1. 11
AMOEBA AQUATECH 阿米巴水产科技 - 马来西亚淡水鱼苗繁殖场
www.amoeba.fish

2. 2
Thomas Wong - Amoeba Aquatech
Technology Consultant of Amoeba Aquatech
Thomas Wong, an aquaculture specialist is
currently the Amoeba Aquatech aquaculture
farming & breeding consultant, has a Diploma in
Marketing and has been involved in aquaculture
practices for more than 20 years. Has involved
intensively in freshwater and brackish water
Prawn fry Production, Freshwater/ Marine fish
breeding and farm management.
Trained in Malaysia by the Fisheries of Malaysia
and in Taiwan, holds various diplomas in
aquaculture i.e fish rearing, aquaculture,
freshwater Prawn and other aquatic cultivation
training.

3. AQUACULTURE
Finfish & Shellfish Farming
3

4. Aquaculture
Aquaculture is refer to
 breeding, rearing, harvesting of animals & plants
in all types of water environments i.e ponds,
rivers, lakes & ocean.
 Mariculture means = aquaculture practiced in
marine environments and in underwater habitats
 FAO term = farming of aquatic organisms
including fish, molluscs, crustaceans and aquatic
plants.
4

5. WHY AQUACULTURE
Food:
• Source of Protein - Neutriceutical Value-Omega 3 Oil(DHA-docosahexaenoic
acid and EPA-eicosapentaenoic acid )
Business Opportunities:
• Inflation Resistance- food & protein
• Highly profitable investment
• Cash Business- Deals mainly in Cash
• Wild Stock Depletion
Employment:
• Job opportunities- Current analytical status- Most farmers needs & lack
fundamental aquaculture knowledge
• Technical – all Levels
• Operation- all levels.
• Management- Top & Middle level.
5

6. Current State of World Fisheries and Aquaculture
 World Bank and the FAO; Fish represents 16 percent of all animal protein consumed globally.
 By 2030 Projected Global fish markets increase 186 mils ton from 154 million tons in 2011 (of which 60% comes
from aquaculture).
 Aquaculture growth since 1980’s in global production increased almost 12(twelvefold) (average annual rate of
8.8%.)
Global Food Fish Consumption
 Food and Agriculture Organisation(FAO) projected; fish consumption in developing countries will increase by 57 percent,
from 62.7 million tons in 1997 to 98.6 million tons in 2020.
 China, the single largest market for seafood with a per capita fish consumption 33.1 kilograms per year in 2010,
consumed 34 percent of global food fish supply.
 Rapid global population growth, which is estimated at 2.3 percent annually during the 2010–30 period, total food fish
consumption demand would grow substantially (by 30 percent between 2010 and 2030)
Global Food Fish Trade and Prices
 World trade of fish and fish products increased from $8 billion in 1976 to $128 billion in 2012, which in real terms
translates into an average annual growth rate of 4.0 percent(World Bank Report No 83177-GLB)
 The Fish to 2020 study projected by the World Bank Report Number 83177-GLB under their “faster aquaculture
expansion” scenario, that fish prices would rise more dynamically than prices for any other food product. This implied
that there would be regional imbalances in fish supply and demand and that incorporating such dynamisms of global
aquaculture
6
Aquaculture Outlook
Overview of Aquaculture Industry

7. Aquaculture
Global Major Cultivated Species
7

8. CURRENT STATUS of AQUACULTURE
IN MALAYSIA
Data Source: Courtesy of Department of Fisheries Malaysia
Special River Cage
8

9. AQUACULTURE IN MALAYSIA
PRESENTATION OUTLINES
1.Brief History
2.Malaysia Aquaculture Production
3.Role of Aquaculture
4.Zoning – AIZ
9

10. AQUACULTURE IN MALAYSIA
Aquaculture Issues
1. VS Development – urbanization, industrialization,
agriculture etc.
2. VS Environment – ecosystem conservation, pollution,
NGO’s, etc.
3. Marketing – standard, certification, food safety
4. Investor - ??

