Oral infections , tut

Causes of Mouth infections:
The following medical conditions are some of the
possible causes of Mouth infections. There are
likely to be other possible .
Poor oral hygiene :
Herpes simplex
Mouth ulcers
Dental disorders
Gingivitis
Vincent's angina
Amna Medani, 2015, Tutorial, Dentistry

Herpes: Herpes is a sexually transmitted disease (STD)
caused by the herpes simplex viruses type 1 (HSV -1) and
type 2 (HSV-2). up to 90% of cases are asymptomatic
and subclinical.Symptomatic patients show
Lip ulcers
Mouth ulcers
Genital ulcers - rarely
Corneal ulcers
Conjunctival ulcers
Gingivostomatitis

Mouth ulcers: Introduction
Mouth ulcers include
lesions, sores, laceration,abrasions, or any open break
in the mucosa of the mouth, lips or tongue. Mouth
ulcers may also be calledstomatitis and are a symptom
of a variety of mild to serious diseases, disorders and
conditions. Mouth ulcers can result from vitamin
deficiencies, infection,
inflammation, trauma, malignancy and other diseases
and abnormal processes.

Mouth ulcers can occur in any age group or population.
Mouth ulcers can be the result of a mild condition,
such as a canker sore or excessive or overly aggressive
tooth brushing. Mouth ulcers can also be the result of a
moderate condition, disorder or disease, such
as gingivitis or a cold sore. Mouth ulcers can also occur
due to some diseases, disorders and conditions that
can be serious, even life-threatening. These
include oral cancer and leukoplakia.

Depending on the cause, mouth ulcers can be short-term
and disappear quickly, such as when mouth ulcers occur
due to ill-fitting dentures that are replaced by properly
fitting dentures. Mouth ulcers can also occur chronically or
long-term, such as mouth ulcers that happens with oral
cancer or periodontal disease that is not treated.
Mouth ulcers can be the result of a wide variety of other
conditions, including trauma to the mouth, teeth or gums,
and as a side effect of certain medications, such as
chemotherapy. For more details about causes, see causes of
mouth ulcers.
Mouth ulcers often occur in conjunction with other
symptoms, which vary depending on the underlying
disease, disorder or condition. Other common symptoms
include mouth pain, bad breath, jaw swelling, tooth
fracture, bleeding gums, unusual patches or rashes in the
mouth or on the lips or tongue.

Diagnosing mouth ulcers and their root cause begins with
taking a thorough personal and family medical history,
including symptoms, and completing a physical
examination. This includes an oral examination and oral X-
rays. A full dental examination, performed by a dentist
and/or periodontist (a specialist in periodontal disease)
may be recommended is the cause is believed to be due
toperiodontal disease.
Diagnosing many common causes of mouth ulcers, such
as oral thrush, cold sores and canker sores, can often be
made by the symptoms and the appearance of the mouth
ulcers. Making a diagnosis of mouth ulcers may also
include performing a variety of tests to help to diagnose
potential underlying diseases, conditions or disorders, such
as oral cancer and leukoplakia. Tests can include biopsy of
the mouth ulcers.

A diagnosis of mouth ulcers and their cause can easily be
delayed or missed because symptoms of mouth ulcers may
be mild or intermittent and for other reasons. For
information on misdiagnosis, refer to misdiagnosis of
mouth ulcers.
Treatment of mouth ulcers varies based on the underlying
cause. Some conditions can be easily and successfully
treated and cured, while others may require more intensive
treatment and may not have an optimal prognosis. For
more information on treatment, refer to treatment of
mouth ulcers. ...more »
Mouth ulcers: Ulcers in the mouth membranes or oral
areas. More detailed information about
thesymptoms, causes, and treatments of Mouth ulcers is
available below.

