4. Reconstructed precipitation (upper panel) and summer (JJA) temperature anomaly, with respect to the average of the 1901-2000 period (Büntgen et al. (2011)).
משקעים
טמפרטורה
המשקעים בכמות האנומליה שיחזור,יוני בחודשי הטמפרטורה ואנומליות/יולי/באירופה אוגוסט
המדודה לתקופה ביחס1901-2000.של הצגה1000אחרונות שנה.
PrecipitationTotals(mm)
כ מינימום מדלטון העלייה-2.2מעלות.*מינימום הדלטון זמן מצויין בכוכבית,הבאות בשקופיות גם.
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13. The red curve represents the evolution of the temperature according to the
average of 1960-1990 and the blue curve the solar constant from 843 to 1980
השתנותהטמפרטורהלטמפרטורת ביחס,1960-1990הקוהאדום.
את מייצג הכחול הקוהסולרי הקבוע.
14. Solar activity events recorded in radiocarbon.
Present period is on right. Values since 1900 not shown.
Event Start End
Homeric minimum[13] 750 BCE 550 BCE
Oort minimum 1040 CE 1080 CE
Medieval maximum 1100 1250
Wolf minimum 1280 1350
Spörer Minimum 1450 1550
Maunder Minimum 1645 1715
Dalton Minimum 1790 1820
Modern Maximum 1914 2008
Unspecified 2008 present
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18. • Climate indicators of the 0.4 kyr event. From top to bottom:
• (a) Solar activity reconstruction by Steinhilber et al., 2012 (in black) shows the Wolf,
Spører, Maunder, and Dalton grand solar minima.
• (b) Northern Hemisphere temperature reconstruction by Christiansen & Ljungqvist,
2012 (in red) displaying a pattern that generally matches solar activity.
• (c) Mediterranean sea surface temperature proxy record (in brown) also displays four
cooling periods (Versteegh et al., 2007).
• (d) A biomarker sea ice proxy from Iceland (in medium blue) agrees well with the sea
surface temperature (Massé et al., 2008).
• (e) Glacier retreat in km from maximum extent in the Alps (in dark blue) does not show
glacier advances during the Spører minimum (Holzhauser et al., 2005), while
• (f) Venezuelan glaciers (in purple) show glacier advances at every minima (Polissar et
al., 2006).
• (g) Precipitation in Central Europe (in green) measured from German oak rings
(Büntgen et al., 2010) showing a period of very low precipitation during the Spører
minimum (light orange box). Blue bars highlight the four periods of climatic
deterioration within the LIA as determined by the climate proxies.