11. Aquaculture Development
Brief History
Began in 1920’s Extensive poly-culture of Chinese carps
(ex-mining Pools).
Mid 1930’s, Marine shrimp trapping ponds.
Early 40’s, Culture of blood cockles.
Mid 50’s, Extensive culture of freshwater fishes in earthen ponds.
Early 1970’s, Semi-intensive culture of shrimp.
80’s, Commercial aquaculture (fish and shrimp hatcheries
& setting up of private feed mills).
90’s Commercial scale integrated shrimp farms (from
hatchery processing plant & export).
2000’s Emphasis on food safety and fish health management
11

12. Water for Aquaculture
Water area is the sum of the surfaces of all inland
water bodies, such as lakes, reservoirs, or rivers,
as delimited by international boundaries and/or
coastlines.
Land AREA of Malaysia
329,758 sq km
Area: total: 329,847 sq km
land: 328,657 sq km
water: 1,190 sq km
12
Ex-mining – 1,466 ha
Cages – 48 ha
Ponds – 5,355 ha
Marine/brackish water – 28,000 ha
(2011)

13. Source : FAO (2010)
66% 中国
[China ]
Production [T.M]
印度 越南 印尼 其他 马来西亚
66% [China ]
5%
Vietnam
16%
Others4%
Indonesia
8%
India
57%
9%
5%
5%
23%
1%
Value [USD]
[China ]
India
Vietnam
Indonesia
Others
1% - [Malaysia]
1% - [Malaysia]
Source:FAO (2010)
Malaysia Aquaculture Production

14. Aquaculture Production : 2005-2010
年Aquaculture Production – 2005- 2010

15. Malaysian Fisheries and Aquaculture Performance
As of 2009, Malaysian fishery performance is still dependent on capture. In view of growing
population and stagnant capture resources, aquaculture must be increased further from
current 25% contribution.

16. 水产养殖业的目标产量
Aquaculture Targeted Production
2010- 2020 ('000 M.T.)
2020

17. Freshwater Aquaculture
河鲶 (Pangasius sp.)
Red Tilapia
Walking Catfish | Keli Bunga 17Grass Carp
1.养殖技术
Culture
Technology
2.养殖品种
Cultured
Species

18. Marine Cage Aquaculture
1.养殖技术
Culture
Technology
2.养殖品种
Cultured
Species
29%
笛鲷 | Snappers
33%
Siakap
20%
石斑鱼 | Groupers
18%
其他 | Others

19. Aquaculture Economics
OVERVIEW OF WORLD AQUACULTURE PRODUCTION
19
Table 1. World aquaculture production of top 14 countries
Country Production (million mt)
1994 1995 % Increase
1. China 8.80 (1993) 12.79 22.67
2. India 1.53 1.61 5.22
3. Japan .781 .82 4.99
4. Indonesia .598 .611 2.17
5. Thailand .514 .464 (9.73)
6. USA .391 .413 5.63
7. South Korea .343 .368 7.29
8. Philippines .380 .346 (8.95)
9. Bangladesh .270 .322 19.26
10. Norway .218 .282 29.36
11. France .281 .281 0
12. Taiwan (P.C.) .282 .278 (1.42)
13. Italy .180 .220 22.22
14. Viet Nam .198 .211 6.56

20. Roles of Aquaculture
 Reduce gap between supply vs
demand of food fish (National food
security)
 Lessen pressure on capture fisheries
 Generate foreign exchange earnings
 Provide employment & career
development
 Diversify /alternative income to
fishermen & farmers
 Provide business & investment
opportunity.
Krai Kunyit
Tengalan
20

21. The Zoning of Aquaculture Area
• AquacultureIndustrialZones(AIZ) are designated zones for both
lands and water bodies which are granted by the state
government for commercial scale aquaculture projects.
• At present : 49 sites covering more than 28,000 hectares.
• The Federal Government’s contribution in developing these areas
is to provide:-
• Macro planning
• Technical support
• The projected aquaculture production is 400,000 metric tonnes
with a value of RM5.8 billion.
Aquaculture
Potential
Resources

22. Commercial Aquaculture Species
 Freshwater aquaculture:
Tilapia (Oreochromis sp.),
Catfish (Clarius sp., Pangassius sp, P.Nasutus),
Freshwater Prawn (Macrobrachium rosenbergii)
Carps (grass carp, big head, Sultan fish)and Barbs
 Marine aquaculture:
Finfish: Sea bass, grouper, snapper,
Crustaceans: Black tiger shrimp (Penaeus monodon),
white shrimp (P. vannamei),
Bivalve – cockle, mussel and oyster,
Seaweed – Kappaphycus alvarezi
COMMODITY OF
INTEREST