Mouth ulcers: Treatments
Treatment of mouth ulcers begins with prevention.
This includes seeking regular dental care (twice yearly)
and maintaining good oral hygiene, such as brushing
the teeth at least twice a day and flossing once a day.
Treatment plans for mouth ulcers are individualized
based on the underlying cause, the presence of
coexisting diseases, the age and medical history of the
patient, and other factors

Dental conditions
Any condition that affects dental organs such as the teeth and gums.
Examples of dental conditions include tooth decay, tooth infection,
gingivitis, periodontitis, impacted tooth and canker sores.
Symptoms of Dental conditions
The list of signs and symptoms mentioned in various sources
for Dental conditions includes the 9 symptoms listed below:
Tooth pain
Malodorous breath
Fever
Chills
Bad breath
Bad taste
Abscess
Cervical adenopathy
Trismus

Gingivitis:
Inflammation of the gums which causes them to become
swollen and tender. The gums tend to bleed easily when the
teeth are brushed. The condition is usually caused by food
particles or plaque becoming trapped between the teeth
and gums. The resulting bacteria cause the gums to become
inflamed and can lead to serious dental damage if left
untreated.
Symptoms of Gingivitis
Red gums
Swollen gums
Bleeding gums
Tender gums
Bad breath

Treatments for Gingivitis
In mild cases better dental hygiene may be the main
treatment strategy:
Dental hygiene
Brushing teeth
Flossing teeth
Antiseptic mouth rinse

Vincent's angina
Vincent's angina: A reoccurring periodontal disease
which results in necrosis and ulceration of the gums.
Symptoms may include fever, bone loss, breath odor and
enlarge neck and throat lymph nodes. Also called trench
mouth, acute necrotizing ulcerative gingivitis or Vincent's
infection.
Vincent's angina: An acute or chronic GINGIVITIS
characterized by redness and swelling, NECROSIS
extending from the interdental papillae along the gingival
margins, PAIN; HEMORRHAGE, necrotic odor, and often a
pseudomembrane. The condition may extend to the ORAL
MUCOSA; TONGUE; PALATE; or PHARYNX. The etiology
is somewhat unclear, but may involve a complex of
FUSOBACTERIUM NUCLEATUM along with spirochetes
BORRELIA or TREPONEMA.

Noma: A rare disorder characterized by gangrenous
sores that spread rapidly and usually start in the
mouth or lips. It mostly occurs in undernourished
children living in poor, unhygienic conditions.
Symptoms of Noma
Oral ulcer
Gangrenous lesion
Greenish black lesion
Increased number of white blood cells in blood
Complications
Review possible medical complications related to
Noma:
Alveolar bone destruction
Sepsis

Candidiasis is a yeast infection that is caused by a
fungal microorganism, most often the fungus Candida
albicans. Candidiasis is also known as thrush and can
cause yeast infections in many areas of the body. These
commonly include the mouth (oral thrust), the vagina
(vaginal yeast infection, vaginal thrush) and the
digestive tract (gastroenteritis). Candidiasis can also
be a symptom of a serious disease, such
as HIV/AIDSor diabetes.
The fungal yeast that causes most cases of candidiasis,
Candida albicans, normally lives in some places in the
body, such as the mouth and vagina, in a certain
balance with other microorganisms, such as bacteria.
However, some factors or conditions may result in an
overgrowth of Candida albicans or other fungi.

People at risk for candidiasis include those taking strong
antibiotics, especially for a long period of time.
Antibiotics kill bacteria, which can alter the balance of
microorganisms in the mouth, vagina, intestines and
other places in the body and result in a proliferation of
yeast.
People with weakened immune systems are also more
likely to develop candidiasis and have recurrent bouts of
yeast infection. This includes people with HIV/AIDS or
those taking steroid medications or on chemotherapy,
which all suppress the immune system. People
with diabetes are more likely to develop candidiasis
because the elevated level of sugar in the body provide
food for yeast and encourage its overgrowth. Other people
at risk include the very young and very old.

