1.
Computer Applications in
Business
Dr. Ankur Kukreti
Associate Professor
Dev Bhhomi Uttarakhand University

2.
SYLLABUS
• Unit I
Introduction to Computers
• Introduction, characterstics, Advantages, Types and Applications of computers, Input/output
Devices, Computer Memories, Binary number System.
• Unit II
Introduction to Windows
• Components of Application Windows, Concept of window, Types of Windows, Windows as
an Operating System, Basic Features and functioning. User interfaces- CUI and GUI.
• Unit III
• Internet & Its Usage
• Applications of Internet, Introduction to Internet, Growth of Internet, ISP, Anatomy of
Internet, World Wide Web, Internet Protocols, Usage of Internet to Society, Search Engines.
• Unit IV
• Introduction to essential tools: MS Word & Power Point
• Introduction to Word Processing and power point: Concept, features, mail merge, header
and footers, Practical working on Word document. Introduction to power point and its
feature, preparation of power point presentation, Role of effects in slides.
• Unit V
• Spread Sheet & its Business Application
• Concept of M. S. Excel: Introduction to Spreadsheet Concepts and its feature, Editing,
Inserting, Deleting Work Sheets. Using of Formulae bar, Preparing chart.

3.
UNIT 1

4.
History and Evolution of Computers
• The word COMPUTER was first used in a book named as ”The Young
Mans Gleanings” written by English writer Richard Braithwait.
“I haue read the truest computer of Times, and the best
Arithmetician that euer breathed, and he reduce the thy dayes
into a short number” is the line taken from that book which first
used the word COMPUTER.
• Let us go through various computing devices which were developed
prior to the existing computer.

5.
Abacus
• Many centuries ago when man started to count the numbers, he
thought of a device which can trace the numbers and thus came the
existence of ABACUS. It was the first counting device which was
developed in China more than 3000 years ago. The name Abacus
was obtained from Greek word Abacus which means slab. This
device basically consists of a rectangular wooden frame and beads.
• The frame contains horizontal rods and the beads which have holes
are passed through the rods. Counting was done by moving the
beads from one end of the frame to the other.

6.
Napier ’s Bones
• It is a device which contains a set of rods made of bones. It was
developed by John Napier, a Scottish Mathematician and hence the
device was named as Napier’s Bones. The device was mainly
developed for performing multiplication and division. Later in 1614
he also introduced logarithms.

7.
Pascaline
• Pascaline is a calculating machine developed by Blaise Pascal, a
French Mathematician. It was the first device with an ability to
perform additions and subtractions on whole numbers. The device
is made up of interlocked cog wheels which contains numbers 0 to
9 on its circumference. When one wheel completes its rotation the
other wheel moves by one segment. Pascal patented this device in
1647 and produced it on mass scale and earned a handful of
money.

8.
Punched Card
• Punched Card System is used for storing and retrieving data. This
was invented by Herman Hollerith, an American Statistician in US
Census Bureau. The system stores the data coded in the form of
punched holes.

9.
Tabulator
• Herman Hollerith also invented Tabulator which was the first step
towards programming. The first tabulator which he invented in
1890 was used to operate only on 1890 census cards. As he was a
statistician in census bureau, he developed devices to simplify the
tasks related to his department.
• Later in 1906, Type 1 tabulator was developed with a plug board
control panel which allowed it to do different jobs without being
rebuilt. His inventions were the basis for the modern information
processing industry.

10.
Digital Era
• Coming to the digital era, Binary system made its entry into the
computer world. According to this system, 0’s and 1’s were used.
This system was suggested by Claude Shannon, an American
Mathematician.
• The first electronic computer was built by Dr. John Vincent
Atanasoff, a Physics Professor and Clifford Berry. The computer was
names as ABC(Atanasoff-Berry Computer). This computer used
vacuum tubes for data storage. It was designed mainly for solving
systems of simultaneous equations.
• In 1946, General Purpose Computer was developed which
contained 18000 valves and used to consume 100kilowatts of
power and weighted several tonnes.

11.
Transistors
• In 1947, Transistors were introduced into the computers. With the
introduction of transistors, computations were simpler and faster.

12.
• In 1957, IBM developed FORTRAN.
• In 1959, Integrated Circuit(IC) came into existence which was later
used in the computers.
• In 1960, Mainframe computer was designed which used IC for the
first time.
• In 1970, Memory chip with 1KB storage capacity was developed by
Intel.
• In 1975, First micro computer was developed by H. Edward
Roberts(now the father of micro computer)
• In 1980’s and 1990’s, many modifications and up gradations were
done and the usage of chips and various other stuffs changed the
computers completely.

13.
Generations of Computers
• Computers in the form of personal desktop computers, laptops and
tablets have become such an important part of everyday living that
it can be difficult to remember a time when they did not exist. In
reality, computers as they are known and used today are still
relatively new. Although computers have technically been in use
since the abacus approximately 5000 years ago, it is modern
computers that have had the greatest and most profound effect on
society. The first full-sized digital computer in history was
developed in 1944. Called the Mark I, this computer was used only
for calculations and weighed five tons. Despite its size and limited
ability it was the first of many that would start off generations of
computer development and growth.

14.
ZEROETH GENERATION
• Man used his fingers, ropes, beads,
bones, pebbles and other objects for
counting.
•Abacus, Pascaline, Difference & Anylitical
engines
•Electricity was not yet invented

15.
FIRST GENERATION,
1951 – 1958: The Vacuum Tube
• The first generation of computers, characterized by
vacuum tubes, started in 1951 with the creation of -
UNIVAC (Universal Automatic Computer) – a tabulating
machine which won the contest for the fastest machine
which could count the US 1890 census.
VACUUM TUBES – electronic tubes about the size of light
bulbs.

16.
DISADVANTAGES:
• They generate more heat causing
many problems in temperature
regulation and climate control.
• Tubes were subject to frequent
burn-out.

17.
SECOND GENERATION,
1959 – 1964: The Transistor
The year 1959 marked the invention of transistors, which
characterized the second generation of computers.
TRANSISTOR – was a three-legged component which
shrunk the size of the first generation computers.
Occupied only 1/100th of the space occupied by a
vacuum tube
More reliable, had greater computational speed, required
no warm-up time and consumed far less electricity.

18.
THIRD GENERATION,
1965 – 1970: The Integrated Circuit
Third generation computers arose in 1965 with
the invention of smaller electronic circuits
called integrated circuits (IC’S)
INTEGRATED CIRCUITS – are square silicon chips
containing circuitry that can perform the
functions of hundreds of transistors.

19.
ADVANTAGES:
• RELIABILITY – Unlike vacuum tubes,
silicon will not break down easily. It is
very seldom that you will have to replace
it.
• LOW COST – Silicon chips are relatively
cheap because of their small size and
availability in the market. It also
consumes less electricity.

20.
FOURTH GENERATION,
1971 – present: The Microprocessor
• Marked by the use of microprocessor
• MICROPROCESSOR – is a silicon chip that
contains the CPU – part of the computer where
all processing takes place.
4004 chip – was the first microprocessor
introduced by Intel Corporation.

21.
TODAY’S COMPUTER
• Today’s Computer is classified as fourth generation computers.
• faster, more powerful, tremendous data storage and processing
capacity
• new brands and models would come out the market almost every
other month.
• many clones or imitations of the IBM have become even more
powerful and a lot cheaper.

22.
• computers became more affordable
• computers can now be found in homes, schools, offices etc.
• there has been a tremendous improvement in software technology
• different software applications to choose from: word processing,
spreadsheets, database management, games and entertainment.
• computer subjects are now being offered not just to college students but
even to high school and elementary.
• computers are now used as an aid in teaching math, science etc.

23.
First Generation Computers
• First generation computers bore no resemblance to computers of
today, either in appearance or performance. The first generation of
computers took place from 1951 to 1958 and was extremely large
in size. The inner workings of the computers at that time were
unsophisticated. These early machines required magnetic drums for
memory and vacuum tubes that worked as switches and amplifiers.
It was the vacuum tubes that were mainly responsible for the large
size of the machines and the massive amounts of heat that they
released. These computers produced so much heat that they
regularly overheated despite large cooling units. First generation
computers also used a very basic programming language that is
referred to as machine language.

24.
Second Generation Computers
• The second generation (from 1959 to 1964) of computers managed
to do away with vacuum tubes in lieu of transistors. This allowed
them to use less electricity and generate less heat. Second
generation computers were also significantly faster than their
predecessors. Another significant change was in the size of the
computers, which were smaller. Transistor computers also
developed core memory which they used alongside magnetic
storage.

