•Gypsum
•Compost
Strategic management &
software

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101 ways to make precision agriculture work in Qld vegetables Sarah Limpus, Ian Layden DAAF

  • 1. 101 ways to make PA work in Qld Vegetables Sarah Limpus, Ian Layden & Julie O’Halloran Department of Agriculture & Fisheries Queensland
  • 3. The Project  “Adoption of variable rate technology in Queensland’s intensive vegetable productions systems”  Commercial farm demonstration sites across key Queensland vegetable producing regions - 17 businesses  Commercially available technologies  Installation & optimisation  Strategic management strategies  Capacity building
  • 4. Kalbar Carrots  Shared harvester fitted with load-based yield monitor  Proximal biomass imagery & EM soil survey  VR spreader  Data management software
  • 5. Kalbar Carrots – Identify Variability Biomass - NDVI Carrot Yield EM Soil Survey
  • 6. Kalbar Carrots - Ground truthing variability 11 2 2 0 100 200 300 400 500 600 700 N P K NUTRIENTANALYSIS(MG/KG) Comparison of soil nutrient analysis of zone 1 & 2 Growth zone 1 Growth zone 2 66% 50% 30% NDVI (Greenseeker)
  • 7. Kalbar Carrots – Identify Variability (31%) (62%) (7%) +50% Carrot Yield – Raw data Carrot Yield – Cleaned & Categorised
  • 8. Zone 1 Zone 2 Kalbar Carrots – Treat Variability Local Knowledge VRT Spreader
  • 9. Kalbar Carrots – Data Mining Yield  Thousands of individual, geo-referenced data points  Multiple spatial layers 96% EM Soil Survey 89% NDVIYIELD NDVI (Greenseeker)
  • 10.  How much of the field is underperforming? By how much?  Is there value in increasing yield in poorer performing areas?  Economic analyses of variability vs management intervention  Farming values Yield category Area % area 0-40 t/ha 2.8 31 40-60 t/ha 5.6 62 60-100 t/ha 0.6 6  high $/ha  low $/ha Kalbar Carrots - Decision making Profit-Loss Map
  • 11. Atherton Potatoes  250 ha fresh & processing potato  Mechanical harvester fitted with load-based yield monitor  Satellite NDVI – cloud cover  Retrofit planting box for VRT fertiliser
  • 12. Atherton Potatoes – Identify Variability Potato yield map 30% higher yielding variety 53% NDVI Sat Image - 0.8m resolution Irrigated at capture Pasture 4 yrs ago
  • 13. Atherton Potatoes - Identify Variability pH 4.5 pH 5.9 pH grid sampling
  • 14. Conventional lime cost 60 t @ $9,600 VRT lime cost 35 t @ $5,600 strategic spread 40% lime savings Atherton Potatoes – Treat Variability Lime prescription to target pH 5.5 0 t/ha 1.5 t/ha 2.5 t/ha 4.5 t/ha
  • 15. Atherton Potatoes – Treat Variability  EM mapping and & moisture probes (telemetry)  Low water holding capacity soils in the East  VRT irrigation, automatically manual
  • 16. 30% higher yielding variety Atherton Potatoes – Data Mining Zone Average (t/ha) % Area 1 79.30 4.98% 2 51.30 15.99% 3 38.44 50.04% 4 25.58 27.09% 5 14.58 1.89% Average/total 38.59 100%
  • 17. Bowen Capsicums  BMS Soil Information Systems (EM mapping)  32 ha mapped/sampled
  • 18. Bowen Capsicums - Identify Variability  53% with ESP >6%  As high as 20% at 0.5m  Yield consequences? Data doesn’t exist  Up to 60% based on calculations derived from Ayars & Westcott, 1994  Not seen here = good water/nutrition management  Soil tests & local erosion show considerable soil-structural effects ESP %
  • 19. Qld Globe Data > Bore station Don River Delta
  • 21.  Keep an eye on water levels  Leach in dry years only  Gypsum application 0-5 t/ha banded (traditional 1t/ha over 32 ha)  VRT increases GM by $9/ha OR 0.002% of the GM Bowen Capsicums - Treat Variability YES!  0 t/ha  1.75 t/ha  3.25 t/ha  5 t/ha
  • 22. So why is PA in veg important?  While not always straightforward, PA does help identify, quantify & treat variability  Crop uniformity is critical – contract & mechanical harvesting, hand harvesting (reducing multiple harvests)  Current agronomy is very good – has been revised due to missing some important within block factors affecting profitability (pests, irrigation, soil)  More efficient & strategic utilisation of resources (inputs, labour) & land (environmental advantages)  Government investment has an important role in kick-starting/navigating adoption of new technologies, particularly where market failure exists Future  Improved grower/agronomist readiness for emerging data challenges (storage, analysis, privacy, mobile applications, robotics, automation)  Traceability – becoming more important in the fresh sector (agronomic/chemical data on demand, exact locations/harvest days, pack out, safety, quality ………)
  • 23. Challenges  Yield monitors are critical to adoption & understanding the cost of variability – require significant optimisation & calibration to determine “marketable” yield  Data management, capacity building in utilising software, ‘cloud’ & mobile mapping applications e.g. Google Earth, Dropbox  Technology optimisation – not just plug & play technologies, compatibilities  Capacity building for ground truthing activities e.g. strategic/zonal sampling  Multiple layers & data mining to get the most out of the investment
  • 24. This work was supported by the Queensland Department of Agriculture and Fisheries (DAF), Department of Environment and Heritage Protection and the Australian Government’s National Landcare Programme. This work was made possible by the co-operation of producers and commercial service providers. Acknowledgements Kengoon Farming ● Windhum Farms ● NorthQual ● Veejays ● Rieck Farming ● DJM Farming ● Ben Poggioli ● AustChilli ● Kalfresh ● Windolf Farms ● Rugby Farms ● Phantom Farms Precision Agriculture ● Precision Ag Solutions ● Vanderfields ● BGA Agri Services ● GT Ag Services ● SST Software ● Bowen Crop Monitoring ● Tableland Fert ● Airborn Insight ● BMS Laser Sat
  • 25. Activities Assess spatial variability Crop Sensing •Satellite images •Proximal NDVI sensors EMI Soil Mapping •Soil moisture •Clay content •Salt Gridded Soil Sampling Yield Monitoring •Retrofit existing harvesters •3 x potato •1 x sweet potato •1 x carrot (750+ ha) Ground-truthing activities Strategic crop monitoring Pest/disease identification & mapping Irrigation efficacy/moisture monitoring EMI Soil Mapping Strategic/zonal soil sampling Management interventions Irrigation redesign/VR Variable rate applications •Lime •Fertiliser •Gypsum •Compost Strategic management & software