23. Seabass, Grouper
5,440 tonnes
Langkawi
Tilapia
24,000 tonnes
• Tasik
Kenering Pulau
•Ru
TasikPedu
•P.Ketam
Tasik
Temenggor
•Kenyir Lake
•Pulau Bidong
•PulauTioman
•Sg. Johor
BatangAi
BakunLake
Tilapia
24,000 tonnes
Tilapia
24,000 tonnes
Tilapia
24,000 tonnes
Tilapia
24,000 tonnes Seabass, Grouper
5,440 tonnes
Seabass, Grouper
5,440 tonnes
Seabass, Grouper
5,440 tonnes
Tilapia
24,000 tonnes
AIZ -Potential Cage Farming Area

24. AIZ – Land Based Aquaculture
Kg. Luar
Kg. Kerawai
Kedah
Sg.Nipah
Kayan, Lekir,
Perak
•Sempang
•LKIM Sebatu
•Malaca
Terengganu
•Gelang Patah,
Johor
•Pahang
•Batang Ai Sarawak
•LKIM TelSaga Air
Telaga Air Sarawak

25. (SSL) : Fisheries
> 100%
Development strategy
GAqP
(FQC,
SPLAM,)
Promotion
export
Increase
local
market
Increase
Existing
Production
Unit
Increase
Competitiveness
(R&D & ToT,
HRD)
Zoning of
aquaculture
area (ZIA,
TKPM)
Development
of new area
NATIONAL AGRO-FOOD POLICY (2011- 2020)
IMPLEMENTATION STRATEGIES

26. 26

27. Aquaculture Economics
1. INTRODUCTION
1.1 Half of the world’s population depends of fish as principal source of animal protein
1.2 Global demands for fish is expanding rapidly due to increasing population and incomes.
- Population growth is expected to reach 7 bil from 4 bil by the end of the century
(or doubling every 35 years).
- Hence fish production must double (from 70 million M.T) by year 2000.
- further increases in world fish production is unlikely to be from ocean or capture fisheries.
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28. Introduction
1.3 Recent years, interest in aquaculture as a manageable production system has intensified. The
arising need from aquaculture stems from:-
i. Need to produce more fish protein to meet the demand of rapidly increasing population,
ii. Levelling off of world catch from conventional capture fisheries, and
iii. Expected reduction in catch by certain major fish producing countries brought about by the
extension of economics zones of other countries in marine waters.
1.4 Other salient features in support for the thrust in aquaculture development include the following:-
i. Stock raising as opposed to hunting
ii. It permits the utilization of marginal land (swamplands or mangrove forests) unstainable for
agriculture.
iii. Improve market demand for fish through selective breeding/culture to meet consumer tastes and
preferences,
iv. Ensure predictable production levels and hence guaranteed delivery of produce to buyers, and
v. Fish are the most efficient converters of feed. Fish come out well because, in general, they
convert more of the food they eat into body mass than land animals. (refer to FCR, Pg 27)
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29. Fish being the best converter of feed
Feed Conversion Rate(FCR)
29
The lower the ratio, the more efficiently food has been converted to fish flesh. Feed costs often constitute 40-
60% of total production costs, so it is essential to use species that convert food efficiently. Modern dry pellet
diets enable food conversion ratios of lower ratio or better.
Protein Feed Conversion Ratio
Salmon 1.2 It takes 1.2 kg of feed to produce 1 kg of salmon
Beef 8.7 It takes 8.7 kg of feed to produce 1 kg of beef
Pork 5.9 It takes 5.9 kg of feed to produce 1 kg of pork
Chicken 1.9 It takes 1.9 kg of feed to produce 1 kg of chicken
Food Conversion
Efficiency (FCE)
The efficiency of a feed is normally measured by the amount necessary to produce a unit weight of fish. This is
called the feed conversion ration or FCR. The FCR is the unit weight of feed given, divided by the live weight or
wet weight of the animal produced.
Wt of food presented
FCE =
Wt of animal produced
The higher the FCR is, the less efficient the feed is. Moisture levels in the animal or in the feed are not normally
taken into account when the FCR of a feed is calculated. This means that wet or moist feeds have a higher FCR
than dry feeds because so much of the feed consists of water. This does not mean they are less efficient.
Strictly it is only possible to compare the FCR of a moist diet with that of another diet of similar moisture
content unless a further calculation is done. To compare moist feeds with dry diets the FCR's must be reduced
to a common level, either to a dry matter basis or to an assumed 10% moisture basis.