25.
Third Generation Computers
• From 1965 to 1970 computers went through a significant change in
terms of speed, courtesy of integrated circuits. Integrated circuits,
or semiconductor chips, were large numbers of miniature
transistors packed on silicon chips. This not only increased the
speed of computers but also made them smaller, more powerful,
and less expensive. In addition, instead of the punch cards and the
printouts of previous systems, keyboards and monitors were now
allowing people to interact with computing machines.

26.
Fourth Generation Computers
• The changes with the greatest impact occurred in the years from 1971 till
date. During this time technology developed to a point where
manufacturers could place millions of transistors on a single circuit chip.
This was called monolithic integrated circuit technology. It also heralded
the invention of the Intel 4004 chip which was the first microprocessor to
become commercially available in 1971. This invention led to the dawn of
the personal computer industry. By the mid-70s, personal computers such
as the Altair 8800 became available to the public in the form of kits and
required assembly. By the late 70s and early 80s assembled personal
computers for home use, such as the Commodore Pet, Apple II and the
first IBM computer, were making their way onto the market. Personal
computers and their ability to create networks eventually would lead to
the Internet in the early 1990s. The fourth generation of computers also
saw the creation of even smaller computers including laptops and hand-
held devices. Graphical user interface, or GUI, was also invented during
this time. Computer memory and storage also went through major
improvements, with an increase in storage capacity and speed.

27.
The Fifth Generation of Computers
• In the future, computer users can expect even faster and more
advanced computer technology. Computers continue to develop
into advanced forms of technology. Fifth generation computing has
yet to be truly defined, as there are numerous paths that
technology is taking toward the future of computer development.
For instance, research is ongoing in the fields of nanotechnology,
artificial intelligence, as well as quantum computation.
• Computer would be using Japanese invented language KIPS
(Knowledge instruction per second.

28.
Basic characteristics about computer are:
• 1. Speed: - As you know computer can work very fast. It takes only
few seconds for calculations that we take hours to complete. You will
be surprised to know that computer can perform millions (1,000,000)
of instructions and even more per second.
• Therefore, we determine the speed of computer in terms of
microsecond (10-6 part of a second) or nanosecond (10 to the power
-9 part of a second). From this you can imagine how fast your
computer performs work.
• 2. Accuracy: - The degree of accuracy of computer is very high and
every calculation is performed with the same accuracy. The accuracy
level is 7 determined on the basis of design of computer. The errors in
computer are due to human and inaccurate data.
• 3. Diligence: - A computer is free from tiredness, lack of
concentration, fatigue, etc. It can work for hours without creating any
error. If millions of calculations are to be performed, a computer will
perform every calculation with the same accuracy. Due to this
capability it overpowers human being in routine type of work.

29.
• 4. Versatility: - It means the capacity to perform completely
different type of work. You may use your computer to prepare
payroll slips. Next moment you may use it for inventory
management or to prepare electric bills.
• 5. Power of Remembering: - Computer has the power of storing
any amount of information or data. Any information can be stored
and recalled as long as you require it, for any numbers of years. It
depends entirely upon you how much data you want to store in a
computer and when to lose or retrieve these data.
• 6. No IQ: - Computer is a dumb machine and it cannot do any work
without instruction from the user. It performs the instructions at
tremendous speed and with accuracy. It is you to decide what you
want to do and in what sequence. So a computer cannot take its
own decision as you can.
• 7. No Feeling: - It does not have feelings or emotion, taste,
knowledge and experience. Thus it does not get tired even after
long hours of work. It does not distinguish between users.
• 8. Storage: - The Computer has an in-built memory where it can
store a large amount of data. You can also store data in
secondary storage devices such as floppies, which can be kept
outside your computer and can be carried to other computers.

30.
Organizations of a computer
• A computer is a fast and accurate device, which can accept data,
store data, process them and give, desired results as output. The
computer is organized into four units as shown in the following
diagram.

31.
Input Unit:
Any device designed to assist in the entry of data into a computer is known as
input device. Input devices convert data from any convenient external format
into binary codes that a computer can store and manipulate internally. Some of
the most common, most popularly used devices are following.
a) Mouse
b) Light Pen
c) Touch Screen
d) Keyboard
e) Scanner
f) OCR and MICR
g) Bar Code Reader
h) Joy Stick etc
Output Unit:
Any peripheral device that converts the stored binary coded data into
convenient external forms as test and pictures are known as Output device.
Some of the most popularly used Output devices are following:
a) Visual Display Unit (Monitor)
b) Printer : Dot Matrix and Impact/Non Impact, Printer, Daisy wheel Printer, Line
Printers, Ink-jet, Laser Printer
c) Plotters etc

32.
• Central Processing Unit:
The Central Processing Unit (CPU) is the heart of the computer
combined with the processor of a computer. The CPU carries out
actions with the help of Arithmetic-Logic Unit (ALU). This is done
following a detailed set of arithmetic instructions written in the
main memory. It also uses the main memory storage of
information. Through the channels of information specified as
“Bus”, the CPU instructs various parts called device controllers to
transfer data between secondary memory and the main memory.
The CPU accepts the data from the Input unit processes it and gives
the result/output to the output device. The data/result can be
stored for the use by storing it in the secondary memory. The total
operations of the computer is synchronized and controlled by the
CPU.
The processing capacity of a computer is measured in terms the
amount of data processed by the CPU in one operation. The CPU
has three important sub units.
1) Arithmetic-Logic unit
2) Control Unit
3) Memory Unit

33.
• Arithmetic-Logic Unit (ALU): The ALU is an electronic circuit used to
carry out the arithmetic operations like addition, subtraction,
multiplication and division. This unit carries out logical operations like
greater than, less than, equal to etc. It performs the operation on the
data provided by the input devices. A comparison operation allows a
program to make decisions based on its data input and results of the
previous calculations. Logical operations can be used to determine
whether particular statement is TRUE or FALSE.
The ALU operates on the data available in the main memory and sends
them back after processing again to main memory.
• Control Unit: The control unit coordinates the activities of all the other
units used in the system. Its main functions are to control the transfer
of data and information between various units and to initiate
appropriate actions by the arithmetic-logic unit. Conceptually, the
control unit fetches instructions from the memory, decodes them, and
directs them to various units to perform the on specified tasks.

34.
• Memory Unit: The main memory is also called primary memory, is
used to store data temporarily. Although, the CPU is the brain
behind all the operations in the computer, it needs to be supplied
with the data to be processed and the instructions to tell it what to
do. Once the CPU has carried out an instruction, it needs the result
to be stored. This storage space is provided by the computer’s
memory. Data provided by the input device, and the result of that
processed data is also stored in the memory unit. This main
memory is like a scratch pad. The storage capacity of the memory is
generally measured in megabytes.
8 Bits = 1 Byte
1024 Bytes= 1 Kilobyte (KB)
1 024 Kilobytes= 1 Megabyte (MB)
1024 Megabytes= 1 Gigabyte (GB)
Different kinds of primary memory are Random Access Memory
(RAM) and Read Only Memory (ROM). You can read and write data
in RAM but the data is volatile or temporary that is whenever the
power is switched off the contents of RAM is lost so its is required
to store the data in the secondary memory if the data is required
for the future use. But you can only read the data from ROM and
you can not write any thing into it and the data is permanent. The
manufacturer himself has written the data in it initially.

35.
Secondary Memory
This is the permanent memory. The data stored in it is permanent.
But you can delete the data if you want. There are different kinds of
secondary storage devices available. Few of them are Floppy disks,
Fixed (hard) disks and Optical disks etc.
a) Floppy Disk
b) Fixed or Hard Disk
c) Optical Disk like: CD (Compact Disk) DVD (Digital Versatile Disk)
d) Magnetic Tape Drive

36.
Types of Computers
• Since the advent of the first computer different types
and sizes of computers are offering different services.
Computers can be as big as occupying a large building
and as small as a laptop or a microcontroller in mobile
& embedded systems.
• The four basic types of computers are as under:
• Supercomputer
• Mainframe Computer
• Minicomputer
• Microcomputer

37.
Supercomputer
• The most powerful computers in terms of performance and data
processing are the Supercomputers. These are specialized and task
specific computers used by large organizations. These computers
are used for research and exploration purposes, like NASA uses
supercomputers for launching space shuttles, controlling them and
for space exploration purpose.
• The supercomputers are very expensive and very large in size. It can
be accommodated in large air-conditioned rooms; some super
computers can span an entire building.

