BloodHound: Attack Graphs Practically Applied to Active Directory
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Presented at Microsoft's BlueHat v18 in Redmond, Washington in September of 2018.
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BloodHound: Attack Graphs Practically Applied to Active Directory
- 1. BloodHound: Attack Graphs Practically Applied to Active Directory
- 2. HELLO! I am Andy Robbins Adversary Resilience Lead at SpecterOps BloodHound co-creator and developer, Red Teamer You can find me at @_wald0
- 3. HELLO! I am Rohan Vazarkar Adversary Resilience Senior Operator at SpecterOps BloodHound co-creator and developer, Red Teamer You can find me at @CptJesus
- 4. Agenda ▪ The Problem ▪ The Solution ▪ Conclusion 44
- 5. Purpose We want to demonstrate how graphs can be an elegant and practical solution to incredibly complex problems, and inspire you to consider using graphs for problems you face 55
- 6. The Problem
- 7. Pushed Into a Corner, circa 2014-2015 ▪ Remote Code Execution (RCE) flaws in Windows become increasingly rare and risky to exploit ▪ Maturing vulnerability management programs ensure ephemerality of RCE in the enterprise ▪ A common methodology appeared... 77
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- 18. 18 Domain Admin!
- 19. 19 Domain Admin!
- 20. The Data is RIGHT… THERE! ▪ Question: Where are users logged on? ▪ Answer: NetSessionEnum ▪ Question: Who are local admins on a system? ▪ Answer: NetLocalGroupGetMembers ▪ Question: Who belongs to what security group? ▪ Answer: Basic LDAP queries By default, all data is accessible by any domain authenticated principal on systems before Windows 10 Anniversary (1607) 2020
- 21. An effective, albeit tedious and naive approach... 21 Target Users: Admin-1 Admin-2 Admin-3 Admin-4 Admin-5 Admin-1 Uses These Systems: Computer-1 Computer-2 Computer-3 Admins on Computer-1: Admin-1 Admin-2 Admin-10 Group-11 Members of Group 11 Use These Systems: Computer-1 Computer-2 Computer-5 Admins on Computer-5: Admin-1 Admin-2 Admin-10 Admin-15 Admin-15 Uses These Systems: Computer-1 Computer-2 Computer-10 Members of Group-11: Admin-5 Admin-6 Admin-7 Admin-8
- 22. The Problem, In Short ▪ We have a reliable, proven methodology for escalating rights in almost any Active Directory deployment ▪ That methodology is enhanced by data which, by default, anyone in a domain can access ▪ The data is way too complicated to analyze by hand 2222
- 23. The Solution
- 24. It’s a graph, dummy! ▪ Every principal (user, group, computer) is a node ▪ Every privilege (and group membership) is a relationship ▪ Graphs are phenomenally fast at finding paths between disparate nodes 2424
- 25. 25 Domain AdminsAlice AdminComputer 1 Bob User Helpdesk Group Data Source: LDAP
- 26. 26 Domain AdminsAlice AdminComputer 1 Bob User Helpdesk Group MemberOf MemberOf Data Source: LDAP
- 27. 27 Domain AdminsAlice AdminComputer 1 Bob User Helpdesk Group MemberOf MemberOf AdminTo Data Source: NetLocalGroupGetMembers
- 28. 28 Domain AdminsAlice AdminComputer 1 Bob User Helpdesk Group MemberOf MemberOfHasSession AdminTo Data Source: NetSessionEnum
- 29. Now You’re Thinking With Graphs ▪ Manual “derivative local admin” takes days to months ▪ Data collection, graph analysis, and attack path execution takes minutes to hours 2929
- 32. Conclusion
- 33. Three Problems Graphs Solved ▪ Complexity - Analyzing thousands of paths became possible ▪ Readability - Presenting concepts to non-technical audiences became easier ▪ Accessibility - Opened up the methodology to both the defensive and offensive side 3333
- 34. Three Exciting Defensive Applications ▪ Easier, more effective, more accurate permission auditing ▪ Attack path identification and mitigation/elimination ▪ Empirical key terrain identification 3434
- 35. If There’s One Thing to Take Away From this Talk ▪ Graphs are not the solution to every problem; however, they allow you to look at problems in a unique way and solve complex problems that otherwise would be insanely difficult to visualize, compute, or solve 3535
- 36. Acknowledgements and Prior Work http://alicezheng.org/papers/sosp2009-heatray-10pt.pdf https://www.sixdub.net/?p=591 https://bitbucket.org/iwseclabs/bta https://github.com/ANSSI-FR/AD-control-paths https://powersploit.readthedocs.io/en/latest/Recon/ 3636
- 37. 37 Thank you! QUESTIONS? You can find us at: ▪ specterops.io ▪ @SpecterOps ▪ @_wald0 ▪ @CptJesus ▪ BloodHound: https://bit.ly/GetBloodHound ▪ BloodHound Slack: https://bloodhoundgang.herokuapp.com