30. FCR
30
Factor affecting FCR
Factor Description Remarks
1 Water Quality Chemical reaction(pH),Water
exchange rate, D.O,
Temperature, Water turbidity
& transparency
2 Fish Stocks Density
3 Pond Conditioning Fertilizing, liming
4 Predatory control Animal, plants, Human
5 Fish Feed and Feeding Right feed & Quality
6 Fish Harvesting from Ponds Right nets mesh, ways
7 Grading and Sorting Fish Fish Harvesting from Ponds
Note: The closer the FCR to 1.0, the better is the fish feed. Good feeds have an FCR ranging from 1
to 1.5

31. Aquaculture Economics
-Feed Conversion Rate in Aquaculture (Freshwater Finfish)
31
Species Stocking rate Protein% FCR Culture period
(Months)
Patin Buah
(Pangasius nasutus)
12 32% Pond:
1.8-1.5:1
Cage:
2.5:1
12(pond)
18-24(cage)
Patin Hitam
( Pangasius Sutchi or hypophthalmus)
Pond:
5-15/m2
Cage:
15-50/m3
25-28% Avg: 1.5:1
Cage:2.5:1
Pond:5-6
Cage:12
Asian Redtailed catfish, Mekong Baung
(Hemibagrus wyckioides)
5/m2 32%-40% 1.8-15;1 Pond:12
Cage:18
Baung
(Mystus spp)
5/m2 25-28% 1:8-1.3:1 12(pond)
18(cage)
Tengalan
(Puntius bulu)
3-5/m2 >32% 1.5-18:1 12(pond)
18(cage)
Lampam
(Puntius gonionotus)
3/m2 25-28% 1.5-1.0:1 10-12 (pond)
White Sultan
(Leptobarbus hoevenii)
3/m2 25-28% 1.8-1.3:1 18
Cage:18-24
Thai Jelawat
(Leptobarbus rubripinna)
3/m2 25%-28% 1.8-1.3:1 12
Grass carp
(Ctenopharyngodon idella)
4,000/
hectare
32% 1.7:1 - aquafeed
(soya)Grass: 0.6
12
Rohu
(roho labeo)
3-5/m2 25% 1.5:1
(mixed diet)
12
Temoleh
(Probarbus Jullenni)
3/m2 32-43% Pond:
1.6-1.2:1
12
Tilapia 5-10/m2 28-32% 1.8-1.0 :1 Pond:6-7
4-5(mono)
Stocking Rate & Feed Conversion Rate of Different Fish species

32. Aquaculture Economics
32
Operating Expenses
Description Value(RM)
Labor cost for pond preparation 200.00
Farm implements (weighing scale, nets) 3,000.00
Aeration system(paddle wheel x 3 units@RM2,000) 6,000.00
Stocking: 20,000 size 3’ fingerlings @ 20 cents / pc 4,000.00
Sub 1- RM13,200
(1,280 bags commercial feed)
100 bags crumble/starter @ 60.50/bag 6,050.00
1,000 bags grower @ 57.25/bag 57,250.00
280bags finisher I@ 54.10/bag 15,148.00
-bags finisher II@ 53.00/bag -
-bags Economy@ 48.25/bag -
Sub 2 - Feed Cost per cycle: RM78,4480
2 bags slaked lime @ 50 kg/bag @ RM70 140.00
1 L Rotenone@ RM200/Bot or tobacco dust 2.5kg 200.00
40 liters diesel @ 1.95/liter/day (water pump, Paddle wheel etc) x 7 mths 16,380.00
1 Labor of caretaker @ 600/mo. X 7 months 4,800.00
Hired labor during harvest @RM360 x 3 round 1,080.00
Snacks for harvest 300.00
Sub 3- RM22,900
Total production cost 114,548.00
Income Estimated
Production (95% survival rate) 19,000 head
Harvest Size: 800gm -1,200gm
Net production weight: 20,000kg(20mt)
Ex-Farm:RM10/kg
Gross sales 200,000.00
Less production expenses 114,548.00
Net income per pond 85,452
ROI (7 mth/cycle) RM 1 = RM 1.75 ( 75%)
FCR 1.3:1
Tilapia Grow- out (Malaysia)
(Fishpond-Semi-intensive culture system)
SIMPLE COST ESTIMATE*
(1,000 square meter or 7/m2 fishpond project)
Pond size= 30,000 sq ft or 2,788m2