38.
• Uses of Supercomputers
In Pakistan Supercomputers are used by Educational Institutes like NUST for research
purposes. Pakistan Atomic Energy commission & Heavy Industry Taxila uses
supercomputers for Research purposes.
• Space Exploration
Supercomputers are used to study the origin of the universe, the dark-matters. For these
studies scientist use IBM’s powerful supercomputer “Roadrunner” at National Laboratory
Los Alamos.
• Earthquake studies
Supercomputers are used to study the Earthquakes phenomenon. Besides that
supercomputers are used for natural resources exploration, like natural gas, petroleum,
coal, etc.
• Weather Forecasting
Supercomputers are used for weather forecasting, and to study the nature and extent of
Hurricanes, Rainfalls, windstorms, etc.
• Nuclear weapons testing
Supercomputers are used to run weapon simulation that can test the Range, accuracy &
impact of Nuclear weapons.
• Popular Supercomputers
1. IBM’s Sequoia, in United States
2. Fujitsu’s K Computer in Japan
3. IBM’s Mira in United States
4. IBM’s SuperMUC in Germany
5. NUDT Tianhe-1A in China
6. GOI’s Param of India

39.
• Mainframe computer
Although Mainframes are not as powerful as supercomputers, but
certainly they are quite expensive nonetheless, and many large firms &
government organizations uses Mainframes to run their business
operations. The Mainframe computers can be accommodated in large
air-conditioned rooms because of its size. Super-computers are the
fastest computers with large data storage capacity, Mainframes can also
process & store large amount of data. Banks educational institutions &
insurance companies use mainframe computers to store data about
their customers, students & insurance policy holders.
• Popular Mainframe computers
1. Fujitsu’s ICL VME
2. Hitachi’s Z800

40.
• Minicomputer
Minicomputers are used by small businesses & firms. Minicomputers are also
called as “Midrange Computers”. These are small machines and can be
accommodated on a disk with not as processing and data storage capabilities as
super-computers & Mainframes. These computers are not designed for a single
user. Individual departments of a large company or organizations use Mini-
computers for specific purposes. For example, a production department can use
Mini-computers for monitoring certain production process.
• Popular Minicomputers
1. K-202
2. Texas Instrument TI-990
3. SDS-92
4. IBM Midrange computers
• Microcomputer
Desktop computers, laptops, personal digital assistant (PDA), tablets & smart
phones are all types of microcomputers. The micro-computers are widely used
& the fastest growing computers. These computers are the cheapest among the
other three types of computers. The Micro-computers are specially designed for
general usage like entertainment, education and work purposes. Well known
manufacturers of Micro-computer are Dell, Apple, Samsung, Sony & Toshiba.
Desktop computers, Gaming consoles, Sound & Navigation system of a car, Net
books, Notebooks, PDA’s, Tablet PC’s, Smart phones, Calculators are all type of
Microcomputers.

41.
Uses of Computers in Business
Computers Facilitate Communication
• Email services, such as Yahoo and specialized services, like Hush-Mail help businesses
send and receive electronic correspondence. Many online email services also enable you
to voice chat with others over the Internet. Companies can also use applications such as
Outlook to manage business mail, track events and help employees schedule meetings.
Skype, Google Hangouts and similar programs give you the ability to hold remote video
meetings with people from around the world. Many of these communications platforms
also work on smart phones and tablets.
Data Mining Benefits
• Businesses often acquire and store massive amounts of information in relational
databases, spreadsheets, XML files and other repositories. Learn to use data mining
techniques and you can tap into a valuable undiscovered source of business intelligence.
Data mining software can help businesses identify patterns and discover new
relationships in historical data. Although data mining can help small companies, it's
particularly useful for businesses with large amounts of complex data. Businesses that
use data mining can boost sales, acquire new customers, improve productions, increase
customer satisfaction and predict future business trends.
Customer Relationship Management
• Stand-alone software exists that can help business owners find, service and retain
customers. Modern CRM applications integrate many of these functions into a single,
unified system. Typical tasks that full-featured CRM apps perform include contact
management, customer service and sales force automation.

42.
Order Fulfillment
• Fulfilling orders can be a time-consuming task, because it may require the assistance of
people in accounting, the warehouse, inventory control and shipping departments.
Computers make it easier for businesses to automate and speed up time-consuming
order fulfillment processes. For example, an order fulfillment application may use
barcode scanners to record product information as a product moves from the
warehouse to the shipping trucks. Order fulfillment software can also tell you when to
replenish your inventory.
Design and Graphics
• You don't need to hire a professional graphic artist to create professional looking
graphics for your business. Tools, such as image editors and desktop publishing
applications, can help novices create Web buttons and banners, draw logos, create
marketing materials, enhance photos and produce newsletters. Programs, such as
PowerPoint and Open Office Impress, can help you create powerful business
presentations by clicking buttons and dragging your mouse. Video editing programs also
give you the power to produce your own company videos that you can use for
advertising and marketing. Computers can also connect you to the Internet where you
can download free graphics that you can customize.
Marketing and Advertising
• There are several ways for businesses to advertise and market their services. Many
business owners use computers to tap into the power of social media sites, such as
Facebook and Twitter. In addition to advertising products and services on these sites,
businesses can use software to design and manage email marketing campaigns that
target potential customers.

43.
Using Computers to Manage People
• Human Resources software can help businesses do everything from
find potential employees to discipline them when problems occur.
By storing employee information in a central repository, HR
applications also make it easier for HR personal to track employee
performance, maintain information about benefits and
communicate with employees efficiently. Many HR apps also give
HR managers the to generate reports that profile specific
employees.
Computer Administration
• Regardless of the size of your business, it's important to keep your
computers secure. If you have a large company, ensure that your IT
department has the skills necessary to set up users, install software
and keep your network safe. If you have a small office, assign an
administrator to manage your computers.

44.
UNIT 2

45.
Components of a computer
1. Hardware-Physical components of computer
2. Software-set of instructions given to hardware

46.
Types of Software
• There are two main types of software:
1. Systems software -: It includes the programs that are dedicated to
managing the computer itself, such as the operating system, file
management utilities, and disk operating system (or DOS).
2. Application software-: An application is any program, or group of
programs, that is designed for the end user. Applications software(also
called end-user programs) include such things as database programs,
word processors, Web browsers and spreadsheets.
• Application software
which is software that uses the computer system to perform special
functions or provide entertainment functions beyond the basic
operation of the computer itself. There are many different types of
application software, because the range of tasks that can be performed
with a modern computer is so large like “MS Office”.
• System software
which is software that directly operates the computer hardware, to
provide basic functionality needed by users and other software, and to
provide a platform for running application software. System software
includes:”Windows” , “DOS” etc.

47.
Windows
• Microsoft Windows is a group of several graphical operating
system families, all of which are developed, marketed, and sold
by Microsoft. Each family caters to a certain sector of the
computing industry. Active Windows families include Windows
NT and Windows Embedded; these may encompass subfamilies,
e.g. Windows Embedded Compact (Windows CE) or Windows
Server. Defunct Windows families include Windows 9x, Windows
Mobile and Windows Phone.

48.
• Older versions
• Windows 1.0, the first version, released in 1985
• The history of Windows dates back to 1981, when Microsoft started
work on a program called "Interface Manager". It was announced in
November 1983 (after the Apple Lisa, but before the Macintosh)
under the name "Windows", but Windows 1.0 was not released until
November 1985. Windows 1.0 was to compete with Apple's operating
system, but achieved little popularity. Windows 1.0 is not a complete
operating system; rather, it extends MS-DOS. The shell of Windows
1.0 is a program known as the MS-DOS Executive. Components
included Calculator, Calendar, Cardfile, Clipboard viewer,
Clock, Control Panel, Notepad, Paint, Reversi, Terminal and Write.
Windows 1.0 does not allow overlapping windows. Instead all
windows are tiled. Only modal dialog boxes may appear over other
windows.
Versions of Windows

49.
• Windows 2.0 was released in December 1987, and was more popular than its
predecessor. It features several improvements to the user interface and memory
management.Windows 2.03 changed the OS from tiled windows to overlapping
windows. The result of this change led to Apple Computer filing a suit against
Microsoft alleging infringement on Apple's copyrights.Windows 2.0 also introduced
more sophisticated keyboard shortcuts and could make use of expanded memory.
• Windows 2.1 was released in two different
versions: Windows/286 and Windows/386. Windows/386 uses the virtual 8086
mode of the Intel 80386 to multitask several DOS programs and the paged memory
model to emulate expanded memory using available extended memory.
Windows/286, in spite of its name, runs on both Intel 8086 and Intel
80286 processors. It runs in real mode but can make use of the high memory area.
• In addition to full Windows-packages, there were runtime-only versions that
shipped with early Windows software from third parties and made it possible to
run their Windows software on MS-DOS and without the full Windows feature set.
• The early versions of Windows are often thought of as graphical shells, mostly
because they ran on top of MS-DOS and use it for file system services. However,
even the earliest Windows versions already assumed many typical operating
system functions; notably, having their own executable file format and providing
their own device drivers (timer, graphics, printer, mouse, keyboard and sound).
Unlike MS-DOS, Windows allowed users to execute multiple graphical applications
at the same time, through cooperative multitasking. Windows implemented an
elaborate, segment-based, software virtual memory scheme, which allows it to run
applications larger than available memory: code segments and resources are
swapped in and thrown away when memory became scarce; data segments moved
in memory when a given application had relinquished processor control.