Symptoms of Candidiasis
Itchy skin rash
Skin inflammation
Small blisters
Armpit skin rash
Skin rash under breasts
Rash in skin folds
Symptoms of oral thrush:
White patches inside cheeks
White patches on tongue
White patches in throat

Making a diagnosis of candidiasis includes performing a
complete medical evaluation and history and physical
examination that focuses on the area of the body with
symptoms. Diagnosis is generally made based on the
typical appearance of the candidiasis sores, vaginal
discharge or other symptoms and a history of factors that
make a yeast infection likely. Diagnostic testing may
include taking a small sample or swab of the infected
area and examining it under a microscope to confirm an
overgrowth of yeast. Candidiasis can be successfully
treated with an individualized treatment plan that best
fits the area of the body affected and the patient's age,
medical history, and addresses underlying risk factors,
such as diabetes. Treatment may include eating certain
foods and medication.

Treatments for Candidiasis
The most effective treatment plan for candidiasis uses a
multifaceted approach. The first step in treatment is
prevention. Prevention measures include maintaining good
oral and peri-anal hygiene and using antibiotics only when
truly needed. This can help minimize candidiasis that is due to
an overgrowth of yeast resulting from antibiotic use.
To prevent transmission of candidiasis to a newborn infant,
pregnant women should consult with their licensed health care
provider if they have symptoms of a vaginal yeast infection,
such as vaginal itching, burning with urination, and a cheesy
white discharge. Nursing women who have nipple discharge or
pain should also notify their provider so they can be examined
for candidiasis of the nipples, which could be transmitted to
the mouth of a nursing infant.

A treatment plan may also include medications,
including prescription topical or oral antifungal
medications, such as fluconazole.
Treatment of candidiasis also includes diagnosing any
underlying diseases that may increase the risk for the
infection. These include HIV/AIDS and diabetes.
Treating the high blood sugar levels ofdiabetes may
resolve a current infection and is key to minimizing the
risk of developing recurrent infections of candidiasis.
Therapy may also include eating yogurt or taking
acidophilus supplements, which can help to correct the
abnormal balance of microorganisms in the mouth and
digestive tract, which leads to candidiasis. Using
antiseptic mouth washes may also be recommended
for oral thrush.

Syphilis is one type of sexually transmitted disease.
Syphilis is the result of a bacterial infection of the genital
tract by the bacterium Treponema pallidum. Syphilis is
passed from one person another during direct sexual
contact with a syphilis lesion that involves vaginal, oral,
or anal sex. Syphilis can also be passed from an infected
mother to her baby during pregnancy and result
in stillbirth or serious birth defects.
Any person that engages in sexual activity can contract
and pass on syphilis. This includes heterosexual,
homosexual and bisexual men and women. The more
sexual partners a person has, the greater the risk of
catching syphilis. Syphilis also increases the risk
of HIV infection, which causes AIDS

Syphilis that is caught early in the first stage of the
infection can be quickly and easily treated. If not
promptly recognized and treated, syphilis will progress
through three stages. Each stage of syphilis has distinct
symptoms. The first stage is characterized by the
development of a lesion called a chancre. The chancre
usually develops in the genital area, but it can develop
on the lips, tongue or rectum if these areas have been
exposed to a syphilis chancre on another person during
oral or anal sexual contact.
If left untreated, the syphilis infection can last for years
and can lead to serious complications in the third and
final stage of the disease. Complications
include dementia, paralysis, blindness andaortic
aneurysm.

Making a diagnosis of syphilis includes performing a
blood test for syphilis. Diagnosis also includes taking a
medical and sexual history and completing a physical
and pelvic examination for women and an exam of the
penis and testicles for men. During the examination,
the health care practitioner will examine the
reproductive organs for a syphilis chancre and signs of
other sexually transmitted diseases.
The first step in the treatment of syphilis is prevention.
Prevention of syphilis is best accomplished by
abstaining from sexual activity or having sex only
within a mutually monogamous relationship in which
neither partner is infected with a sexually transmitted
disease. Latex condoms also provide some protection
when used properly.