33. Aquaculture Economics
33
Operating Expenses
Description Value(RM)
Labor cost for pond preparation 200.00
Farm implements (weighing scale, nets) 3,000.00
Aeration system(paddle wheel x 1) 2,000.00
Stocking:11,000 size 3’ fingerlings @ RM3.00 / pc 33,000.00
Sub 1- RM38,200
(955 bags commercial feed)
55 bags crumble @ 60.50/bag 3,327.50
900 bags grower @ 57.25/bag 51,525.00
- Feed Cost per cycle: RM54,852.50
2 bags slaked lime @ 50 kg/bag @ RM70 140.00
1 L Rotenone@ RM200/Bot or tobacco dust 2.5kg 200.00
1 bag TSP @RM100 100.00
25 liters diesel @ 1.95/liter/day (water pump, Paddle wheel etc) x 12 mths 17,550.00
1 Labor of caretaker @ 600/mo. X 12 months 7,200.00
Hired labor during harvest @RM360 x 3 round 1,080.00
Snacks for harvest 300.00
Sub 3- RM26,570
Total production cost 119,622.50
Income Estimated
Production (95% survival rate) 9,350 head
Harvest Size: 1,000gm -1,300gm
Net production weight: 12,000kg(12mt)
Ex-Farm:RM50/kg
Gross sales 600,000.00
Less production expenses 119,622.50
Net income per pond 480,377.00
ROI (12 mths/cycle) RM1=RM4 (401%)
FCR 1.6 : 1
Tengalan Grow- out (Malaysia)
(Fishpond-Semi-intensive culture system)
SIMPLE COST ESTIMATE*
(2,788 square meter or 4/m2 fish pond project)

34. List of Viable & High Value Freshwater Fish Species
34
Species Market High value Ex Farm Price(RM)
Asian Redtailed catfish-Mekong
Baung(Hemibagrus wyckioides
Semi -Commercial  Cage: 20.00-22.00
Pond:16.00-18.00
(16.00-22.00)
Baung
(Mystus spp)
Commercial Pond:10.00-13.00
Cage:14.00-16.00
Grass carp
(Ctenopharyngodon idella)
commercial 10.00-13.00
Lampam
(Puntius gonionotus)
commercial 10.00-12.00
Patin Buah
(Pangasius nasutus)
Semi -commercial  Cage: 23.00-26.00
Patin Hitam
( Pangasius Sutchi or hypophthalmus)
commercial Cage:7.00-9.00
Pond:4.00-6.00
Rohu
(roho labeo)
Commercial Pond: 3.00-6.00
Tilapia
Red /Nile
commercial Pond:10.00-13.00
Thai Jelawat
(Leptobarbus rubripinna)
commercial 7.00-10.00
Tengalan
(Puntius bulu)
-  50.00-60.00
Temoleh
(Probarbus Jullenni)
-  60.00-70.00
White Sultan
(Leptobarbus hoevenii)
Semi -commercial  50.00-60.00

35. Conclusion
Business Opportunities
• 3R’s
i) Highly variable
ii) Highly profitable
iii) High return business.
• Jobs creation
Employment opportunities
• Managerial- management & operation
• Supervisory level
• Technician- Farm Nursery & hatchery
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36. 36
Q & A
问与答

37. 3737
THANK YOU
谢谢
AMOEBA AQUATECH 阿米巴水产科技 - 马来西亚淡水鱼苗繁殖场
www.amoeba.fish
603 6262 8477