50.
• Windows 3.x
• Windows 3.0, released in 1990
• Windows 3.0, released in 1990, improved the design, mostly because
of virtual memory and loadable virtual device drivers (VxDs) that allow
Windows to share arbitrary devices between multi-tasked DOS applications.
Windows 3.0 applications can run in protected mode, which gives them
access to several megabytes of memory without the obligation to
participate in the software virtual memory scheme. They run inside the
same address space, where the segmented memory provides a degree of
protection. Windows 3.0 also featured improvements to the user interface.
Microsoft rewrote critical operations from C into assembly. Windows 3.0 is
the first Microsoft Windows version to achieve broad commercial success,
selling 2 million copies in the first six months.
• Windows 3.1, made generally available on March 1, 1992, featured a
facelift. In August 1993, Windows for Workgroups, a special version with
integrated peer-to-peer networking features and a version number of 3.11,
was released. It was sold along Windows 3.1. Support for Windows 3.1
ended on December 31, 2001.
• Windows 3.2, released 1994, is an updated version of the Chinese version
of Windows 3.1. The update was limited to this language version, as it fixed
only issues related to the complex writing system of the Chinese
language. Windows 3.2 was generally sold by computer manufacturers with
a ten-disk version of MS-DOS that also had Simplified Chinese characters in
basic output and some translated utilities.

51.
• Windows 9x
• The next major consumer-oriented release of Windows, Windows 95, was released on August 24, 1995. While
still remaining MS-DOS-based, Windows 95 introduced support for native 32-bit applications, plug and
play hardware, preemptive multitasking, long file names of up to 255 characters, and provided increased
stability over its predecessors. Windows 95 also introduced a redesigned, object oriented user interface,
replacing the previous Program Manager with the Start menu, taskbar, and Windows Explorer shell. Windows
95 was a major commercial success for Microsoft; Ina Fried of CNET remarked that "by the time Windows 95
was finally ushered off the market in 2001, it had become a fixture on computer desktops around the
world."Microsoft published four OEM Service Releases (OSR) of Windows 95, each of which was roughly
equivalent to a service pack. The first OSR of Windows 95 was also the first version of Windows to be bundled
with Microsoft's web browser, Internet Explorer. Mainstream support for Windows 95 ended on December 31,
2000, and extended support for Windows 95 ended on December 31, 2001.
• Windows 95 was followed up with the release of Windows 98 on June 25, 1998, which introduced
the Windows Driver Model, support for USB composite devices, support for ACPI, hibernation, and support
for multi-monitor configurations. Windows 98 also included integration with Internet Explorer 4 through Active
Desktop and other aspects of the Windows Desktop Update (a series of enhancements to the Explorer shell
which were also made available for Windows 95). In May 1999, Microsoft released Windows 98 Second Edition,
an updated version of Windows 98. Windows 98 SE added Internet Explorer 5.0 and Windows Media Player 6.2
amongst other upgrades. Mainstream support for Windows 98 ended on June 30, 2002, and extended support
for Windows 98 ended on July 11, 2006.
• On September 14, 2000, Microsoft released Windows ME (Millennium Edition), the last DOS-based version of
Windows. Windows ME incorporated visual interface enhancements from its Windows NT-based
counterpart Windows 2000, had faster boot times than previous versions (which however, required the
removal of the ability to access a real mode DOS environment, removing compatibility with some older
programs),expanded multimedia functionality (including Windows Media Player 7, Windows Movie Maker, and
the Windows Image Acquisition framework for retrieving images from scanners and digital cameras), additional
system utilities such as System File Protection and System Restore, and updated home networking tools.
However, Windows ME was faced with criticism for its speed and instability, along with hardware compatibility
issues and its removal of real mode DOS support. PC World considered Windows ME to be one of the worst
operating systems Microsoft had ever released, and the 4th worst tech product of all time.

52.
• Early versions
• In November 1988, a new development team within Microsoft (which included
former Digital Equipment Corporation developers Dave Cutler and Mark Lucovsky)
began work on a revamped version of IBM and Microsoft's OS/2 operating system
known as "NT OS/2". NT OS/2 was intended to be a secure, multi-user operating
system with POSIX compatibility and a modular, portable kernel with preemptive
multitasking and support for multiple processor architectures. However, following
the successful release of Windows 3.0, the NT development team decided to
rework the project to use an extended 32-bit port of the Windows API known as
Win32 instead of those of OS/2. Win32 maintained a similar structure to the
Windows APIs (allowing existing Windows applications to easily be ported to the
platform), but also supported the capabilities of the existing NT kernel. Following
its approval by Microsoft's staff, development continued on what was now
Windows NT, the first 32-bit version of Windows. However, IBM objected to the
changes, and ultimately continued OS/2 development on its own.
• The first release of the resulting operating system, Windows NT 3.1 (named to
associate it with Windows 3.1) was released in July 1993, with versions for
desktop workstations and servers. Windows NT 3.5 was released in September
1994, focusing on performance improvements and support for Novell's NetWare,
and was followed up by Windows NT 3.51 in May 1995, which included additional
improvements and support for the PowerPC architecture. Windows NT 4.0 was
released in June 1996, introducing the redesigned interface of Windows 95 to the
NT series. On February 17, 2000, Microsoft released Windows 2000, a successor to
NT 4.0. The Windows NT name was dropped at this point in order to put a greater
focus on the Windows brand.

53.
• Windows XP
• The next major version of Windows NT, Windows XP, was released on October 25, 2001. The
introduction of Windows XP aimed to unify the consumer-oriented Windows 9x series with
the architecture introduced by Windows NT, a change which Microsoft promised would
provide better performance over its DOS-based predecessors. Windows XP would also
introduce a redesigned user interface (including an updated Start menu and a "task-
oriented" Windows Explorer), streamlined multimedia and networking features, Internet
Explorer 6, integration with Microsoft's .NET Passport services, modes to help provide
compatibility with software designed for previous versions of Windows, and Remote
Assistance functionality.
• At retail, Windows XP was now marketed in two main editions: the "Home" edition was
targeted towards consumers, while the "Professional" edition was targeted towards business
environments and power users, and included additional security and networking features.
Home and Professional were later accompanied by the "Media Center" edition (designed
for home theater PCs, with an emphasis on support for DVD playback, TV tuner
cards, DVR functionality, and remote controls), and the "Tablet PC" edition (designed for
mobile devices meeting its specifications for a tablet computer, with support for stylus pen
input and additional pen-enabled applications). Mainstream support for Windows XP ended
on April 14, 2009. Extended support ended on April 8, 2014.
• After Windows 2000, Microsoft also changed its release schedules for server operating
systems; the server counterpart of Windows XP, Windows Server 2003, was released in April
2003. It was followed in December 2005, by Windows Server 2003 R2.

54.
• Windows Vista
• After a lengthy development process, Windows Vista was released on
November 30, 2006, for volume licensing and January 30, 2007, for
consumers. It contained a number of new features, from a redesigned
shell and user interface to significant technical changes, with a particular
focus on security features. It was available in a number of different
editions, and has been subject to some criticism, such as drop of
performance, longer boot time, criticism of new UAC, and stricter license
agreement. Vista's server counterpart, Windows Server 2008 was released
in early 2008.
• Windows 7
• On July 22, 2009, Windows 7 and Windows Server 2008 R2 were released
as RTM (release to manufacturing) while the former was released to the
public 3 months later on October 22, 2009. Unlike its predecessor,
Windows Vista, which introduced a large number of new features,
Windows 7 was intended to be a more focused, incremental upgrade to
the Windows line, with the goal of being compatible with applications and
hardware with which Windows Vista was already compatible. Windows 7
has multi-touch support, a redesigned Windows shell with an
updated taskbar, a home networking system called Home Group, and
performance improvements.