Treatment of the first stage of syphilis includes
antibiotic therapy. Treatment also includes notifying
and treating all sexual partners.
Treatments for Syphilis
Penicillin
Injected penicillin
Other antibiotics - if allergic to penicillin

Hand, Foot, & Mouth Disease: Common contagious viral
infant or child condition,a common illness of infants and
children. It is characterized by fever, sores in the mouth,
and a rash .
Symptoms
Mild fever
Poor appetite
Malaise
Sore throat
Treatment
Symptomatic treatment
Bed rest
Fluids
Fever treatments
Pain treatments

Leukemia is a type of cancer that occurs in the blood or
bone marrow. Leukemia causes an uncontrolled
growth of abnormal white blood cells, the infection
fighting cells in the blood. Leukemia is one of the most
common types of cancer and one of the top
ten cancerkillers.
Leukemia is a general term for four types of malignant
disease of the blood and bone marrow. These
includeacute lymphocytic leukemia and acute
myelogenous leukemia, which progress rapidly. The
other forms of leukemia, chronic lymphocytic
leukemia and chronic myelogenous leukemia, progress
more slowly.

Leukemia is most treatable and curable if caught in the
earliest stages of the disease. Untreated and/or
advanced leukemia results in a proliferation of
abnormal white blood cells that spread throughout the
blood stream. These abnormal cells crowd out normal
white blood cells. The abnormal white blood cells are
not able to fight infections as effectively as the normal
white blood cells. This results in increased infections.
The abnormal white blood cells of leukemia also crowd
out red blood cells, resulting in anemia, a low number
of red blood cells. Leukemia also results in lower
numbers of platelet cells in the blood, which are
needed for normal clotting. This results in impaired
clotting.

The abnormal white blood cells formed in leukemia also
accumulate in the organs of the body, such as the spleen,
liver, spleen, lymph nodes, testes, and brain, and interfere
with normal organ functioning.
The cause of many cases of leukemia is unknown, but in
some cases, leukemia is caused by abnormalities in the
chromosomes. People at risk for developing leukemia
include those who have been exposed to high doses of
radiation, certain types of chemotherapy, or chemicals,
such as benzene. Having Down syndrome or Fanconi's
syndrome increases the risk as well. Additionally, certain
viruses, such as Epstein-Barr virus, are associated with the
development of leukemia. Smoking also increases the risk
of leukemia.

Diagnosing leukemia begins with taking a thorough
personal and family medical history, including symptoms
and risk factors for leukemia. Diagnosis also includes
completing a physical examination.
Diagnostic testing includes a blood test called a complete
blood count (CBC). A complete blood count will reveal the
presence of high or low numbers of white blood cells, red
blood cells and platelets. Other blood tests are also done to
diagnose the specific type of leukemia.
A bone marrow test is also done to diagnose leukemia. A
bone marrow test involves using a needle to withdrawal a
sample of cells from the bone marrow, where blood cells are
formed. The sample is examined under a microscope for
the presence of the abnormal leukemia cells.

The prognosis for people with leukemia varies depending
on the type of leukemia and other factors. However,
many types of leukemia can be effectively treated and
some can be cured. Survival rates for leukemia have risen
dramatically in the last four decades due to
improvements in treatment.
Treatment of leukemia varies, depending on the specific
type of leukemia, the patient's age, health history, overall
health status, and other factors. Treatment may include
chemotherapy, bone marrow transplant and enrollment
in clinical trials.

