2. PRESENTATION TOPICS
COMPUTER ARCHITECTURE HISTORY
COMPONENTS OF COMPUTER ARCHITECTURE
VON NEUMANN ARCHITECTURE
HARWARD ARCHITECTURE
CPU
MEMORY

3. HISTORY
• One of the first computing devices to come
out was...
The ABACUS!

4. EVOLUTION OF COMPUTERS
FIRST GENERATION (1945-1955)
• Used Vacuum tubes
• Bigger, slower, less efficient
• Used punch cards
• Not commercially used
• Eg UNIVAC 1, IBM

5. SECOND GENERATION(1955-
1965)
• Used Transistors
• Faster and Smaller than previous generation
• Worked with higher level languages
• Eg IBM 1620

6. THIRD GENERATION(1965-1971)
• Used Integrated circuits
• Flexible and Smaller
• Well suited for commercial applications
• Known as mini computers
• Eg IBM 360, PDP 8, PDP 11

7. FOURTH GENERATION (1971-1980)
• Used very large scale Integrated circuits
• (VLSI) Interactive general purpose machines
• Allow rapid application development
• Easier to use for personal application
• Can be easily used in network
• Eg IBM PC, Apple II, Super Computers

8. FIFTH GENERATION
• Portable and sophisticated
• Superior in processing speed user
• Friendliness and Connectivity to network
• Supports artificial intelligence techiniques
• Eg IBM notebook, Pentium PCs, PARAM
10000

9. Progression of the Architecture
• Vacuum tubes -- 1940 – 1950
• Transistors -- 1950 – 1964
• Integrated circuits -- 1964 – 1971
• Microprocessor chips -- 1971 – present

10. Components
ISA
MICROARCHITECTURE
Hardware
components

11. Instruction Set Architecture
• Analogous to human language
• Allow communication between H/W and S/W
• Collection of commands
Opcode or Operation Code: MOV, ADD,
SUB,LOAD
RISC MISC
CISC ZISC

12. Microarchitecture
• Interconnection Technique
• Defines data paths, data processing, and
storage elements
• Define interconnection between
Control Unit Registers
ALU
Instruction Memory Data Memory

13. Von Neumann
CPU
Instruction
&
Memory
I/O

14. Harward
Data
Memory
CPU
Instruction
Memory
I/OALU

15. Hardware Components
• Are Optional
• System design, Performance and Cost
flexibility
• RAM, ROM Input and Output ports and
peripherals

16. CPU
• Central Processing Unit
• Contain IC
• Components
Arithmetic Logic Unit
processor Register
Control Unit

17. Current CPU Architecture
CENTRAL PROCESSING UNIT(CPU)
manipulation and control
Main Memory(Mm)
 Storage for instruction and data for currently executing programs
Input / Output Subsystem(I/O)
 Controller which communicate with “external” device
o Secondary memory
o Display devices
o Networks
CPU Mm I/O

18. Basic CPU overview

19. Single Bus

20. MEMORY
MEMORY
Primary
Memory
Secondary
Memory
RAM
ROM
Hard Drive
Floppy Disk
Optical Disk

21. RAM
• Random Access Memory
• Volatile
• DRAM (Dynamic RAM)
– Most common, cheap
– Volatile: must be refreshed (recharged with power)
1000’s of times each second
• SRAM (Static RAM)
– Faster than DRAM and more expensive than DRAM
– Volatile
– Frequently small amount used in cache memory for
high-speed access used

22. ROM
• Read Only Memory
• Non-volatile memory to hold software that is not
expected to change over the life of the system
• Magnetic core memory
• EEPROM
– Electrically Erasable Programmable ROM
– Slower and less flexible than Flash ROM
• Flash ROM
– Faster than disks but more expensive
– Uses
• BIOS: initial boot instructions and diagnostics
• Digital cameras

23. Amit Kumar