55.
• Windows 8 and 8.1
• Windows 8, the successor to Windows 7, was released generally on October 26, 2012. A number of
significant changes were made on Windows 8, including the introduction of a user interface based around
Microsoft's Metro design language with optimizations for touch-based devices such as tablets and all-in-
one PCs. These changes include the Start screen, which uses large tiles that are more convenient for touch
interactions and allow for the display of continually updated information, and a new class ofapps which
are designed primarily for use on touch-based devices. Other changes include increased integration
with cloud services and other online platforms (such as social networks and Microsoft's own One
Drive (formerly Sky Drive) and Xbox Live services), the Windows Store service for software distribution,
and a new variant known as Windows RT for use on devices that utilize the ARM architecture. An update
to Windows 8, called Windows 8.1, was released on October 17, 2013, and includes features such as new
live tile sizes, deeper One Drive integration, and many other revisions. Windows 8 and Windows 8.1 has
been subject to some criticism, such as removal of the Start menu.
• Windows 10
• On September 30, 2014, Microsoft announced Windows 10 as the successor to Windows 8.1. It was
released on July 29, 2015, and addresses shortcomings in the user interface first introduced with Windows
8. Changes include the return of the Start Menu, a virtual desktop system, and the ability to run Windows
Store apps within windows on the desktop rather than in full-screen mode. Windows 10 is said to be
available to update from qualified Windows 7 with SP1 and Windows 8.1 computers from the Get
Windows 10 Application (for Windows 7, Windows 8.1) or Windows Update (Windows 7).
• On November 12, 2015, an update to Windows 10, version 1511, was released.This update can be
activated with a Windows 7, 8 or 8.1 product key as well as Windows 10 product keys. Features include
new icons and right-click context menus, default printer management, four times as many tiles allowed in
the Start menu, Find My Device, and Edge updates.
• In February 2017, Microsoft announced the migration of its Windows source code repository
from Perforce to Git. This migration involved 3.5 million separate files in a 300 gigabyte repository. By May
2017, 90 percent of its engineering team now uses Git, in about 8500 commits and 1760 Windows builds
per day.

56.
Basic Functions of the Windows
• The key five basic functions of any operating
system are as follows-:
1. Interface between the user and the
hardware : An OS provides an interface between
user and machine. This interface can be a
graphical user interface (GUI) in which users
click onscreen elements to interact with the OS
or a command-line interface (CLI) in which users
type commands at the command-line interface
(CLI) to tell the OS to do things.

57.
2. Coordinate hardware components :An OS
enables coordination of hardware
components. Each hardware device speaks a
different language, but the operating system
can talk to them through the specific
translational softwares called device drivers.
Every hardware component has different
drivers for Operating systems. These drivers
make the communication

58.
• 3. Provide environment for software to function: An OS provides an
environment for software applications to function. An application
software is a specific software which is used to perform specific task. In
GUI operating systems such as Windows and macOS, applications run
within a consistent, graphical desktop environment.
• 4. Provide structure for data management : An OS displays
structure/directories for data management. We can view file and folder
listings and manipulate on those files and folders like (move, copy,
rename, delete, and many others).
• 5. Monitor system health and functionality: OS monitors the health of
our system’s hardware, giving us an idea of how well (or not) it’s
performing. We can see how busy our CPU is, or how quickly our hard
drives retrieve data, or how much data our network card is sending etc.
and it also monitors system activity for malware.

59.
Character User Interface
• CUI stands for character user interface and can also be referred to
as the command prompt, C prompt or command line. In the direct
operating system called DOS this is generally displayed on the
screen by a "C:>" or "C>". This is the point at which commands are
written out before being sent to the computer by pressing "Enter"
on the keyboard.

60.
Graphical User Interface
• GUI stands for graphical user interface and eliminates the need to
type commands on the C prompt or command line. With a GUI, you
use a mouse to move the cursor around the screen, place it on an
icon and click. By doing so a command is sent that would otherwise
have to be typed using the CUI.

61.
UNIT 3

62.
Internet
A global computer network providing a variety of information and
communication facilities, consisting of interconnected networks
using standardized communication protocols.

63.
Applications of Internet
• The Internet has many important applications. Of the various services
available via the Internet, the three most important are e-mail, web
browsing, and peer-to-peer services . E-mail, also known as electronic
mail , is the most widely used and successful of Internet applications.
Web browsing is the application that had the greatest influence in
dramatic expansion of the Internet and its use during the 1990s. Peer-
to-peer networking is the newest of these three Internet applications,
and also the most controversial, because its uses have created problems
related to the access and use of copyrighted materials.
1. E-Mail
Whether judged by volume, popularity, or impact, e-mail has been and
continues to be the principal Internet application. This is despite the fact
that the underlying technologies have not been altered significantly
since the early 1980s. In recent years, the continuing rapid growth in the
use and volume of e-mail has been fueled by two factors. The first is the
increasing numbers of Internet Service Providers (ISPs) offering this
service, and secondly, because the number of physical devices capable
of supporting e-mail has grown to include highly portable devices such
as personal digital assistants (PDAs) and cellular telephones.

64.
• The volume of e-mail also continues to increase because there are more users, and because
users now have the ability to attach documents of various types to e-mail messages. While
this has long been possible, the formulation of Multipurpose Internet Mail Extensions
(MIME) and its adoption by software developers has made it much easier to send and
receive attachments, including word-processed documents, spreadsheets, and graphics. The
result is that the volume of traffic generated by e-mail, as measured in terms of the number
of data packets moving across the network, has increased dramatically in recent years,
contributing significantly to network congestion.
• E-mail has become an important part of personal communications for hundreds of millions
of people, many of whom have replaced it for letters or telephone calls. In business, e-mail
has become an important advertising medium, particularly in instances where the demand
for products and services is time sensitive. For example, tickets for an upcoming sporting
event are marketed by sending fans an e-mail message with information about availability
and prices of the tickets. In addition, e-mail serves, less obviously, as the basis for some of
the more important collaborative applications that have been developed, most notably
Lotus Notes.
• In the near future, voice-driven applications will play a much larger role on the Internet, and
e-mail is sure to be one of the areas in which voice-driven applications will emerge most
rapidly. E-mail and voice mail will be integrated, and in the process it seems likely that new
models for Internet- based messaging will emerge.
• Synchronous communication, in the form of the highly popular "instant messaging," may be
a precursor of the messaging models of the near future. Currently epitomized by AOL Instant
Messenger and Microsoft's Windows Messenger, instant messaging applications generally
allow users to share various types of files (including images, sounds, URLs ), stream content,
and use the Internet as a medium for telephony, as well as exchanging messages with other
users in real time and participating in online chat rooms.

65.
2. Web Browsing
• The web browser is another Internet application of critical importance.
Unlike e-mail, which was developed and then standardized in the
early, noncommercial days of the Internet, the web browser was
developed in a highly commercialized environment dominated by such
corporations as Microsoft and Netscape, and heavily influenced by
the World Wide Web Consortium (W3C). While Microsoft and
Netscape have played the most obvious parts in the development of
the web browser, particularly from the public perspective, the highly
influential role of the W3C may be the most significant in the long
term.