Agranulocytosis: Total lack of granulocytes in the blood.
Symptoms of Agranulocytosis
Fever
Sore throat
Painful mouth ulcers
Anal ulcers
Reduced immune response
Treatment
Broad-spectrum antibiotics
Treating any underlying cause
Stopping any medication cause
Intensive care
Granulocyte transfusions

Tuberculosis is a contagious disease caused by abacterial
infection of the lungs, which can also spread to other
parts of the body, such as the brain, kidneys, and bones.
Tuberculosis, also known as TB, is caused by the
bacterium Mycobacterium tuberculosis.
People who have healthy immune systems can often fight
off a tuberculosis infection after breathing in
Mycobacterium tuberculosis bacteria. These people have
no symptoms and are not sick, because the immune
system is able to prevent the bacteria from growing and
multiplying. This is called latent tuberculosis.

When the Mycobacterium tuberculosis bacteria are able
to grow, multiply and spread, this is called active
tuberculosis. People who are malnourished, have
impaired immune systems, or have chronic diseases are
most susceptible to developing active tuberculosis.
People with active tuberculosis can develop symptoms
that include a cough that produces blood-tinged phlegm.
Complications of untreated active tuberculosis can be
serious and even fatal.
People at risk for developing tuberculosis include anyone
who has had close contact with a person with active
tuberculosis. Another high risk population includes
people who are immigrants from areas of the world that
have high rates of tuberculosis. People who have
impaired immune systems are also at risk.

Making a diagnosis of tuberculosis involves taking a
thorough health history, including symptoms, and
performing a physical exam. Tests include special blood
tests and a tuberculin skin test, which can detect if a person
has been infected with the Mycobacterium tuberculosis
bacterium or has had a vaccination for tuberculosis. These
tests cannot detect if the infection has lead to active
tuberculosis. Lesions in the lungs that are due to
tuberculosis may also be seen on a chest X-ray.
Confirming a diagnosis of tuberculosis involves testing
samples of phlegm for the presence of the bacterium
Mycobacterium tuberculosis. In addition, some medical
testing may be done to rule out or confirm other diseases
with similar symptoms, such as pneumonia, bronchitis,
or influenza.

Possibly curable types of Tuberculosis may include:
Tuberculosis associated with pelvic inflammatory disease
Genitourinary tuberculosis
Cutaneous tuberculosis
Skeletal tuberculosis
Pulmonary tuberculosis
Hidden causes of Tuberculosis may be incorrectly
diagnosed:
AIDS
Immunodeficiency
Pneumoconiosis - in coal mine workers
Malnutrition

The first step in getting correct treatment is to get a
correct diagnosis. Differential diagnosis list for
Tuberculosis may include:
pneumonia
lung abscesses (see Lung symptoms)
lung tumors
respiratory fungal infections
Cestodic tuberculosis - similar symptoms to TB but
caused by cestode parasites.

Some of the different medications used in the treatment
of Tuberculosis include:
Prednisolone
A&D w/Prednisolone
Cortalone
Delta-Cortef
Duapred
Fernisonone-P
Hydelta-TBA
Hydeltrasol
Inflamase
Inflamase Forte
Key-Pred
Meticortelone
Meti-Derm
Metreton

Minims Prednisolone
Mydrapred
Niscort
Nor-Pred
Nova-Pred
Novoprednisolone
Optimyd
Otobione
Peidaject
Pediapred
Polypred
Predcor
Pred Forte

Pred-G
Pred Mild
Prelone
PSP-IV
Savacort
Sterane
TBA Pred
Pyrazinamide - used as part of a combination therapy
PMS Pyrazinamide
Rifater
Tebrazid - used as part of a combination therapy
Rifampin
Rifadin
Rifadin IV

Rifamate
Rimactane
Rimactane/INH Dual Pack
Rofact
Aminosalicylate Sodium - used as part of a combination
treatment
Nemasol Sodium - used as part of a combination treatment
Capreomycin - used as part of a combination treatment
Capastat Sulfate - used as part of a combination treatment
Ethionamide
Trecator
Braccoprial - used as part of a combination therapy
Methambutol
Myambutol
Zinamide

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