66.
• Founded in 1994 by Tim Berners-Lee the original architect of the web, the goal of the W3C has been to
develop interoperable technologies that lead the web to its full potential as a forum for communication,
collaboration, and commerce. What the W3C has been able to do successfully is to develop and promote
the adoption of new, open standards for web-based documents. These standards have been designed to
make web documents more expressive (Cascading Stylesheets), to provide standardized labeling so that
users have a more explicit sense of the content of documents (Platform for Internet Content Selection, or
PICS), and to create the basis for more interactive designs (the Extensible Markup Language, or XML).
Looking ahead, a principal goal of the W3C is to develop capabilities that are in accordance with Berners-
Lee's belief that the web should be a highly collaborative information space.
• Microsoft and Netscape dominate the market for web browsers, with Microsoft's Internet Explorer holding
about three-quarters of the market, and Netscape holding all but a small fraction of the balance. During
the first few years of web growth, the competition between Microsoft and Netscape for the browser
market was fierce, and both companies invested heavily in the development of their respective browsers.
Changes in business conditions toward the end of the 1990s and growing interest in new models of
networked information exchange caused each company to focus less intensely on the development of web
browsers, resulting in a marked slowing of their development and an increasing disparity between the
standards being developed by W3C and the support offered by Internet Explorer or Netscape Navigator.
• Now, the future of the web browser may be short-lived, as standards developers and programmers
elaborate the basis for network-aware applications that eliminate the need for the all-purpose browser. It
is expected that as protocols such as XML and the Simple Object Access Protocol (SOAP) grow more
sophisticated in design and functionality, an end user's interactions with the web will be framed largely by
desktop applications called in the services of specific types of documents called from remote sources.
• The open source model has important implications for the future development of web browsers. Because
open source versions of Netscape have been developed on a modular basis, and because the source code
is available with few constraints on its use, new or improved services can be added quickly and with
relative ease. In addition, open source development has accelerated efforts to integrate web browsers and
file managers. These efforts, which are aimed at reducing functional distinctions between local and
network-accessible resources, may be viewed as an important element in the development of the
"seamless" information space that Berners-Lee envisions for the future of the web.

67.
3. Peer-To-Peer Computing
• One of the fastest growing, most controversial, and potentially most important areas of Internet
applications is peer-to-peer (P2P) networking. Peer-to-peer networking is based on the sharing of
physical resources, such as hard drives, processing cycles, and individual files among computers and
other intelligent devices. Unlike client-server networking, where some computers are dedicated to
serving other computers, each computer in peer-to-peer networking has equivalent capabilities and
responsibilities.
• Internet-based peer-to-peer applications position the desktop at the center of a computing matrix,
usually on the basis of "cross-network" protocols such as the Simple Object Access Protocol (SOAP)
or XML-RPC (Remote Procedure Calling), thus enabling users to participate in the Internet more
interactively.
• There are two basic P2P models in use today. The first model is based on a central host computer
that coordinates the exchange of files by indexing the files available across a network of peer
computers. This model has been highly controversial because it has been employed widely to
support the unlicensed exchange of commercial sound recordings, software, and other copyrighted
materials. Under the second model, which may prove ultimately to be far more important, peer-to-
peer applications aggregate and use otherwise idle resources residing on low-end devices to support
high-demand computations. For example, a specially designed screensaver running on a networked
computer may be employed to process astronomical or medical data.
• The Future
• The remarkable developments during the late 1990s and early 2000s suggest that making accurate
predictions about the next generation of Internet applications is difficult, if not impossible. Two
aspects of the future of the Internet that one can be certain of, however, are that
network bandwidth will be much greater, and that greater bandwidth and its management will be
critical factors in the development and deployment of new applications. What will greater
bandwidth yield? In the long run, it is difficult to know, but in the short term it seems reasonable to
expect new communication models, videoconferencing, increasingly powerful tools for collaborative
work across local and wide area networks, and the emergence of the network as a computational
service of unprecedented power.

68.
Internet History and Growth

69.
What Is the Internet?
• A network of networks, joining many government,
university and private computers together and providing
an infrastructure for the use of E-mail, bulletin boards, file
archives, hypertext documents, databases and other
computational resources
• The vast collection of computer networks which form and
act as a single huge network for transport of data and
messages across distances which can be anywhere from
the same office to anywhere in the world.
Copyright 2002, William F. Slater, III, Chicago, IL, USA

70.
• The largest network of networks in the world.
• Uses TCP/IP protocols and packet switching .
• Runs on any communications substrate.
What is the Internet?
Dr. Vinton Cerf,
Co-Creator of TCP/IP

71.
Brief History of the Internet
• 1968 - DARPA (Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency) contracts
with BBN (Bolt, Beranek & Newman) to create ARPAnet
• 1970 - First five nodes:
– UCLA
– Stanford
– UC Santa Barbara
– U of Utah, and
– BBN
• 1974 - TCP specification by Vint Cerf
• 1984 – On January 1, the Internet with its 1000 hosts
converts en masse to using TCP/IP for its messaging

72.
*** Internet History ***

73.
A Brief Summary of the
Evolution of the Internet
1945 1995
Memex
Conceived
1945
WWW
Created
1989
Mosaic
Created
1993
A
Mathematical
Theory of
Communication
1948
Packet
Switching
Invented
1964
Silicon
Chip
1958
First Vast
Computer
Network
Envisioned
1962
ARPANET
1969
TCP/IP
Created
1972
Internet
Named
and
Goes
TCP/IP
1984
Hypertext
Invented
1965
Age of
eCommerce
Begins
1995

74.
From Simple, But Significant Ideas Bigger Ones Grow
1940s to 1969
1945 1969
We can access
information using
electronic computers
We do it reliably with “bits”,
sending and receiving data
We can do it cheaply by using
Digital circuits etched in silicon.
We can accomplish a lot by having a
vast network of computers to use for
accessing information and exchanging ideas
We will prove that packet switching
works over a WAN.
Packet switching can be used to
send digitized data though
computer networks
Hypertext can be used to allow
rapid access to text data
Copyright 2002, William F. Slater, III, Chicago, IL, USA

75.
From Simple, But Significant Ideas Bigger Ones Grow
1970s to 1995
1970 1995
Ideas from
1940s to 1969
We need a protocol for Efficient
and Reliable transmission of
Packets over a WAN: TCP/IP
The ARPANET needs to convert to
a standard protocol and be renamed to
The Internet
Computers connected via the Internet can be used
more easily if hypertext links are enabled using HTML
and URLs: it’s called World Wide Web
The World Wide Web is easier to use if we have a browser that
To browser web pages, running in a graphical user interface context.
Great efficiencies can be accomplished if we use
The Internet and the World Wide Web to conduct business.
Copyright 2002, William F. Slater, III, Chicago, IL, USA

76.
The Creation of the Internet
• The creation of the Internet solved the following challenges:
– Basically inventing digital networking as we know it
– Survivability of an infrastructure to send / receive high-speed electronic
messages
– Reliability of computer messaging
Copyright 2002, William F. Slater, III, Chicago, IL, USA

77.
Internet Growth Trends

78.
Internet Growth Trends
• 1977: 111 hosts on Internet
• 1981: 213 hosts
• 1983: 562 hosts
• 1984: 1,000 hosts
• 1986: 5,000 hosts
• 1987: 10,000 hosts
• 1989: 100,000 hosts
• 1992: 1,000,000 hosts
• 2001: 150 – 175 million hosts
• 2002: over 200 million hosts
• By 2010, about 80% of the planet will be on the Internet

79.
No. of Participating Hosts
Oct. ‘90 - Apr. ‘98

80.
March 2001
Over 115 Million Hosts
(As of Jan. 2001)
Over 407 Million Users
(As of Nov. 2000)
218 of 246 Countries
(As of Jan. 2000)
About 100 TB of Data
> 31 Million Domain Names
Dr. Vint Cerf presents in Chicago
at the Drake Hotel on March 2001
The event was a fund-raiser for the ITRC
Digital Photo March 2001 by William F. Slater, III, Chicago, IL, USA

81.
By September 2002
The Internet Reached Two
Important Milestones:
Netsizer.com – from Telcordia

82.
Growth of Internet Hosts *
Sept. 1969 - Sept. 2002
0
50,000,000
100,000,000
150,000,000
200,000,000
250,000,000
9
/
6
9
0
1
/
7
1
0
1
/
7
3
0
1
/
7
4
0
1
/
7
6
0
1
/
7
9
0
8
/
8
1
0
8
/
8
3
1
0
/
8
5
1
1
/
8
6
0
7
/
8
8
0
1
/
8
9
1
0
/
8
9
0
1
/
9
1
1
0
/
9
1
0
4
/
9
2
1
0
/
9
2
0
4
/
9
3
1
0
/
9
3
0
7
/
9
4
0
1
/
9
5
0
1
/
9
6
0
1
/
9
7
0
1
/
9
8
0
1
/
9
9
0
1
/
0
1
0
8
/
0
2
Time Period
No.
of
Hosts
The Internet was not known as "The Internet" until January 1984, at which time
there were 1000 hosts that were all converted over to using TCP/IP.
Chart by William F. Slater, III
Sept. 1, 2002
Dot-Com Bust Begins
Copyright 2002, William F. Slater, III, Chicago, IL, USA

83.
The Internet Host Count
in Realtime on September 1, 2002 -
Over 204,000,000 IP Hosts!!!
Chart showing Internet Growth
from Sept. 1, 2001 to Sept. 1, 2002.
Source Netsizer.com

84.
Domain Name Registration
Jan. ‘89 - Jul. ‘97
April 2001: 31,000,000 Domain Names!!!

85.
Statistics from the IITF Report
The Emerging Digital Economy *
• To get a market of 50 Million People Participating:
• Radio took 38 years
• TV took 13 years
• Once it was open to the General Public, The Internet made to the
50 million person audience mark in just 4 years!!!
• http://www.ecommerce.gov/emerging.htm
– Released on April 15, 1998
* Delivered to the President and the U.S. Public on April 15, 1998 by Bill Daley,
Secretary of Commerce and Chairman of the Information Infrastructure Task Force

86.
Conclusion
• The Internet (and World Wide Web) was have today was
created by some very bright, talented people who either
had vision, or were inspired by other talented people’s
visions.
• Though their ideas were not always popular, they pressed
ahead.
• Their perseverance and hard work brought us to where we
are today.
• There is a lot to be learned by studying these people, their
early work and keeping in mind what they had to work with.
• Today, we owe a great deal for the wired world we enjoy, to
the hard work of these people.

87.
Network, Internet and
World Wide Web
Essential Concepts
Natalia Mosina - 2005

88.
Network
• Most people work in a network environment
A network is a collection of computers
connected together with special hardware and
software to manage it.
LAN – local area network (small area)
WAN – wide area network (long distances)

89.
From LAN to WAN
(a) Home Network
(b) Local Area Network

90.
From LAN to WAN (continued)
(c) Wide Area Network

91.
The Internet and How We Connect to It
Using an ISP
• Explain what the Internet is

92.
Internet
• The Internet is a worldwide collection of
computer networks
• The Internet is a network of networks that
connects users in every country in the world.
There are currently over one billion Internet
users worldwide.

93.
The Internet and How We Connect to It
Using an ISP
• Define an Internet Service Provider and its
purpose

94.
ISP
• An ISP is a company that provides the connections
and support to access the Internet.
• It can also provide additional services such as Email
and web hosting.
• ISPs are essential to gaining access to the Internet
• ISPs range in size from small to very large and differ
in terms of the area they service.
• ISPs also differ in the types of connection
technologies and speeds they offer

95.
The Internet and How We Connect to It
Using an ISP
• Describe how you connect to the Internet
through the ISP and the ISP’s relationship to
the Internet

96.
PoP
• A POP is the connection point between the
ISP's network and the particular geographical
region that the POP is servicing.
• An ISP may have many POPs depending on its
size and the area it services
• The Internet is made up of very high-speed
data links that interconnect ISP POPs and ISPs
to each other.
• These interconnections are part of the very
large, high capacity network known as the
Internet Backbone.

97.
The Internet and How We Connect to It
Using an ISP
• ISPs provide a variety of ways to connect to
the Internet, depending on location and
desired connection speed.
• The choice of Internet access technologies
depends on availability, cost, access device
used, media used and the speed of the
connection.

98.
The Internet and How We Connect to It
Using an ISP
• The contract with the ISP determines the
type and level of services that are available.

99.
How Information is Sent When Using an
ISP
• Define and explain that the most
important protocol of the Internet is
the Internet Protocol (IP).

100.
The World Wide Web (www)
• The Web presents information through multimedia formats:
graphics, sound, animation, and video.
• The Web uses several tools to provide a visual layout:
• Hypertext links
• Browser software
• Code structure
• The Web resembles an electronic library – each location or site
is like a book.
• These books are created using Hypertext Markup Language
(HTML).
• These materials, along with interactive objects such as Java,
JavaScript, and VBScript adds functionality to web pages.

101.
Client vs. Server
• When you connect to Internet to become part
of the web, your computer becomes a Web
client in a worldwide client/server network.
• Web browser is the software that you run on
your computer to make it work as a Web
client.

102.
A Client/Server Model
• A server (Web server or Web site) is any computer
that stores documents and furnishes them upon
request
• A client is any computer that requests services
(requests and then displays documents )
• Every client must be able to display every document
from every server and does so through a browser
(e.g., Netscape or Internet Explorer)
•

103.
Connecting to the Internet
• Elements required to connect to the Internet:
• Computer, WebTV, mobile phone, or Personal Digital Assistant (PDA)
• Dial-up modem, digital subscriber line (DSL) modem, or cable modem
• Operating System: Windows 95/98/Me, Windows NT/2000/XP,
Linux/UNIX, Macintosh
• Telecommunications/Client Software: Web browser, e-mail or news client
programs
• Internet Connection (telephone line or cable connection): dial-up or
direct connection to an Internet Service Provider (ISP) or Value-Added
Network (VAN) such as America Online (AOL) or Microsoft Network (MSN)
• Internet Addresses: Web addresses (e.g., www.msn.com), e-mail
addresses (e.g., student@class.com), server addresses (e.g.,
ss1.ProSoftTraining)

104.
Connecting to the Internet
• At Work or School
– Via a Local Area Network
• At Home
– Traditional Modem (56Kbps)
– Cable Modem
• Uses TV cable
• Requires network card
– DSL Modem
• Voice and data on the same line
• Requires network card
•

105.
Connection Types
• Dial-Up Connection
– Use a modem to access the Internet on a per-use basis. The user
accesses the ISP via phone line and when finished, disconnects from
the ISP.
– The speed of access is determined by the speed of your modem.
– To gain faster access, you can install an Integrated Services Digital
Network (ISDN) line, which is a digital phone line.
• Direct Connection
– Provide continuous access to the Internet
– Convenient and fast and capable of handling high bandwidth

106.
Domain Name System (DNS)
• To access a website, you must enter the address of the web
server in your browser.
• The IP address (the dotted quad) is one way to identify the
server; however, most users prefer to use domain names
because they are easier to remember.
• The Domain Name System (DNS) translates IP addresses
into easily recognizable names.
• Examples: IP address: 72.64.56.86
Domain name: www.microsoft.com

107.
Domain Names
• Each domain name is unique. It consists of
letters and numbers separated by dots and
includes two or more words (labels).
• The last label in a domain name is usually a
two- or three-letter code called a top-level
domain.
• Example: www.microsoft.com
Server (Host) Name Registered Company Domain Category
Domain Name (Top-Level Domain)

108.
Domain Name Syntax
• A domain name, read left to right, specifies
general divisions, then specific companies, and
individual computers (web servers or e-mail
servers)
com = a commercial site
microsoft = the name registered by the company
www = the name of the web server at the company,
also called the web site host

109.
Domain Names
• A fully qualified domain name (FQDN) is the complete
domain name of an Internet computer. It provides enough
information to covert the domain name to an IP address.
• Top-Level Domains
.com = commercial or company sites
.edu = educational institutions
.gov = U. S. civilian government
.mil = U. S. military
.org = organizations
.net = network sites, including commercial ISPs
.int = international organizations
• Two-Letter Country Codes – categorize domains by country or
region. For example: us = United States
au = Australia

110.
Registering a Domain Name
• To register a domain name, your Internet Service Provider
(ISP), your employer, or you must make a formal request to a
domain name registrar.
• In the U. S., the Internet Corporation for Assigned Names
and Numbers (ICANN) verifies which companies can serve as
domain name registrars. The ICANN is responsible for
accrediting its registrars.
• Each country has a different process for registering domain
names.
• Domain name registrars activate domain names using a first-
come, first-served basis.
• If your domain name choice is available, you will receive notice
via standard and electronic mail.

111.
• Network Solutions (www.networksolutions.com) was
selected as one of the original five registrars.
• Registrars provide the following services:
– Domain name registration
– Registration service forms for domain name transfers,
modifications, etc.
– Resource links for payment options and policies.
– Search capabilities for registered domain names, host IP addresses,
and last name/first name queries using WHOIS (an internet utility
primarily used to query databases to determine registered hosts)
Registering a Domain Name

112.
Uniform Resource Locators (URL)
• A URL is a text string that supplies an internet or intranet
address and the method by which the address can be accessed.
• URLs start with the http:// prefix which identifies them as web
pages using the Hypertext Transfer Protocol.
• For example, if you enter the following web address:
http://www.microsoft.com
The URL will access a web page because it begins with http.
It then contacts the web server and domain named
www.icann.org. It will locate a file on the server.

113.
Uniform Resource Locator (URL)
http://www.prenhall.com/reed/index.html
Protocol
(means of
access)
Web Server
Directory where the
Page is stored
Name of the page
Or document

114.
URL
 Top-level domains include “edu,” “gov,” and “org,”
but “com” is most common
 Examples:
 www.microsoft.com
 www.nba.com
 www.whitehouse.gov
 www.miami.edu


115.
Cookies
• Cookies are small text files placed on a website visitor’s
computer so website managers can customize their site to a
visitor’s preferences. They also gain information about
visitors that could be used for marketing needs.
• Unless you register with a site, cookies do not have access to
any personal information about you.
• The text is entered into the memory of the browser. The
browser in turn stores the cookie information on the hard drive
so when the browser is closed and reopened at a later date the
cookie information is still available.

116.
Cookies
• Cookies are small text files placed on a website visitor’s
computer so website managers can customize their site to a
visitor’s preferences. They also gain information about
visitors that could be used for marketing needs.
• Unless you register with a site, cookies do not have access to
any personal information about you.
• The text is entered into the memory of the browser. The
browser in turn stores the cookie information on the hard drive
so when the browser is closed and reopened at a later date the
cookie information is still available.

117.
Web sites use cookies for several
different reasons:
• To collect demographic information about who is
visiting the Web site. Sites often use this
information to track how often visitors come to the
site and how long they remain on the site.
• To personalize the user's experience on the Web
site. Cookies can help store personal information
about you so that when you return to the site you
have a more personalized experience.

118.
Web sites use cookies for several different
reasons:
If you have ever returned to a site and have seen your
name mysteriously appear on the screen, it is because on a
previous visit you gave your name to the site and it was
stored in a cookie so that when you returned you would be
greeted with a personal message.
A good example of this is the way some online shopping
sites will make recommendations to you based on previous
purchases. The server keeps track of what you purchase
and what items you search for and stores that information
in cookies.

119.
Web sites use cookies for several different
reasons:
• To monitor advertisements. Web sites will often use
cookies to keep track of what ads it lets you see and how often
you see ads.
• To collect demographic information about who is
visiting the Web site. Sites often use this information to
track how often visitors come to the site and how long they
remain on the site.
• To personalize the user's experience on the Web site.
Cookies can help store personal information about you so that
when you return to the site you have a more personalized
experience.

120.
Web sites use cookies for several different
reasons:
If you have ever returned to a site and have seen your
name mysteriously appear on the screen, it is because on a
previous visit you gave your name to the site and it was
stored in a cookie so that when you returned you would be
greeted with a personal message.
A good example of this is the way some online shopping
sites will make recommendations to you based on previous
purchases. The server keeps track of what you purchase
and what items you search for and stores that information
in cookies.

121.
Web sites use cookies for several different
reasons:
• To monitor advertisements. Web sites will often use cookies to
keep track of what ads it lets you see and how often you see
ads.

122.
Cookies
• Cookies do not act maliciously on computer systems. They are
merely text files that can be deleted at any time - they are not
plug ins nor are they programs.
• Cookies cannot be used to spread viruses and they cannot
access your hard drive. This does not mean that cookies are
not relevant to a user's privacy and anonymity on the Internet.
• Cookies cannot read your hard drive to find out information
about you; however, any personal information that you give to
a Web site, including credit card information, will most likely
be stored in a cookie unless you have turned off the cookie
feature in your browser. In only this way are cookies a threat
to privacy.

123.
Cookies
• The cookie will only contain information that you
freely provide to a Web site.

124.
Cookies have six parameters that can be
passed to them:
• The name of the cookie.
• The value of the cookie.
• The expiration date of the cookie - this determines
how long the cookie will remain active in your
browser.
• The path the cookie is valid for - this sets the URL
path the cookie us valid in. Web pages outside of that
path cannot use the cookie.

125.
Cookies have six parameters that can be
passed to them:
• The domain the cookie is valid for - this takes the
path parameter one step further. This makes the
cookie accessible to pages on any of the servers
when a site uses multiple servers in a domain.
• The need for a secure connection - this indicates that
the cookie can only be used under a secure server
condition, such as a site using SSL.

126.
Internet Applications and Services
• But what does one do with the Internet? May be four things,
basically: mail, discussion groups, long-distance computing, and file
transfers. Internet mail is (e-mail or electronic mail), much faster as
compared to normal postal mail. One can also send software and
certain forms of compressed digital image as an attachment. News
groups or discussion groups facilitate Internet user to join for
various kinds of debate, discussion and news sharing. Long-distance
computing was an original inspiration for development of ARPANET
and does still provide a very useful service on Internet.
Programmers can maintain accounts on distant, powerful
computers, execute programs. File transfer service allows Internet
users to access remote machines and retrieve programs, data or
text.

127.
Internet applications
• We can roughly separate internet applications into the following
types: online media, online information search, online
communications, online communities, online entertainment, e-
business, online finance and other applications.

128.
Applications of internet:
The internet is treated as one of the biggest invention. It has a large
number of uses.
1. Communication
2. Job searches
3. Finding books and study material
4. Health and medicine
5. Travel
6. Entertainment
7. Shopping
8. Stock market updates
9. Research
10. Communicating through email
11. E-resources
12. Professional networking websites

129.
Conclusion
• Whenever you write any formal email, remember that you want
your email to achieve its purpose. To make sure this happens, you
must create emails which are presented in an easy to read format,
appropriately written with regard to tone and also show
consideration of your reader.

130.
Professional networking websites
• Whether it’s to keep in contact with friends or family to advance
your career, you are likely on at least one social network. While
Facebook, Twitter,and Google are extremely popular, these
platforms might not be able help you professionally. That’s when
professional social networking sites come into play. And, there’s
one name that instantly jumps out when you mention “professional
social networking” – LinkedIn.
• LinkedIn has been proven to be more effective than Facebook and
Twitter at generating leads, 227% more effective to be exact. And,
despite the 225 million registered members, LinkedIn does have
some issues. For starters, the site is known to flood your inbox with
annoying spam. Even worse than having to get rid of LinkedIn’s
persistent junk mail, there’s also allegations that the company
hacked into customer’s email addresses.
• Even with these problems, most of us join potentially rewarding
sites like LinkedIn. But, if you’re not a fan of the most popular
professional networking site, then I suggest that you try out one the
following eight alternatives.

131.
• 8. Twylah
Twylah is a solid option if you’re looking to increase your presence on Twitter through
brand pages. This allows you to determine your true brand identity and how your
brand pages are doing with your audience. Another useful feature is the allowance of
page optimization, which can to visibility to generate traffic from search engines.
• 7. Opprtunity
Opprtunity uses a scientific approach approach to find the right sales leads, job
opportunities, job candidates via an algorithm that uses data points, such as location,
industry types, skill sets and other signals from around the Internet. And, you can sign
in with your LinkedIn account.
• 6. PartnerUp
The most appealing feature with PartnerUp is how the site focuses on the needs of small
business owners and entrepreneurs. There’s also a lot of beneficial articles written by
small business owners that could come in handy. The company has now moved to
the Google + Communities, but the advice and connections are still there.
• 5. VisualCV
Official AdWords Campaign Templates
Select your industry. Download your campaign template. Custom built with exact
match keywords and converting ad copy with high clickthrough rates.
VisualCV allows you to create a unique digital resume that can be shared to other
colleagues or prospective employers. Not all that different than LinedIn, but VisualCV
does look more engaging.

132.
• 4. Meetup
Meetup is an online social networking portal that facilitates offline group meetings with
like-minded people, both professionally and personally, in your area. Known for posting
a ton of events, MeetUp is a great tool to network in the really real world.
• 3. Zerply
Not only can you post a resume on Zerply, you can actual showcase your work through
videos, portfolios or even story boards. The perfect location for creative and talented
job seekers and employers.
• 2. AngelList
Known primarily as platform for startups, AngelList can connect you with thousands of
startups seeking your skills and talent. As a whole, the site is extremely efficient, easy to
use and secure.
• 1. BranchOut
If you have Facebook, then you might have spotted BranchOut before, it’s only the most
popular app for professional networking on Facebook platform. While it resembles
LinkedIn, recruiting and job hunting is achieved through Facebook connections, which
means no awkward introductions and the ability to tap into any company.
While LinkedIn has proven to be a great resource for finding employment or employees –
which is why it’s such an extremely popular site – there are other sites that offer similar,
if not better, services. If you’ve used one of these site that were mentioned, or know of
one that we’ve neglected, let us know in the comments!

133.
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